• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• no.5
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• pp.63-78
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• 1999

In this paper, I explain why local obviation (Condition B of Chomskys binding theory) should be viewed as a relative phenomenon, and establish a correlation between Local Obviation (henceforth LO) effects and the Referential Hierarchy of Korean anaphors proposed in Lee (1997): ku (he) > caki (self) > casin (self) > cakicasin (selfself) = selo (each other). I show that LO characterized as a relative phenomenon may enable us to view Conditions B and C of the binding theory simply as an instantiation of varying degrees of (long distance) disjoint reference effects on the same continuum.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.16 no.10
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• pp.1157-1167
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• 2007

In an effort to interpret the characteristics of fine particle concentrations in Busan, time variations of hourly monitored concentrations $PM_{10}$ (Particulate Matter with aerodynamic Diameter ${\le}10\;{\mu}m$) in Busan are analyzed for the period from 2000 to 2005. The characteristics of aerosol second generation formation process is also interpreted qualitatively, by using the statistical analysis of the meteorological variables including temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity. The result shows some significant annual, seasonal, weekly and diurnal variations of $PM_{10}$ concentrations. In particular, seasonal(i.e., spring) variations are governed by frequency of yellow sand events even for the non-yellow sand cases where yellow-sand days are eliminated in our analysis. However, in seasonal variation, summer season predominate lower $PM_{10}$ concentrations due to the frequent precipitation, and weekly and diurnal variations are both found to be reflecting the emission rate from traffic amount. Correlation coefficients between $PM_{10}$ concentration and meterological variables for non-yellow sand days show overall negative correlation with visibility, wind speed, cloud amounts, and relative humidity. However for non-precipitation days, during non-yellow sand period positive correlation are found clearly with relative humidity, suggesting the importance of secondary aerosol formation in Busan that can be achieved by both homogeneous aerosol formation and heterogeneous transformations resulting from hygroscopic aerosol characteristics.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.82-91
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• 2019

Objective: This experiment was conducted to compare the structure and composition of ruminal microorganisms in goats with high and low neutral detergent fibre (NDF) digestibility. Methods: Nineteen crossbred goats were used as experimental animals and fed the same total mixed rations during the 30-day pre-treatment and 6-day digestion trialperiods. All faeces were collected during the digestion period for measuring the NDF digestibility. Then, high and the low NDF digestibility individuals were chosen for the high NDF digestibility group (HFD) and low NDF digestibility group (LFD), respectively. Rumen contents were collected for total microbial DNA extraction. The V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene was amplified using universal primers of bacteria and sequenced using high-throughput sequencer. The sequences were mainly analysed by QIIME 1.8.0. Results: A total of 18,694 operational taxonomic units were obtained, within 81.98% belonged to bacteria, 6.64% belonged to archaea and 11.38% was unassigned microorganisms. Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria were the predominant microbial phyla in both groups. At the genus level, the relative abundance of fifteen microorganisms were significantly higher (p<0.05) and six microorganisms were extremely significantly higher (p<0.01) in LFD than HFD. Overall, 176 core shared genera were identified in the two groups. The relative abundance of 2 phyla, 5 classes, 10 orders, 13 families and 15 genera had a negative correlation with NDF digestibility, but only the relative abundance of Pyramidobacter had a positive correlation with NDF digestibility. Conclusion: There were substantial differences in NDF digestibility among the individual goats, and the NDF digestibility had significant correlation with the relative abundance of some ruminal microorganisms.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.208-216
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• 1996

The esthetics of chin contour is very important in facial deformities, and the quantity of soft tissue overlying the symphysis can be helpful to the correct diagnosis and surgical treatment for optimal facial harmony. The objectives of this study is to measure the different thicknesses of skeletal and soft tissues of chin on lateral cephalometric radiographs, to obtain the mean values of normal Korean adults, and to investigate the relative proportions of skeletal and soft tissues of chin. The results were as follows ; 1. In normal Korean adults, the relative proportions of the distances of soft tissue toward skeletal tissue were 1.5 in B point and 0.95 in Pg, and there were significant difference between male and female in the relative proportion of Pg (p<0.05). The relative proportion of the distances of vertical soft tissue toward horizontal soft tissue of Me was 1.91, and there were not significant difference between male and female. 2. In normal Korean adults, the distances of skeletal and soft tissues of chin showed no correlation, but the distances of vertical and horizontal soft tissues of Me showed high correlation (p<0.01). 3. In normal Korean adults, the correlations among the distances of each skeletal and soft tissues of chin were significantly high in both of male and female (p<0.01). Among the relative proportions of the distances of skeletal and soft tissues, the correlations of the proportions of B point and Mp and the proportions of Mp and Pg were significantly high (p<0.01).

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.55-65
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• 2022

This study aimed to compare acoustic measurements by the high, middle, and low laryngeal heights of male musical theater students. Furthermore, the correlation between the relative height of the larynx and the acoustic measurements was examined, along with the predictability of the relative height (vertical position) of the larynx from acoustic measurements. The participants included five male students majoring in musical theater singing, and acoustic analysis was performed by having them produce the /a/ vowel 10 times each at the laryngeal positions of high, middle, and low. The relative vertical positions of the laryngeal prominence in each position were measured based on the resting position. Results indicated that the relative position of the larynx varied significantly according to laryngeal height, such that as the larynx descended, the first three formant frequencies decreased while the spectral energy at the same frequencies increased. Formant frequencies showed a weak to moderate positive correlation with the relative height of the larynx, while the spectral energy showed a moderate negative correlation. The relative height of the larynx was predicted by eight acoustic measures (adjusted R² = .829). In conclusion, the predictability of the relative height of the larynx was partially confirmed in a non-invasive manner.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2005.05b
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• pp.766-770
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• 2005

Cascade-Correlation Neural Networks Model(CCNNM) is used to estimate daily evaporation using limited climatical variables such as atmospheric temperature, dewpoint temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, sunshine duration and radiation. DeBruln equation is applied to estimate daily free-surface evaporation. It is converted into pan evaporation using pan coefficient. The results of CCNNM shows better than those of Debruin equation. This research represents that the strong nonlinear relationship such as evaporation modeling can be generalized by the CCNNM ; a special type of Backpropagation algorithm Neural Networks Model.

• Particle and aerosol research
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.69-78
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• 2013

In this study, the atmospheric aerosol concentration measured at different relative humidity levels was analyzed. Using an optical particle counter, PM10 and PM2.5 concentration as well as particle size distribution were measured and the relation between these size resolved data and relative humidity was studied. The results showed that mass concentration increases as relative humidity increases. The comparison between PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 showed that the fine particles grow more than coarse particles as relative humidity increases. The results also showed that PM10-2.5 and relative humidity do not show close correlation, which means that the mass increase of PM10 at high relative humidity is mainly due to the growth of PM2.5.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.144-148
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• 2005

Kale leaf had similar contents of vitamin C, $NO_3$, p, Ca, Mg, and Fe with reported values. Among these internal quality factors, $NO_3$ content which has been a concern recently, ranged from 139 to 429 mg in 100 g fresh kale leaf, Kale showed high vitamin C content ranging from 106 to 203 mg in 100 g fresh leaf. The relative concentration of chlorophyll and b value color had a high correlation coefficient (r) with vitamin C, $NO_3$, Mg and Fe content. The relationship between $NO_3$ content and the relative concentration of chlorophyll was given by the following linear equation: $NO_3$ content : 21.55 + (5.907 ${\times}$ the relative concentration of chlorophyll) with an r of $0.910^{{\ast}{\ast}}$. Correlation between $NO_3$ content and b value was also very dependable (r = $-0.901^{{\ast}{\ast}}$). Vitamin C content and the relative concentration of chlorophyll showed a high correlation, r = $-0.858^{{\ast}{\ast}}$. Among internal quality factors, vitamin C content increased with decreasing $NO_3$ content and their correlation coefficient was high (r = $-0.795^{{\ast}{\ast}}$). Consequently, $NO_3$ content of kale leaf could be inferred from an external nondestructive method, such as the relative concentration of chlorophyll. We may be able to produce high quality kale leaves containing high amount of vitamin C and low content of $NO_3$ using this method.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.121-133
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• 2009

This study tested the relations of schools organizational climate and teachers' job stresses, perceived by 913 teachers from 45 elementary, junior- and senior-high schools. Pearson's correlation analysis for the relations between the sub-factors of both organizational climate and job stresses and cannonical correlation analysis for the relative contribution of individual variable of organizational climate upon job stress were applied for the test. The results of Pearson's correlation analysis showed that while 'intimacy', 'esprit', 'considerations', and 'production emphasis' climate had negative correlations with job stress sub-factors, 'disengagement' and 'aloofness' climate had positive correlation. 'Student guidance', a sub-factor of job stresses, did not have statistically significant correlation with any sub-factors of organizational climate. Findings from cannonical correlation analysis showed 2 significant cannonical functions to explain the relations between the sets of variables. 'Disengagement' from organizational climate positively contributed with 'authority forfeiture' and 'dissention and conflict' of the job stresses variables.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.364-364
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• 2017

Saemangeum reclaimed land is a part of Saemangeum Development Project. Most of the persistent problems of Saemangeum reclaimed land remain to be related to soil salinity. Soil salinity is a major abiotic factor related to microbial community structure and also fungi have been reported to be more sensitive to salinity stress than bacteria. The aim of this study was conducted to investigate the effect of soil salinity levels on the microbial communities in Saemangeum reclaimed land using 454 pyrosequencing analysis. Soil samples was collected from 12 sites of in Saemangeum reclaimed land. For pyrosequencing, 27F/518R (bacteria) and ITS3/ITS4 (fungi) primers were used containing the Roche 454 pyrosequencing adaptor-key-linker (underlined) and unique barcodes (X). Pyrosequencing was performed by Chun's Lab (Seoul, Korea) using the standard shotgun sequencing reagents and a 454 GS FLX Titanium sequencing System (Roche, Inc.). In the soil samples, Proteobacteria (bacteria) and Ascomycota (fungi) shows the highest relative abundance in all the soil sample sites. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Plantomycetes, Gemmatimonadetes and Parcubacteria were shown to have significantly higher abundance in high salinity level soils than low salinity level soils, while Acidobacteria and Nitrospirae has significantly higher relative abundance in low salinity level soils. The abundance of fungal, Ascomycota has the highest relative abundance in soil samples, followed by Basidiomycota, Chlorophyta, Zygomycota and Chytridiomycota. Basidiomycota, Zygomycota, Glomeromycota and Cerozoa were show significantly higher relative abundance in low salinity level soils. The principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and correlation analysis shown to salinity-related soil parameters such as ECe, Na+, SAR and EPS were affected to bacterial and fungal community structure. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Plantomycetes exhibited significantly positive correlation with soil salinity, while Acidobacteria exhibited significantly negative correlation. In the case of fungal community, Basidiomycota and Zygomycota were seen show significantly negative correlation with salinity related soil parameters. These results suggest that provide understanding effect of soil salinity on microbial community structure and correlation of microbial community with soil parameters in Saemangeum reclaimed land.