• 설비공학논문집
• /
• 제23권4호
• /
• pp.251-258
• /
• 2011

The objective of this study is to propose two empirical correlations to predict the mass flow rate through an automotive block type thermostatic expansion valve and then to evaluate the correlations. The first correlation is deduced by modifying the basic equation of the orifice meter for the mass flow rate and the second correlation is deduced by using the Buckingham's ${\pi}$ theorem. The first correlation showed very good agreement on the measured data for R134a, given by Monforte. Average relative deviation and standard deviation of it are 2.5% and 1.6%, respectively. The second correlation agreed on the same measured data with a little greater deviations. The two correlations may apply to common expansion valves which have different geometrical sizes of the same shape.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
• /
• 제16권10호
• /
• pp.7138-7145
• /
• 2015

본 연구에서는 KS C 9306에 따른 난방 제상능력 시험조건(건구온도 $2^{\circ}C$/습구온도 $1^{\circ}C$)에서 확대모형이 아닌 실제 열교환기의 전방에 디지탈 현미경과 광센서의 발광부와 수광부를 나란히 설치하여 광센서 출력전압과 서리 높이간의 연관성을 규명하기 위한 실험을 수행하였다. 150개의 실험 데이터로부터 서리높이를 예측할 수 있는 선형 상관식을 개발하여 계산한 결과, 측정값의 54%가 상관식으로 예측한 값의 ${\pm}10%$ 이내에서 일치하였으며 서리 높이가 0.3mm 이상의 실험데이터에서는 데이터의 90% 이상이 ${\pm}10%$ 이내에서 일치하였다. Xiao 등의 상관식과 비교하였을 때 출력전압 변화에 따른 서리 높이의 변화를 나타내는 기울기는 2.3% 오차 범위에서 일치하였으나 Xiao 등의 상관식은 실제 열교환기가 아닌 모사 열교환기를 사용한 이상적인 조건에서 개발되었기 때문에 절편 값에서는 큰 차이를 보였다.

• 지역사회간호학회지
• /
• 제16권1호
• /
• pp.23-31
• /
• 2005

Purpose: this study was to compare the health service need according to residence characteristics. Method: The subjects consisted of 194 elderly people classified into two groups of living in community and living in institution. Data was collected from January to March, 2004 by a structured questionnaire that included general characteristics. health related variables, MMSE-K, nutritional status, pain, depression and ADL scale. The collected data was analyzed by the SPSS program including descriptive analysis, $X^2$ test, t-test and Pearsons Correlation Coefficient. Result In general characteristics, there were differences in religions and spouses and all the group of people were aged. In health related variables according to residential characteristics. cognitive level (MMSE-K) of the elderly living in institutions was lower than that of the elderly living in community and the group of living in institutions showed more than 'moderate level' of subjective and relative health perception and their ADL was confirmed to be more dependent. But there was no significant difference among depression, BMI, nutritional status, number of present disease and pain according to residence characteristics. It was identified that pain had) positive correlation with nutritional status. ADL, and the number of present disease, and ADL showed negative correlation with cognitive level. Subjective and relative health perception had positive correlation with depression and negative correlation with nutritional status. In conclusion. the need of the health service of the elderly identified according to residential characteristics showed differences only in cognition and ADL. The elderly living in institutions showed relatively poor results. Conclusion: The concern of nutritional status is necessary to increase health status for the elderly, especially more concern and support is necessary for the elderly living in community.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제30권5호
• /
• pp.379-389
• /
• 2021

Soil microorganism activity in an agricultural field is affected by various factors including climate conditions, soil chemical properties, and crop cultivation. In this study, we elucidate the correlation between microorganism activity and agricultural environment factors using the dehydrogenase activity (DHA) value, which is one of the indicators of soil microbial activity. As a result, the various factors noted above were related to the DHA value. Annual rainfall, soil Mg2+, bacterial and fungal diversities, types of crops, developmental stages, seasons, and cultivation status were highly correlated with the DHA value. Furthermore, next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis was used to identify that the type of crop affected soil microbial compositions of both bacteria and fungi. Soil used for soybean cultivation showed the highest relative abundance for Verrucomicrobia, Planctomycetes, and Acidobacteria but Actinobacteria and Firmicutes had the lowest relative abundance. In the case of soil used for potato cultivation, Actinobacteria had the highest relative abundance but Proteobacteria had the lowest relative abundance. Armatimonadetes showed the highest relative abundance in soil used for cabbage cultivation. Among the fungal communities, Mortierellomycota had the highest relative abundance for soybean cultivation but the lowest relative abundance for cabbage cultivation; further, Rozellomycota, Chytridiomycota, and Cercozoa had the highest relative abundance for cabbage cultivation. Basidiomycota had the highest relative abundance for potato cultivation but the lowest relative abundance for soybean cultivation.

• Smart Structures and Systems
• /
• 제30권3호
• /
• pp.255-261
• /
• 2022

When no extensometer is available in a generic tensile-compression test carried out by a universal testing machine (for instance the model BIONIX from Material Testing Systems (MTS)), the test results only provide the relative displacement between the machine grips. The test does not provide any information on the local behaviour of the material. This contribution presents the potential of an application of Digital Image Correlation (DIC) toward the reconstruction of the behaviour along the specimen. In particular, the authors test a Ni-Ti shape memory alloys (SMA) specimen with emphasis on the coupling of the two measurement techniques.

• 한국작물학회지
• /
• 제35권4호
• /
• pp.362-369
• /
• 1990

염해의 기작을 구명코저 몇가지 작물을 공시하여 해수처리가 광합성, 근호흡 및 증발산에 미치는 영향에 관하여 추구한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 온도차이에 따른 상대증발산량과 상대광합성량은 처리후 4일간의 일변화에서 그 반응이 상이하였으나 공시작물 4종 모두 저온구(11-16$^{\circ}C$)에서 고온구(22-24$^{\circ}C$)보다 높았다. 2. 상대증발산량과 근호흡량의 상관에서는 orchard grass는 r=0.996$^{**}$ , alfalfa는 r=0.828$^{*}$ , white clover에서는 r=0.996$^{**}$ 을 나타냈으나 tall fescue에서는 상관관계를 인정할 수 없는 상이한 결과를 나타냈다. 3. OED(증산억제제) 처리에 따르는 증발산량과 근호흡량은 전공시 작물이 해수처리구가 수도수처리구보다 근호흡 및 증발산량을 감소시켰으며, OED 처리구가 무처리구보다 zeolite구가 모래구 보다 적었다. 4. 해수처리에 다른 근부의 피해상태는 orchard grass 및 tall fescue에서는 근부의 피층이 갈변하였고 alfalfa와 white clover에서는 피층부분이 수분침수에 의해 변색되었다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• 제4권2호
• /
• pp.142-148
• /
• 2010

The food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) has been used as an important dietary assessment tool in epidemiologic studies, but the usefulness of the FFQ has been debated in recent years. This study was performed to evaluate the relative validities of 3-day food records and the semi-quantitative FFQ. A total of 124 subjects finished 3-day food records (FRs) during each of the four seasons, as well as the FFQ from December 2002 to May 2004. The FFQ was a food based semi-quantitative FFQ including 103 items. Three-day FRs from each season and a randomly selected season were compared with the remaining 9-day FRs. The remaining 9-day FRs, as a reference measurement, were also compared with the FFQ. Pearson's correlation coefficients between the 3-day FRs and the 9-day FRs were between 0.14 and 0.56. Pearson's correlation coefficients between the FFQ and the 9-day FRs ranged between 0.07 and 0.41. Average proportions of classification into the same quartiles, adjacent quartiles, and distant quartiles between the 3-day FRs and the 9-day FRs were 35.8%, 40.5%, and 5.2%, respectively. On average, the proportions of classification into the same quartiles, adjacent quartiles, and distant quartiles between the FFQ and the 9-day FRs were 31.1%, 39.4%, and 6.9%, respectively. Three-day FRs showed higher correlations and higher agreement proportions of quartile classification with the 9-day FRs than did the FFQ, but both relative validities of 3-day FRs and the FFQ appear to be acceptable as dietary assessment tools. Further studies for validating food intake by reliable biomarkers are necessary.

• The International Journal of Costume Culture
• /
• 제3권3호
• /
• pp.246-261
• /
• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the apparel purchasing behavior of adult women consumer groups divided by materialism. The specific objects of this study were ; 1) to examine the degree of materialism, impulsive buying, and conspicuous consumption. 2) to examine the correlation between impulsive buying, materialism, and conspicuous consumption, and to examine the relative influences of impulsive buying, materialism affecting conspicuous consumption. 3) to classify groups according to the level of the propensity for materialism, and to examine the clothing purchasing behavior of the divided groups. Data were administered to 357 adult women living in Sunchol from June to July 1999. For analysis of the data, factor analysis, one-way ANOVE, duncan's multiple range test, frequency and χ²-test were employed. The results of this study were summarized as follows. 1. Materialism and impulsive buying have shown higher than middle score, and conspicuous consumption has shown similar to middle score. 2. The correlation between materialism, impulsive buying, and conspicuous consumption has shown similar to middle score. The higher the materialism and experience of impulsive buying was, the higher was the conspicuous consumption. According to the results of regression analysis examining the relative influence of variables affecting conspicuous consumption. According to the results of regression analysis examining the relative influence of variables affecting conspicuous consumption, the relative importance of the variables were in the order of ; success-symbolic materialism, life-centered materialism, happiness-pursuing materialism, in the order of ; success-symbolic materialism, life-centered materialism, happiness-pursuing materialism, impulsive buying and their explanatory power totalled 35.2%. 3. Evaluating attributes of product, the type of purchasing store, the place of purchasing, the need of high class department store, purchasing price range, and accompanying people when purchasing were the factors influencing the apparel purchasing behavior.

• 한국식품영양학회지
• /
• 제7권4호
• /
• pp.307-317
• /
• 1994

The study analyzes relationship between Increasing tendency of urinary stone patients and changes of food intake through statistical data during recent 10 years(1982∼1991) in Korea. In four university hospitals, the number of urinary stone patients increased 2.5 times during the period. Study statistics showed sex ratio of male and female patient as 2.1 : 1.The types of the urinary stone of each patient were broad and mostly Ca and others(85.8%), and Ca oxalate stones were 65.2%. The incidence of patients with hypercalciuria and hyperuricosuria was observed in the Ca stone patients than in normal person. The same period showed increase of total monthly household expenditure as 3.2 times, food as 2.5 times and medical expenses as 2.4 times : The food expenditure decreased relatively In the expenditure composition. Daily hood consumption (g/person) increased as 3 times in meat, 4 times in milk, 2.4 times in seaweeds. Daily total Ca nutrition consumption was undulant and became 1.1 times during the same period. Daily food supply (g/person) was increased 1.9 times in meat, 1.4 times in spinach. However, anchovy, laver, brown seaweed, herring and makerel showed undulant tendency. Relationship (correlation coefficient) between the increase of urinary stone patients and of food intake were studied as follows. In the case of food intake, the relative index was 0.923 in seaweeds, 0.865 in meat and 0.대27 In milk And In food supply, the relative index was 0.855 in purine group which constitute meat, anchovy, herring and makerel. The relative index of Ca components which constitute anchovy, laver, brown seaweed and shrimp was 0.270. In the case of nutrition intake, the relative index was medium in protein(r: 0.443) and In animal protein (r: 0.488) but was negative in Ca(r: -0.028).

• International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration
• /
• 제12권4호
• /
• pp.192-197
• /
• 2004

A capillary tube, which is a common expansion device in small sized refrig-eration and air-conditioning systems, should be redesigned properly to establish an optimum operation cycle of a refrigerating system with alternative refrigerants. Based on experimental data for R-22, R-290, and R-407C, an empirical correlation is developed to predict mass flow rate through capillary tubes. Dimensionless parameters are derived from the Buckingham Pi theorem, considering the effects of operating conditions and capillary tube geometry on mass flow rate. Approximately $97\%$ of the present data are correlated within a relative deviation of $\pm\;10\%.$ The present correlation also predicts the data obtained from open literature within $\pm\;15\%.$ In addition, rating charts of refrigerant flow rate for R-12, R-22, R-134a, R-152a, R-407C, R-410A, R-290, and R-600a are developed.