• Computers and Concrete
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.293-302
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• 2020

Connections play a significant role in strength of structures against earthquake-induced loads. According to the post-seismic reports, connection failure is a cause of overall failure in reinforced concrete (RC) structures. Connection failure results in a sudden increase in inter-story drift, followed by early and progressive failure across the entire structure. This article investigated the cyclic performance and behavioral improvement of shape-memory alloy-based connections (SMA-based connections). The novelty of the present work is focused on the effect of shape memory alloy bars is damage reduction, strain recoverability, and cracking distribution of the stated material in RC moment frames under seismic loads using 3D nonlinear static analyses. The present numerical study was verified using two experimental connections. Then, the performance of connections was studied using 14 models with different reinforcement details on a scale of 3:4. The response parameters under study included moment-rotation, secant stiffness, energy dissipation, strain of bar, and moment-curvature of the connection. The connections were simulated using LS-DYNA environment. The models with longitudinal SMA-based bars, as the main bars, could eliminate residual plastic rotations and thus reduce the demand for post-earthquake structural repairs. The flag-shaped stress-strain curve of SMA-based materials resulted in a very slight residual drift in such connections.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제76권4호
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• pp.491-503
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• 2020

This study extends previous experimental research on the shear behaviour of macrosynthetic fibre-reinforced concrete beams and compares them to steel fibre-reinforced concrete beams with similar mechanical and geometrical properties. This work employed two fibre types: 60/0.9 (long/diameter) double hooked-end steel fibre and 60/85 monofilament polypropylene fibre. Beams were tested by shear loading covering parameters, such as two different cross-section widths, two shear-span-to-effective-depth ratios, two fibre types and using repetitions with and without transverse reinforcement. For quantitative comparison purposes, crack pattern evolution was studied along increasing loads levels. Effects were studied by photogrammetry, including influence of fibres on crack propagation in uncracked and dowel zones, influence of fibres on stirrup behaviour, and shear deformation or kinematics of critical shear cracks. The results evidenced similar effectiveness for both fibre types in controlling shear crack propagation and horizontal dowel cracking. Both fibres provided similar shear ductility and shear deflections. Consequently, the authors confirm that residual flexural tensile strengths are a convenient parameter for characterising the shear behaviour of fibre-reinforced concrete beams.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.21-43
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• 2005

Masonry is a composite non-homogeneous structural material, whose mechanical properties depend on the properties of and the interaction between the composite components - brick and mortar, their volume ratio, the properties of their bond, and any cracking in the masonry. The mechanical properties of masonry depend on the orientation of the bed joints and the stress state of the joints, and so the values of the shear modulus, as well as the stiffness of masonry structural elements can depend on various factors. An extensive testing programme in several countries addresses the problem of measurement of the stiffness properties of masonry. These testing programs have provided sufficient data to permit a review of the influence of different testing techniques (mono and bi-axial tests), the variations caused by distinct loading conditions (monotonic and cyclic), the impact of the mortar type, as well as influence of the reinforcement. This review considers the impact of the measurement devices used for determining the shear modulus and stiffness of walls on the results. The results clearly indicate a need to re-assess the values stated in almost all national codes for the shear modulus of the masonry, especially for masonry made with lime mortar, where strong anisotropic behaviour is in the stiffness properties.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.241-258
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• 2012

The need for long-span members increases gradually in recent years, which makes issues not only on ultimate strength but also on excessive deflection of horizontal members important. In building structures, the post-tension methods with unbonded tendons are often used for long-span members to solve deflection problems. Previous studies on prestressed flexural members with unbonded tendons, however, were mostly focused on the ultimate strength. For this reason, their approaches are either impossible or very difficult to be implemented for serviceability check such as deflection, tendons stress, etc. Therefore, this study proposed a flexural behavior model for post-tensioned members with unbonded tendons that can predict the initial behavior, before and after cracking, service load behavior and ultimate strength. The applicability and accuracy of the proposed model were also verified by comparing with various types of test results including internally and externally post-tensioned members, a wide range of reinforcement ratios and different loading patterns. The comparison showed that the proposed model very accurately estimated both the flexural behavior and strength for these members. Particularly, the proposed model well reflected the effect of various loading patterns, and also provided good estimation on the flexural behavior of excessively reinforced members that could often occur during reinforcing work.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.657-670
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• 2019

This paper proposes a one-dimensional fiber beam element model taking account of materially non-linear behavior, benefiting the highly efficient elastic-plastic analysis of girders with shear-lag effects. Based on the displacement-based fiber beam-column element, two additional degrees of freedom (DOFs) are added into the proposed model to consider the shear-lag warping deformations of the slabs. The new finite element (FE) formulations of the tangent stiffness matrix and resisting force vector are deduced with the variational principle of the minimum potential energy. Then the proposed element is implemented in the OpenSees computational framework as a newly developed element, and the full Newton iteration method is adopted for an iterative solution. The typical materially non-linear behaviors, including the cracking and crushing of concrete, as well as the plasticity of the reinforcement and steel girder, are all considered in the model. The proposed model is applied to several test cases under elastic or plastic loading states and compared with the solutions of theoretical models, tests, and shell/solid refined FE models. The results of these comparisons indicate the accuracy and applicability of the proposed model for the analysis of both concrete box girders and steel-concrete composite girders, under either elastic or plastic states.

• 대한건축학회논문집:구조계
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• 제34권7호
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• pp.3-10
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• 2018

Steel fiber reinforced concrete can improve the resistance to cracking by adding steel fibers when mixing concrete. It can reduce the temperature and shrinkage cracks, and its flexural performance can be improved by increasing the effective moment of inertia. In this study, the deck-plate was used to replace the concrete form and reinforcing bars, and the steel fiber reinforced concrete was used to control the shrinkage and temperature cracks, and improve the flexural performance of the slab. Total 9 slab specimens were tested for analyzing the structural performance and serviceability. As a results, flexural capacity of the slab with deck-plate was evaluated to be superior to that of the normal reinforced concrete slab specimens with the same tensile reinforcement. The steel fiber reinforced concrete was found to have about 8% flexural capacity increase depending on the steel fiber content $15.7kg/m^3$. Also, in terms of flexural stiffness, the specimens using steel fiber reinforced concrete for the same parameters were evaluated to have a stiffness increase of about 30% compared with the case of using ordinary concrete. Especially, it was found that the stiffness of the test results was significantly higher than the analytical result because the increase of the tensile strength of the steel fiber reinforced concrete is not reflected in the current structural code.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제87권6호
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• pp.615-624
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• 2023

The focus of this study is on the structural behaviour of reinforced concrete beams in which basalt fiber and SBR latex were added and the cement was partially replaced with 10% of hypo sludge. Eight different mixes of reinforced beam specimens were tested under static loading behaviour. The experiments showed, the structural behaviour with features such as load-deflection relationships, crack pattern, crack propagation, number of crack, crack spacing and moment curvature. A stress-strain relationship to represent the overall behavior of reinforced concrete in tension, which includes the combined effects of cracking and mode of failure along the reinforcement, is proposed. The structural behaviour results of reinforced concrete beams with various types of mix were tested at the age of 28 days. The investigation revealed that the flexural behaviors of hypo sludge reinforced concrete beams with addition of basalt fiber and SBR latex was higher than that of control concrete reinforced beam. The specimen (LHSBFC) with 10% hypo sludge, 0.25% Basalt fiber and 10% SBR latex showed an increase of 5.08% load carrying capacity, 7.6% stiffness, 3.97% ductility, 31.29% energy dissipation when compared to the control concrete beam. The analytical investigation using FEM shows that it was in good agreement with the experimental investigation.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.447-455
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• 2013

이 실험적 연구는 콘크리트 단차슬래브의 성능을 평가하고 단차가 없는 평슬래브와 동등한 휨강도를 발현할 수 있는 보강상세를 제안하는데 그 목적이 있다. 이 연구에서는 단순지간 4점 재하 실험을 통하여 다양한 보강상세를 가진 12개 실험체의 성능을 서로 비교하였다. 추가보강근이 없는 단차슬래브는 휨강도, 강성, 처짐, 균열 등에서 평슬래브와 비교하여 매우 낮은 성능을 가졌으며, 특히 단차 내에서 균열이 빠르게 진전되어 조기에 힌지현상이 발생하였다. 반면 역U형철근, U형철근, 역L형철근, L형철근 등의 추가 보강상세를 가지는 단차슬래브는 평슬래브와 동등한 휨강도를 발현하였다. 역U형철근과 U형철근은 단차의 사인장 균열을 제어하는데 효과적이었고, 역L형철근과 L형철근은 일관적으로 단차 밖 평슬래브로 슬래브 주근의 휨항복을 유도하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.138-145
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• 2017

본 연구는 고강도 철근이 배근된 철근콘크리트 전단벽체 실험체에 대하여 균열의 발생에서부터 철근의 항복과 콘크리트의 파쇄에 이르는 전반적인 거동 특성과 함께 내진성능 평가 예측을 위한 합리적인 해석적 방안을 마련하는 것을 목표로 한다. 1.0의 일정한 형상비를 갖으며 각 방향으로 철근비와 항복강도, 배근상세, 콘크리트 설계 강도, 단부형상 및 단부 횡구속 후프(Hoop) 여부 등을 주요 변수로 갖는 총 8개의 실험체를 검증 대상으로 선정하여 기존에 저자 등에 의해 새로이 수정된 구성관계식을 적용한 비선형 유한요소해석 프로그램(RCAHEST)을 통한 해석을 수행하였다. 실험과 해석으로부터의 최대 하중 및 이에 대응되는 변위에 대한 평균과 변동계수는 각각 1.05와 8% 및 1.17과 19% 정도로 예측하였다. 모든 실험체에 대한 파괴모드와 파괴시까지의 전반적인 거동 특성 역시 비교적 적절히 예측하고 있음을 확인하였으며 이러한 연구결과들은 향후, 고강도 철근의 적용과 관련된 국내외 설계기준에의 적용을 위한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.399-409
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• 2015

최근 들어, 모듈화된 건축물에 프리캐스트 콘크리트와 현장콘크리트를 합성한 복합화 공법사용이 증가하고 있다. 일반적으로 프리캐스트 콘크리트 부재는 공장에서 선제작된 PC부재에 휨 전단 성능 향상을 위한 프리텐션 도입이 가능하다. 현행구조 기준에서는 긴장력이 가해진 단일 단면의 전단강도식은 제시하지만, 프리캐스트 콘크리트와 현장 콘크리트 합성 단면의 수직 전단 강도식은 제시하지 못하고 있다. 이전 연구에서는 수직전단 보강이 없는 프리스트레스트 콘크리트와 현장타설 콘크리트 합성보의 전단 강도에 대하여 분석하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 수직 전단 보강된 프리스트레스트 콘크리트와 현장타설 콘크리트 합성보의 전단 강도 실험을 통하여 합성보 설계시 고려해야할 사항에 대하여 알아보았다. 변수로는 콘크리트의 면적비, 긴장재의 긴장력, 전단경간비, 그리고 전단철근비를 고려하였다. 실험 결과, 전단 강도는 긴장력이 가해진 단면적의 면적비, 긴장재의 긴장응력에 비례하여 증가하였고 전단 경간비가 증가할수록 감소하였다. 또한 압축대 콘크리트 강도에 따른 전단철근의 기여도 차이를 보였다.