• Journal of the Korean Society for Advanced Composite Structures
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.15-24
• /
• 2013

This project is mainly related to evaluation of total energy consumption of low energy house, the exterior envelope of which was wholly composed of structural insulated panels(SIP). The U-value of applied SIP was in the range of 0.189 to $0.269W/m^2{\cdot}K$ and the U-value of pair glass from 0.78 to $1.298W/m^2{\cdot}K$ was applied for window dependent to its function respectively. For comparison of total energy performance, the energy simulation for pilot house was performed to compare with the control house having insulation criteria of Korean building regulation in 2009. Based on simulation of dynamic energy performance, the pilot house saved 48.3% of annual energy consumption while the control house in 2009 consumed as 85.7GJ/y. In case of heating, the result showed that the energy saving ratio amounted to 76.7%. For $CO_2$ emission, the pilot house diminished approximately 35.4% from $6,208.4kgCO_2$ to $4,009.2kgCO_2$. In payback period to early investment, it was analyzed the pilot house took 7.8 years, when the low energy house built by other insulation method with same thermal perfusion took 11.5 years. From this result, it is considered that the SIP is more effective, economic to Green Home application.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.25 no.11
• /
• pp.1555-1562
• /
• 2016

Concentrations of hydrogen sulfide in ambient air have been measured from January 2014 to June 2016 in a coastal area near the Ulsan National Industrial Complex. The measurement sites were 1 km, 2.6 km, 5.6 km, and 20 km away from a kraft pulp mill, which is located at the most southern edge of the complex. Concentrations above 0.4 ppb were monitored every 5 min and the highest concentration of the day was determined. From a total of 775 measurement days, hydrogen sulfide concentrations > 20 ppb were recorded on 36 and 38 days at the measurement site closest to the mill and the residential area 2.6 km away from the mill, respectively. At the site farthest from the mill, the concentrations were always 20 ppb lower than the malodor regulation for the residential area but sometimes higher than the odor recognition threshold for hydrogen sulfide. Although several emission sources of hydrogen sulfide have been published in the Pollutant Release and Transfer Register of Korea, the kraft pulp mill is considered to be the biggest contributor of atmospheric hydrogen sulfide in the southern coastal area of Ulsan.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.127-145
• /
• 2011

European Union unilaterally included the emissions from aviation activities into EU ETS on 19 November 2008 by amending Directive 2003/87/EC. According to the Directive all the emissions(mainly against the CO2) from aviation activities shall be subject to the regulation of EU ETS from 2012. For the period from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2012, the total quantity of allowances to be allocated to aircraft operators shall be equivalent to 97% of the historical aviation emission s. From 1 January 2013, the allowances will be reduced to 95%. The allocation of allowances which may be applied by each operator with free of charge will be reduced from 85% to 82% from 1 January 2012 to 1 January 2013. Since the Directive will affect every country's airline industry more or less, the nations and international organizations respond variously. The controversial focus is that whether EU has the right to unilaterally include the emissions from international aviation activities into EU ETS. This article firstly analyzes the effect caused by EU ETS to China's airline industry, and then studies the legality of the action of EU subject to current positive international law, and finally draws the conclusion that EU enjoys no such right to unilaterally include the emissions from international aviation activities.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.42 no.5
• /
• pp.615-623
• /
• 2014

Increases of public attention on healthy environment lead to the regulation of indoor air quality such as Clean Healthy House Construction Standard. This standard covers emission of total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) (e.g., formaldehyde, benzene, and toluene), ventilation, and use of environmentally-friendly products or functional products. Moisture absorption and desorption abilities are a recommended functionality for improving indoor air quality. In this study, moisture absorption and desorption capacities of carbonized board from wood-based panels and other materials were determined by using UNT-HEAT-01 according to ISO 24358:2008. Pine had higher moisture absorption and desorption capacities ($49.0g/m^2$ and $35.3g/m^2$, respectively) than hinoki cypress, cement board, gypsum board, oriented strand board, and medium density fiberboard (MDF). The moisture absorption and desorption capacities differed considerably according to the wood species. After carbonization process at $400^{\circ}C$, the absorption and desorption ability of MDF increased to 38% and 60%, respectively. However, moisture absorption and desorption capacities decreased with increasing carbonization temperature, but they were still higher than original MDF. Therefore, it is suggested that carbonization below $600^{\circ}C$ can improve moisture absorption/desorption capacities.

• Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.427-433
• /
• 2019

Sakarya is famous for cucurbit productions in Turkey and cucurbits can grow as big as 560 kg of weight per fruit in its agricultural areas. There is no or limited information about contaminant levels and profiles of the agricultural fields in Sakarya. The purpose of this study is to investigate the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene, and fluoranthene) and heavy metal (As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn) concentrations of the selected fields. Total 33 soil samples were collected from 12 counties of Sakarya where both cucurbits have been produced and organochlorine pesticides have been applied to the fields for more than 30 y during the historical plantation periods. Heavy metal and PAH contents in the soil samples were measured by an Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy and a Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. The highest phenanthrene, pyrene, and fluoranthene concentrations were measured as 63.50 ng/g, 134.34 ng/g, 140.0 ng/g, respectively in the soil samples from Geyve County. Cu, Ni, and Cr concentrations were measured as 108.2 mg/kg, 219.9 mg/kg, and 173.1 mg/kg, respectively in Geyve's samples which were also the highest and 2-7 times more than the limit values given in the Turkish Soil Pollution Control Regulation. Precautions need to be taken for Sakarya's agricultural fields which are an important milestone of Turkey's cucurbit and fruit productions since the contaminants can be accumulated in the fruits and edible parts of the plants.

• Safety and Health at Work
• /
• v.10 no.4
• /
• pp.518-526
• /
• 2019

Background: Additive manufacturing (AM) is a rapidly expanding new technology involving challenges to occupational health. Here, metal exposure in an AM facility with large-scale metallic component production was investigated during two consecutive years with preventive actions in between. Methods: Gravimetric analyzes measured airborne particle concentrations, and filters were analyzed for metal content. In addition, concentrations of airborne particles <300 nm were investigated. Particles from recycled powder were characterized. Biomonitoring of urine and dermal contamination among AM operators, office personnel, and welders was performed. Results: Total and inhalable dust levels were almost all below occupational exposure limits, but inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry showed that AM operators had a significant increase in cobalt exposure compared with welders. Airborne particle concentrations (<300 nm) showed transient peaks in the AM facility but were lower than those of the welding facility. Particle characterization of recycled powder showed fragmentation and condensates enriched in volatile metals. Biomonitoring showed a nonsignificant increase in the level of metals in urine in AM operators. Dermal cobalt and a trend for increasing urine metals during Workweek Year 1, but not in Year 2, indicated reduced exposure after preventive actions. Conclusion: Gravimetric analyses showed low total and inhalable dust exposure in AM operators. However, transient emission of smaller particles constitutes exposure risks. Preventive actions implemented by the company reduced the workers' metal exposure despite unchanged emissions of particles, indicating a need for careful design and regulation of the AM environments. It also emphasizes the need for relevant exposure markers and biomonitoring of health risks.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.41 no.1
• /
• pp.30-39
• /
• 2015

Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the heavy metal contents in commercial herbal medicines in Korea. Methods: Monitoring of lead, arsenic, cadmium and mercury was carried out on 116 samples of eleven types of herbal medicines. Among the total samples, 71 samples were domestic and 45 were imported. The samples were digested using the microwave method. The heavy metal contents were measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and a mercury analyzer. ICP-AES was used to analyze lead, arsenic cadmium. Mercury was analyzed by the amalgamation method. Results: The mean values of the heavy metal contents in the herbal medicines were Pb 0.64mg/kg, As 0.26mg/kg, Cd 0.07mg/kg and Hg 0.004mg/kg. Of the total samples, one violated the MFDS (Ministry of Food and Drug Safety) regulatory guidance on heavy metals in herbal medicines. Lead was detected at more than 5mg/kg in one sample. The measured values of arsenic, cadmium and mercury in the herbal medicines showed levels lower than the recommended levels for herbal medicines in MFDS regulatory guidance. In the comparison of domestic samples with imported herbal medicines, it was found that one domestic sample surpassed the maximum residue limits for lead. Conclusion: These results will be used to establish the regulation and control of heavy metal contents in herbal medicines. In addition, continuous monitoring is needed to ensure confidence in and the safety of these herbal medicines.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.75-82
• /
• 2009

The regulation of emission concentration for stream water qualities doesn't control quantitative increase on pollution loads, it has limits for improvement of water qualities. Total water pollution load management system(TMDL) can control the total amount of pollutant in waste water which is allowed to assign and control the total discharged pollutant loads in a permissible level. When it comes to generated wastewater value of TMDL system, there is difference between calculated value based on individual pollutant unit load and observed value. Calculated sewer inflow, calculated sewer outflow, measured sewer inflow, and measured sewer outflow at dry season are $26,460.9m^3$/d, $17,778.6m^3$/d, $17,106.1m^3$/d and $19,033.9m^3$/d respectively, Calculated sewer inflow, calculated sewer outflow, measured sewer inflow, and measured sewer outflow at rainy season are $49,512.2m^3$/d, $18,628.7m^3$/d, $30,918.2m^3$/d, $19,700.7m^3$/d respectively. This result presents the necessity to acquire the precise observed data to fulfill the efficient TMDL system.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.249-259
• /
• 2014

This paper investigates the characteristics of high $PM_{2.5}$ episodes occurred at Anmyeondo area in spring time, 2009. The monthly mean $PM_{2.5}$ concentration during April was the highest in the year and especially, high levels of $PM_{2.5}$ exceeding standard regulation level were sustained consecutively during 5 to 13 April. To analyze more detailed $PM_{2.5}$ characteristics, numerical simulations were carried out using CMAQ(Community Multi-scale Air Quality) with IPR(Integrated Process Rate) and DDM-3D(Decoupled Direct Method). $PM_{2.5}$ level was lower in daytime than that in nighttime due to vigorous vertical mixing during daytime. The chemical composition was showed that ratio of primary ion components such as sulfate($SO_4{^{2-}}$), nitrate($NO_3{^-}$) and ammonium($NH_4{^+}$) were nearly half of total amount of $PM_{2.5}$. Aerosol and transport process dominantly contributed to $PM_{2.5}$ concentration in Anmyeondo area and contribution rate of local emissions was nearly zero since Anmyeondo area has rare anthropogenic PM emission sources. DDM-3D analysis result showed that $PM_{2.5}$ in Anmyeondo area was influenced by emissions from Shanghai and Shandong region of China.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.21 no.6
• /
• pp.632-637
• /
• 2010

Considering the water quality regulation of total emission system which is enforced with hydro TMS and so on operating currently, automatic water sampler must be necessary in the viewpoint of national interest for conservation of water resources. This study aimed to develope automatic water sampler for the purpose of decreasing spends on foreign currency which is relied on import from abroad and upgrading the functional efficiency simultaneously. We have made an effort for developing results as follows with some cases. First, flow meter with a sensor equiped into automatic water sampler for field measurement which can perform linkage operation was developed. Second, remote-D/L system was developed which was able to monitor and store some transmitted data from practical measurement sensor. Also, automatic water sampler was developed in this research that operates in a sewage treatment plant, and finally, we confirmed that our system is able to apply to the field well.