• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.97-118
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• 1999

This study discussed the international reorganization of fisheries in the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea, for the cases of Korea, China and Japan, through the fishery competition and the division of sea areas and resources. In these sea areas, each country has done mutual operation, which causes the fishery competition and controls fishery development. Besides, Exclusive Economic Zon(EEZ) established in 1996 resulted in the prominent changes of fishery development as well as fishery relationship among each country, demands reorganization of fisheries. New fishery order in these sea areas is controlled by BEZ system. The fishery reorganization according to EEZ is a common issue of each country and it also includes the importance of mutual fishery agreement. Resources of fisheries could be used continuously under reasonable management. Each country should consider the stability and existence of fisheries in the international viewpoint. At this point of time, those should be considered such as adjustment of interests according to the division of sea areas, establishment of resource management system and insurance of fishery management, for the subject of fishery reorganization.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.89-97
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• 2016

This study looked at the sacrifice space building in the Changbai Mountain area to a specific era in terms of the cultural landscape. The scared of Changbai Mountain how changes in history came despite the regime and national change, interpretation of the reason was the scared maintained. The results of this study are as follows. First, Replacement of the regime in the Republic of China in the Qing period, ethnic diversity, underwent a cultural acceptance. So Changbai Mountain nature of sacrifice, the divine subject has formed the changes. Second, the Qing Royal sacrifice space Wangji Temple(望祭殿) have formed a unique cultural space and the sacrifice of authoritative content with only space. The Republic of China period, a new folk beliefs were born between the defense in the face of the Han Chinese migration and settlement process. Build Sacrifice space of Rulai Temple(如來寺) and Shanshenlaobatou Temple(山神老把頭廟). Third, the spatial relationship between the priest and the Changbai Mountain area Wangji Temple(望祭殿) is the power of space as vertical space. Rulai Temple(如來寺), Shanshenlaobatou Temple(山神老把頭廟) is located in the Changbai Mountain and horizontal space was obedient to the space. Fourth, the sacrifice ritual Wangji Temple(望祭殿) of the Qing Dynasty is the only ritual sacrifice of satisfaction. It is cut off depending on the abolition of imperial power. Currently, public ritual sacrifice is commonplace rituals and sacrifices of the Qing Dynasty is only formally underway. In conclusion, as it has been maintained for the sanctity historically Changbai Mountain. Changbai Mountain sacrifice space was changing through the acceptance of the replacement of the regime and culture of ethnic offerings from a single culture of the Qing Dynasty. Currently, to form a sacrifice space and culture overlap through a mutually acceptable.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.89-97
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• 2015

The rising spate of piracy in Nigeria's territorial waters has become a burden on the economic development of the country. It has adversely affected the exportation of crude oil, which is the mainstay of the country's economy. Pirates target and hijack vessels carrying oil and gas, thus reducing the revenue accruable to the country from selling these resources. Piracy also affects the fishing industry which is another source of revenue to the country. Nigeria, as an import dependent country, relies on the importation of finished goods, and this is seriously affected by piracy. This study briefly examines the root causes of piracy in Nigeria. Further, the study interrogates the effects of piracy, identifies the challenges in the suppression of the crime and proffers suggestions toward suppressing the crime in the country. Against this backdrop, the study argues, among other things, that an expansive definition of piracy is key in the fight against this maritime crime in Nigeria, because the present legal regime is restrictive and limited in scope, thus, it does not reflect the modern piratical acts. More importantly, Nigeria must criminalise piracy in its domestic law in other to police its territorial waters, capture and prosecute pirates in its local courts.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.83-97
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• 2009

The objects of study is to propose criteria for physical river disturbance assessment and as case study to show the application results for river improvement. For this purpose, the river disturbance assessment method for past disturbance process and the present-day potential natural state of stream is proposed. To assess the disturbance of the Youngcheon River caused by river improvement, One ares of Nam River was selected for the reference reach and two areas of Youngcheon River were selected for the comparison reach. And these reaches were surveyed and analyzed according to applying criteria of the river disturbances assessment. The assessment indices were physical factors as like epifaunal (bottom), embededness, velocity/depth regime, sediment deposition, channel flow status, channel alteration, frequency of riffles, bank stability, vegetative protection and riparian zone etc. The results showed that physical river environment in Youngcheon River area was disturbed by artificial revetment and bed excavation, consequently this disturbance give rise to impact of ecosystem in river. Hereafter, the criteria for river disturbance assessment are needed to consider various river characters as bed materials and bed slop etc.

• International Journal of Contents
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.84-97
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• 2020

Since national image video advertisements are a means of public relations with wide delivery and major repercussions at home and abroad, this study performs a comparative analysis of video advertisements aired by previous governments as reported by Daejung Kim, Moohyun Roh, Myungbak Lee, and Geunhye Park. The characteristics of the previous governments, whether or not social trends were reflected, and the importance of traditional and modern elements were examined. As we describe, there are clear differences in video advertisements by government regime, and while messages expressing traditional values of Eastern culture have gradually decreased, reflecting the trends of the times, the messages emphasizing the modern values of the West have gradually increased. Our research confirmed that traditional elements such as 'Samulnori' and 'Taekwondo' are gradually disappearing. In addition, it was confirmed that the collective values, traditional values, and humanism represented by the 'large crowd' and 'traditional elements' in the Kim Dae-jung and Roh Moo-hyun administration changed in the Lee Myung-bak and Park Geun-hye administrations to more individualistic, materialistic, Western values. This study is meaningful in that it analyzed the components and characteristics of national image advertisements by governments in the past, how social trends were reflected, and the weight difference between traditional and modern elements. Based on this research, the significance of the current Moon Jae-in government's groundwork for follow-up research should not be understated.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.97-106
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• 2004

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of practical variations in feed restriction, pre-slaughter handing and chilling regime on pork quality during ageing. A total of twenty male landraces were allocated into three treatments(i.e., pre-slaughter feeding, stress and chilling regime) in a factorial arrangement. pH, temperature, free calcium ions, WB-shear force, sarcomere length, cooking loss, drip loss and objective color were determined during rigor development and/or 1, 3, 7 d postmortem. Pre-slaughter chasing stress for approximately 15 min had no effects on pH/temperature profile and objective meat quality. There was an interaction(P < 0.05) between the fasting treatment and chi1ling regime for muscle temperature at pH 6.2. Sarcomere length indicated that the current experiment conditions did not induce muscle shortening, with 1.7 to 1.8 ${\mu}m$, in spite of a significant effect of the fasting treatment (P<0.01). Pigs fed until the morning of slaughter showed a low WB-shear force(P < 0.05) until 3 d at I "C. The treatment also resulted in a higher Hunter L* and a*(P < 0.05) at 24 h and 7 d. Fasted pigs showed a significantly(P < 0.05) reduced cooking loss. The current results indicated that feeding upon the morning of slaughter became detrimental on meat color and the negative effect on cooking loss were linearly elevated with increased ageing time. On the other hand, WB-shear force did not distinguishable after 3 d. Collectively, it appeared that feed restriction from a day before slaughter could produce more a desirable meat quality at the time of consuming. However, the limited effect of animal handling and chilling rate on meat quality is not necessarily to extend to that these do not affect pork quality, as that largely depends on experimental design.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.86-97
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• 2005

Accurate estimation of the wave-induced pore water pressure in the seabed is key factor in studying the stability of the seabed in the vicinity of coastal structure. Most of the existing numerical models for wave structure seabed interaction have been linked through applying hybrid numerical technique which is analysis method separating the wave field and seabed regime. Therefore, it is necessary to develope a numerical model f3r simulating accurately wave$\cdot$structure$\cdot$ seabed interaction under wave loadings by the single domain approach for wave field and seabed regime together. In this study, direct numerical simulation is newly proposed. In this model, modeled fluid drag has been used to detect the hydraulic properties according to the varied geometrical shape inside the porous media by considering the turbulence resistance as well as laminar resistance. Contrary to hybrid numerical technique, direct numerical simulation avoids the explicit formulation of the boundary conditions at the fluid/porous media interface. A good agreement has been obtained by the comparison between existed experimental results by hydraulic model test and direct numerical simulation results far wave $\cdot$structure$\cdot$seabed interaction. Therefore, the newly proposed numerical model is a powerful tool for estimating the nonlinear dynamic responses among a structure, its seabed foundation and water waves.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.327-342
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• 2020

The objective of this study is to manufacture environmentally-friendly synthetic lightweight aggregates that may be used in the structural lightweight concrete production. The cold-bonding pelletization process has been used in the agglomeration of the pozzolanic materials to achieve these synthetic lightweight aggregates. In this context, it was aimed to recycle the waste fly ash by employing it in the manufacturing process as the major cementitious component. According to the well-known facts reported in the literature, it is stated that the main disadvantage of the synthetic lightweight aggregate produced by applying the cold-bonding pelletization technique to the pozzolanic materials is that it has a lower strength in comparison with the natural aggregate. Therefore, in this study, the metakaolin made of high purity kaolin and calcined kaolin obtained from impure kaolin have been employed at particular contents in the synthetic lightweight aggregate manufacturing as a cementitious material to enhance the particle crushing strength. Additionally, to propose a curing condition for practical attempts, different curing conditions were designated and their influences on the characteristics of the synthetic lightweight aggregates were investigated. Three substantial features of the aggregates, specific gravity, water absorption capacity, and particle crushing strength, were measured at the end of 28-day adopted curing conditions. Observed that the incorporation of thermally treated kaolin significantly influenced the crushing strength and water absorption of the aggregates. The statistical evaluation indicated that the investigated properties of the synthetic lightweight aggregate were affected by the thermally treated kaolin content more than the kaoline type and curing regime. Utilizing the thermally treated kaolin in the synthetic aggregate manufacturing lead to a more than 40% increase in the crushing strength of the pellets in all curing regimes. Moreover, two numerical formulations having high estimation capacity have been developed to predict the crushing strength of such types of aggregates by using soft-computing techniques: gene expression programming and artificial neural networks. The R-squared values, indicating the estimation performance of the models, of approximately 0.97 and 0.98 were achieved for the numerical formulations generated by using gene expression programming and artificial neural networks techniques, respectively.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.213-223
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• 2008

The increasing area of abandoned rice fields could provide new opportunities for wetland restoration in Asia. However, it is unknown how quickly or completely abandoned rice fields will recover from agricultural disturbances. We assessed water quality and plant community succession in abandoned rice fields with different hydrology in a mountain valley to understand the effects of hydrological regime on recovery. Water level, soil redox potential, water quality, plant composition, and primary production were measured. The sites, coded as D6, N13, and N16, had been recovering for 6, 13, and 16 years by 2006. N13 and N16 have been recovering naturally whereas D6 has been drained with a nearby dike and was tilled in 2001. The typical hydroperiods of D6, N13, and N16 were no surface water, permanently flooded, and seasonally flooded, respectively. The major change in vegetation structure of both D6 and N13 was the replacement of herbaceous species by woody species. Drawdown accelerated this change because Salix koreensis grew better in damp conditions than in flooded conditions. Phragmites japonica reduced plot-level plant species richness. The removal efficiency of $NH_4-N$, $NO_3-N$, and $PO_4-P$ from water varied seasonally, ranging between -78.8 to 44.3%, 0 to 97.5%, and -26.0 to 44.4%, respectively. In summary, abandoned rice fields quickly became suitable habitat for native wetland plant species and improved regional water quality. Variation among our sites indicates that it is likely possible to manage abandoned rice fields, mostly through controlling hydrology, to achieve site-specific restoration goals.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.71-97
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• 2006

This paper explores the history of environmental movements and policymaking in the city of Austin, TX and addresses the most recent element of the city's environmental policy, the Smart Growth Initiative. Austin's intense growth over the last 35 years has increased a growing awareness of environmental impacts by humans. The Austin municipal government has tried to adopt environmental measures and various policy initiatives ranging from comprehensive plans to its latest Smart Growth Initiative. The long history of comprehensive planning and watershed protection ordinances indicate that while environmental issues have continually presented as priority issues, it has failed to integrate as a part of the municipal government. This shows that the efforts of political actors have not been sufficient to sustain progressive environmental regimes with environmental issues despite the initial motivation of the state.