• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.18
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• pp.27-62
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• 2002

The international sale contract is the central contracts in export-import transactions. A good sale contract or set of general conditions of sale will cover all the principal elements of the transaction, so that uncertainties are avoided. The parties' respective duties as concern the payment mechanism, transport contract and insurance responsibilities, inter alia, will all be clearly detailed in the contract. The following key clauses should be included in international contracts of sale and general conditions of sale: ${\bullet}$ preamble ${\bullet}$ identification of parties ${\bullet}$ description of goods ${\bullet}$ price and payment conditions ${\bullet}$ delivery periods and conditions ${\bullet}$ inspection of the goods - obligations and limitations ${\bullet}$ quantity or quality variations in the products delivered ${\bullet}$ reservation of title and passing of property rights ${\bullet}$ transfer of risk - how accomplished ${\bullet}$ seller's warranties and buyer's complaints ${\bullet}$ assignment of rights ${\bullet}$ force majeure clause and hardship clause ${\bullet}$ requirement that amendments and modifications be in writing ${\bullet}$ choice of law ${\bullet}$ choice of dispute resolution mechanism Under most systems of law, a party can be excused from a failure to perform a contract obligation which is caused by the intervention of a totally unforeseeable event, such as the outbreak of war, or an act of God such as an earthquake or hurricane. Under the American commercial code (UCC) the standard for this relief is one of commercial impracticability. In contrast, many civil law jurisdictions apply the term force majeure to this problem. Under CISG, the standard is based on the concept of impediments to performance. Because of the differences between these standards, parties might be well advised to draft their own force majeure, hardship, or excusable delays clause. The ICC publication, "Force Majeure and Hardship" provides a sample force majeure clause which can be incorporated by reference, as well as a hardship clause which must be expressly integrated in the contract. In addition, the ICC Model provides a similar, somewhat more concise formulation of a force majeure clause. When the seller wishes to devise his own excusable delays clause, he will seek to anticipate in its provision such potential difficulties as those related to obtaining government authorisations, changes in customs duties or regulations, drastic fluctuations in labour, materials, energy, or transportation prices, etc.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.39
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• pp.95-130
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• 2014

The purpose of this study focuses on developing the outplacement competency of special security government official for which precedent reference research, expert review, and expert Delphi analysis used according to three steps of study process. The final Delphi examination analysis resulted in outplacement competency into four groups of competency and twenty-two subcategories. Thus, it is very worthy to develop outplacement's competencies necessary for outplacement of special security government official through expert's Delphi examination in the first time, which have not being researched until now, and to present them theoretically through clarification and verification process accomplished by experts and staffs related to outplacement. Individual effort is essential to strengthen their capabilities based on accurate self evaluation, for which the awareness and concept need to be redefined to help them face up to the reality by readjusting career goal to a realistic level. Also, active career development plan to improve shortcoming in terms of outplacement competency is required. The result of this study, which ouplacement successors of special security government officials participated studying process, will be used as the basic data to establish an outplacement curriculum and an educational system for strengthening competency necessary for outplacement of special security government official.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.27-37
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to provide for the basic data useful to the effective production and marketing of the brassiere befitting adult women's body shapes and preferences, and thereby, help them improve their apparel life. For this purpose, 563 Korean adult women aged between 20-59 were sampled to survey their practices of purchasing the brassieres and positively identify the factors affecting the practices and thereupon, determine the correlations among them by age group. Data is processed by a computer(SAS) and analyzed by using frequency, percentage, $\chi^2$-test, ANOVA, Duncan-test. The main results of this study are as follows; 1. The adult women tend to use such mass media as TV, magazines, catalogues and DM to decide for themselves which brassiere befits them most, and to check the brand-name(78.8%) or the sizes(93.4%), but more than 90% of them purchase their brassieres without trying on them. 2. The places of purchasing on which adult women rely most for their brassiere are department stores(32.6%), agencies(26.1%) and discount or pension shops(25.4%), while more than 90% of the sample women often visit bargain sale shops. The average number of brassieres possessed by our adult women is 5.7, and an adult women buys 2.6 brassiere costing 10-30 thousand wons a year on average and consumes a brassiere for the period from 6 months to 2 years. 3. It had been disclosed that the brand favored most by adult women is Venus(56.2%), followed by Vivien (17.6%), Wacoal(6.8%), Amie(2.5%) and Body Guard(2.3%). The most influential factors for the popularity of brands are fitting condition(40.3%) and design(23.8%), which suggests that consumers appreciate functionality and aesthetics. The most important reference affecting our women's choice of brassiere is size(64.4%), followed by design and functionality. The brassiere style favored most by adult women is a wire-type 3/4 cup brassiere made of thin material with sewing lines, while the most favorite color is white. In all, it has been found through this study that adult women's practices of buying their brassieres differ by age group, which may well suggest that brassiere production need to take such age-wise practices into consideration in setting up their brassiere production and marketing strategies.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.1053-1059
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• 2003

This study aimed to determine the amount of vitamin C from vegetable & fruit juice by high performance liquid chromatograhy (HPLC). Components for estimation of measurement uncertainty associated with the analysis of vitamin C, such as standard weight, purity, molecular weight, dilution of standard solution, calibration curve, recovery, and precision, were importantly applied. The estimation of uncertainty obtained with systematic and random error based on the GUM (Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement) and EURACHEM document with mathematical calculation and statistical analysis. The components, evaluated ty either Type A or Type B methods, were combined to produce an overall value of uncertainty known as the combined standard uncertainty. An expanded uncertainty was obtained by multiplying the combined standard uncertainty with a coverage factor (k) calculated from the effective degree of freedom. The content of vitamin C from vegetable and fruit juice was 27.53 mg/100g and the expanded uncertainty by multiplying by the coverage factor (k, 2.06) was 0.63 mg/100g at a 95% confidence level. It was concluded that the main sources were, in order of recovery and precision, weight and purity of the reference material, dilution of the standard solution, and calibration curve. Careful experiments on other higher uncertainties is further needed in addition to better personal proficiency in sample analysis in terms of accuracy and precision.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.399-406
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• 2003

This study was conducted to find out the analysis condition of selenium(Se) in oil refinery wastewater with a high concentration of Se using the atomic absorption spectrometry with hydride generation system (HG-AAS). From various experiments that reduced Se(VI) to Se(IV), the optimum pretreatment condition was determined to be a sample volume of 10 mL, HCl 10 mL, with a 30 min heating time in a water bath. In oil refinery wastewater, as the concentration of organics and constitution became higher, the recovery rates of Se decreased. Therefore, three acid digestion methods ($HNO_3/HClO_4$ digestion, $KMnO_4$ digestion, and microwave acid digestion) were tested on the recovery rates of Se in reference to the digestion of organics, petroleum and oxidation from organic Se(org.), Se(IV) to Se(VI). The experiment results showed that the average recovery rate of Se was the highest in microwave acid digestion, although all of the digestions were more than 90%. In consequence, the pretreatment procedure of microwave digestion followed by HCl addition was the most suitable for selenium analysis in oil refinery wastewater by using HG-AAS.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.450-457
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• 2003

The determination of uranium and its isotopes in spent nuclear fuels by isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) has been studied. The spent fuel samples were dissolved in 8 M $HNO_3$ or its mixture with 14 M $HNO_3-0.05M$ HF. The dissolved solutions were filterred on membrane filter with $1.2{\mu}m$ pore size. The uraniums in the spiked and unspiked sample solutions were quantitatively adsorbed by anion exchange resin, AG 1X8 and eluted with 0.1 M HCl. The contents of uranium and its isotopes ($^{234}U$, $^{235}U$, $^{236}U$ 및 $^{238}U$) in the spent fuel samples were determined by isotope dilution mass spectrometric method using $^{233}U$ as spike. The spike reference solution was standarized by reverse isotope dilution mass spectrometry (R-IDMS) using natural and depleted uranium. The results from IDMS were in average relative difference of 0.34% when compared with those by the potentiometric titration method.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 2016

Gold threads mean thread made by metal, it is composed various material to gold leaf, adhesive and media. The making technique and using materials of Gold threads are different from region, it can be used to distinguish country of origin. So this study finds characteristics and making techniques for flat gold threads of relics. Standard samples are made of animal glue, lacquer, red lacquer and etc. This materials are based on the scientific investigation of cultural gold threads properties. Then traditional techniques were estimated by comparison and analysis of actual cultural properties and standard samples. As a result of investigating cultural properties, it is similar to the standard sample which are mixed with red soil additives. After analysis of SEM-EDS, it is detected to Al, Si, Fe. So it is to the conclusion that traditional gold thread is made of adhesive mixed with red soil to improve gold color better. And this ways are similar with china that uses animal glue and red soil to adhesive and different from japan that uses lacquer to adhesive. Through this study, it will be used to data and reference for reappearance and making techniques of traditional gold threads.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.140-144
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• 1998

A survey on four tributary streams in agricultural areas along Nakdong River was carried out to evaluate the effect of agricultural practices on the quality of streamwater. Typicalpaddy and upland farmings were major agriculturalpractice in two survey areas. Apple orchards were located along Imgo -Cheon. Intensive farming in plastic film house was conducted along the Habin cheon. Electriclal condutivity and nutrient contents were measured. Comparing to the reference water sample collected from very upper part of Yangsang -Cheon in Moonkyong, water in the streams studied were quite polluted and such pollution could be due to the farmings conducted along the streams. Phosphorus content were higher than the minimum level for eutrophication (0.01-0.05 mg/L). Nitrogeon content were also significantly high in many sites to cause harmful effects on crops when normalfertilizer level was applicated. Among the four stream, water quality in paddy area were relatively less polluted. High nitrogen level in Imgo-Cheon and high level of EC in Habin-Cheon were problematic. As farming is the major sources of pollution in the streams studied, this are traceable to the agricultural nonpoint sources. To maintain water quality of the stream, the agricultural nonpoint source along thributary streams should be properly controlled.

• Journal of Information Management
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.23-41
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• 2012

Citation analysis studies have reported many problems associated with data coverage problems common to popular citation databases such as Web of Science(WoS). In addition, the studies that analyzed citation patterns of Korean publications found that up to 75% of references in Korean publications were to international publications. As a first step in investigating the international coverage of WoS database, the study investigated the effect of adding citation data from Korea Science Citation Database(KSCD) to the impact factors and journal rankings of the journals listed in Journal Citation Reports. Specifically, the study mined the reference data from top 5 Korean Library and Information Science(KLIS) journals to recompute the impact factors reported in JCR 2009. Since the resulting journal rankings did not significantly differ from JCR 2009 rankings except for minor ranking changes, we analyzed additional citation data from 45 computer science and electrical engineering journals. Although the overall ranking difference was not statistically significant, one of the ranking partitions showed significant change. Such study findings despite its limited data sample suggest the potential impact of non-Western citation databases such as KSCD to bibliometric indicators provided by popular citation databases like WoS.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.252-261
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• 2017

Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs) increase radiation exposure to the public as these materials are concentrated through artificial manufacturing processes by human activities. This study focuses on the development of a method for the quantitative analysis of $^{232}Th$, $^{235}U$, and $^{238}U$ in building materials. The accuracy and precision of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for determination of digestion processes was evaluated for certified reference materials (CRMs) digested using various mixed acid (e.g., aqua regia, hydrofluoric acid, and perchloric acid) digestions and a $LiBO_2$ fusion method. The method validation results reveal that a $LiBO_2$ fusion and $Fe(OH)_3$ co-precipitation should be applied as the optimal sample digestion process for the quantitative analysis of radionuclides in building materials. The radioactivity of $^{232}Th$, $^{235}U$, and $^{238}U$ in a total of 51 building material (e.g., board, brick, cement, paint, tile, and wall paper) samples was quantitatively analyzed using an established process. Finally, the values of $^{238}U$ and $^{232}Th$ radioactivity were comprehensively compared with those from the indirect method using ${\gamma}$-spectrometry.