• 영어어문교육
• /
• 제15권2호
• /
• pp.71-92
• /
• 2009

Europass was established in 2005 by the European Parliament and the Council of Europe as a single framework for language qualifications and competences, helping citizens to gain accreditation throughout the European Community. In addition, the 1996 Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment (CEFR) provides a common basis for language syllabi, curriculum guidelines, examination, and textbooks in Europe. This framework describes the required knowledge and skills, the cultural context, and the levels of proficiency that learners should achieve. In combination, Europass and the CEFR provide employers and educational institutes with internationally recognized standards. This paper proposes that current trends such as globalization and international mobility require a similar approach to accreditation in Asia. As jobs and workers become independent of national boundaries and restrictions, it becomes necessary to educate students as multilingual world citizens, using standards that are accepted around the world. It is suggested, therefore, that assessment models such as Europass and the CEFR, along with successful language teaching models in Europe and Canada, present opportunities of adaptation for the Korean education system. Finally, rigorous teacher training to internationally recognized levels is recommended, if Korea is to produce a workforce of highly-skilled, plurilingual world citizens.

• Journal of Power Electronics
• /
• 제14권4호
• /
• pp.764-777
• /
• 2014

This study analyzes the mathematical relationship between DC-link voltage and system parameters for shunt active power filters (APFs). Analysis and mathematical deduction are used to determine the required minimum DC-link voltage for APF. A novel adaptive DC-link voltage controller for the three-phase four-wire shunt APF is then proposed. In this controller, the DC-link voltage reference value will be maintained at the required minimum voltage level. Therefore, power consumption and switching loss will effectively decrease. The DC-link voltage can also adaptively yield different DC-link voltage levels based on different harmonic currents and grid voltage levels and thus avoid the effects of harmonic current and grid voltage fluctuation on compensation performance. Finally, representative simulation and experimental results in a three-phase four-wire center-split shunt APF are presented to verify the validity and effectiveness of the minimum DC-link voltage design and the proposed adaptive DC-link voltage controller.

• The Korean Journal of Medicine
• /
• 제99권3호
• /
• pp.127-133
• /
• 2024

Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is characterized by elevated serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and normal free thyroxine levels. The Korean Thyroid Association recently issued guidelines for managing SCH. Based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013-2015), a serum TSH level of 6.8 mIU/L is the reference value for SCH. SCH is classified as mild (TSH 6.8-10.0 mIU/L) or severe (TSH > 10.0 mIU/L), and patients are categorized as adult (age < 70 years) or elderly (age ≥ 70 years). Levothyroxine treatment (LT4-Tx) is not recommended for mild or even severe SCH in elderly patients. Immediate LT4-Tx can be given to adults in most cases, but not to women who are pregnant, patients with progressive disease, or patients with underlying coronary artery disease, heart failure, or dyslipidemia.

• 한국전자통신학회논문지
• /
• 제5권4호
• /
• pp.352-356
• /
• 2010

본 연구에서는 선행음과 후속음의 영향이 음상정위에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지에 대하여 실험을 하였다. 음원은 양귀간 시간차(Interaural Time Difference ; ITD)를 0.5ms로 한 기준음을 사용하였다. 이러한 기준음과 5종류의 레벨차를 가진 방해음(선행음 및 후속음) 및 기준음과 방해음의 시간차(Inter-Stimuli Interval ; ISI) 4종류를 조합하여 피실험자에게 제공하였다. 그리고 주파수에 대한 의존성을 알아보기 위해 기준음과 방해음을 2kHz, 4kHz, 백색 잡음을 이용하였다. 피실험자는 헤드폰을 사용하여 기준음이 좌우 어느 쪽에서 들리는지를 판단하도록 하였다. 그 결과 음상정위에 미치는 영향은 후속음보다는 선행음이 크게 나타났다. 이것은 시간 마스킹과 같은 경향이라고 생각되어 진다. 음상정위에 있어서는 기준음과 방해음 사이의 주파수 의존성은 적게 나타났다.

• ALGAE
• /
• 제25권2호
• /
• pp.89-97
• /
• 2010

To test the feasibility of using chlorophyll ${\alpha}$ fluorescence to assess the establishment success of seagrass transplants, photosynthetic characteristics of eelgrass Zostera marina transplants were measured using a Diving-pulsed amplitude modulation fluorometer in Jindong Bay on the southern coast of Korea. Maximum quantum yield ($F_v/F_m$), photosynthetic efficiency ($\alpha$), saturating irradiance ($E_k$) and maximum electron transport rate ($ETR_{max}$) of transplants and reference plants in a nearby transplant site were measured using the fluorometer for 5 months. Additionally, shoot morphology, individual shoot weight and productivity of transplants and reference plants were also monitored. Shoot height, leaf weight and productivity of transplants were significantly reduced during the first two or three months after transplantation compared to those of reference plants, and then increased to the levels of reference plants Characteristics of chlorophyll a fluorescence, including $F_v/F_m$, $\alpha$, $E_k$ and $ETR_{max}$ of transplants were also significantly reduced in the initial period, but recovered slightly sooner than shoot morphology or leaf productivity. These results indicated that after transplantation, Z. marina transplant photosynthesis recovered faster than shoot morphology, biomass or productivity. Thus, chlorophyll a fluorescence can be used as an indicator for early assessment of the status of eelgrass transplants without destructive sampling.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
• /
• 제26권10호
• /
• pp.2122-2129
• /
• 2002

Creep damage using a reference stress(RS) was analyzed for type 316LN stainless steel. The generalized K-R equation was reconstructed into the RS equation using a critical stress value $\sigma$. The RS equation was derived from the critical stress in failure time $t_f$ instead of material damage parameter $\omega$, which indicates the critical condition of collapse or approach to gross instability of materials during creep. For obtaining the reference stress, a series of creep tests and tensile tests were conducted with at 55$0^{\circ}C$ and $600^{\circ}C$. The stress-time data obtained from creep tests were applied to the RS equations to characterize the creep damage of type 316LN stainless steel. The value of creep constant r with stress levels was about 18 at 55$0^{\circ}C$ and 21 at $600^{\circ}C$. This value was almost similar with r = 24 in the K-R equation, which was obtained by using damage parameter $\omega$. Relationship plots of creep failure strain and life fraction $(t_f /t_r)$ were also obtained with different λ values. The RS equation was therefore more convenient than the generalized K-R equation, because the measuring process to quantify the damage parameter $\omega$ such as voids or micro cracks in crept materials was omitted. The RS method can be easily used by designers and plant operator as a creep design tool.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
• /
• 제31권1호
• /
• pp.41-45
• /
• 2020

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess serum, hair, and urinary magnesium (Mg) levels in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and both ASD and ADHD to reveal potential interactive effects. Methods: A total of 148 boys aged 4-9 years old were enrolled in this study, including 44 children with ADHD, 40 pediatric patients with ASD, 32 patients with both ADHD and ASD, as well as 32 healthy neurotypical children. Hair, serum, and urinary Mg levels were assessed using inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Laboratory quality control was performed using certified reference materials of human hair, plasma, and urine. Results: No significant group difference in serum Mg levels was observed. Mg content in hair was found to be reduced in children with ADHD and ADHD+ASD compared to that in healthy controls by 11% and 15%, respectively. Urinary Mg levels in children with ADHD+ASD exceeded the control, ADHD, and ASD values by 51, 76, and 65%, respectively. Factorial analysis revealed significant contribution of ADHD to hair and urinary Mg levels. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that hair and urinary Mg levels were considered as significant predictors of neurodevelopmental disorder complexity. Conclusion: We propose that impaired Mg status may provide a link between ADHD and ASD.

• 한국식품영양학회지
• /
• 제27권5호
• /
• pp.771-784
• /
• 2014

The purpose of this study was to estimate the relationships between dietary factors and the stress perception levels of College students. A survey was conducted in June, 2010, targeting 332 college students in Gwangju. General environmental factors, stress perception levels, dietary behaviors, and dietary action guide performance of the subjects were evaluated by questionnaire, and food intakes was determined by the 24-hour recall method. The results are summarized as follows.: The score of frequency experiencing was $45.1{\pm}16.9$ for male students, and $47.0{\pm}16.7$ for female students. The importance scores were $50.8{\pm}18.5$ for males, and $53.3{\pm}18.7$ for females. The total score for dietary action guide performance was $39.6{\pm}7.2$ for males and $40.6{\pm}6.5$ for females. Nutrient intake levels were evaluated based on dietary reference intake (DRI), revealing energy intakes to be 68.5% EER in males and 73.9% in females. The mean intakes of nutrient were 54.2% RI for calcium, 73.6% RI for riboflavin, and 51.2% RI for vitamin C but 203.6% AI for sodium, which indicates an imbalance in nutrient intake. Analysis of the correlations between stress perception levels and dietary factors, scholarship achievements, financial problems, future problems, value senses, and family relationships revealed significant correlations with general environment factors, dietary behaviors, Dietary action guide performance, and nutrient intakes (p<0.05). The higher the stress perception levels of the students, the higher the energy, coffee and alcohol intake, which predicts that appropriate stress control in college students will lead to better dietary habits. It is expected that the results above will be used as basic data for the development of proper nutrition education programs and stress control strategies.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
• /
• 제46권4호
• /
• pp.117-123
• /
• 2014

Creatinine is a general marker as a screening test for renal disease. This study was conducted to provide basic data about pediatric concentration for serum and urine creatinine. The data from the 2011 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was used. Analysis was done on 488 Children and Adolescents (boys 278, girls 210) aged 10 to 19, the Jaffe reaction method was used to gather the data. The highest serum creatinine levels were found in boys aged 19 to 20 years, the mean being 0.97 mg/dL (min 0.81 mg/dL, max 1.14 mg/dL). The levels showed increase over those in the 10 year old group. The highest urine creatinine levels were found aged 19 to 20 years, and the mean was 222.68 mg/dL (min 133 mg/dL, max 324 mg/dL). In the case of girls, the highest serum creatinine levels were found with those aged between 18 and 19, the mean being 0.71 mg/dL (min 0.49 mg/dL, max 0.84 mg/dL). The levels showed increase over the 11 to 18 year old group. The highest urine creatinine levels were found aged 14 to 15 years, and the mean was 218.44 mg/dL (min 131 mg/dL, max 321 mg/dL). The mean difference in serum creatinine in all age groups was statistically significant except for those aged 10 to 14, that of urine creatinine in all age groups was not significant statistically except for those aged 12 to 13, 17 to 18. Therefore, it is suggested that reference values for children and adolescents should be divided into different groups according to gender, further studies are needed using complementing data of the pediatrics.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
• /
• 제42권3호
• /
• pp.176-182
• /
• 2022

The aim of this study was to investigate dry matter productivity and nitrate nitrogen content in the growth stages of barnyard millet (Echinochloa esculenta) cultivated for feed, which was treated with different nitrogen fertilization levels. An early variety of barnyard millet (cv. Shirohie) was used for the test, and the different treatments with nitrogen fertilizer were as follows: 50% (N-40 kg/ha, T1), 100% (N-80 kg/ha, reference amount, T2), 150% (N-120 kg/ha, T3), 200% (N- 160 kg/ha, T4), 250% (N-200 kg/ha, T5), and 300% (N-240 kg/ha, T6). Sowing was done on May 13, 2021 and plants were harvested for four stage; vegetative stage, elongation stage, heading stage, and milk stage. The length of the millet increased significantly as the amount of nitrogen fertilization increased during the harvest period (p<0.05), but the difference was insignificant during the milk stage (p>0.05). Moreover, barnyard millet dry matter yield increased significantly as the levels of nitrogen fertilization increased (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference in dry matter yield among nitrogen fertilization levels during the heading stage (p>0.05). Chlorophyll also was significantly higher in T5 (250%) at all harvesting times, whereas nitrate nitrogen content was highest at the vegetative stage, gradually decreased as growth progressed, and lowest at the milk stage. Finally, as the nitrogen fertilization levels increased, the nitrate nitrogen content was significantly higher in all treatment groups (p<0.05). Therefore, our results suggest that the most appropriate nitrogen fertilizer levels is between 150%-200%, considering the dry matter yield, feed ingredients and nitrate nitrogen content in barnyard millet for feed.