• 한국분말야금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국분말야금학회 2006년도 Extended Abstracts of 2006 POWDER METALLURGY World Congress Part 1
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• pp.656-657
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• 2006

One append way of liquid state inhibitor was investigated, which putting V, Cr into W-Co composite solutions in the form of ionization. After spray drying and being calcined, W-Co composite oxides could come into being. Then taking fluidization techniques, well-proportioned W-Co composite powder compounded with inhibitor could be produced in the end.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.456-461
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• 2018

The solid-state anaerobic digestion (SS-AD) has promoted the development and application for biogas production from biomass which operate a high solid content feedstock, as higher than 15% of total solids. However, the digested byproduct of SS-AD can be used as a fertilizer or as solid fuel, but it has serious problems: high moisture content and poor dewaterability. The organic residue from SS-AD has to be improved to address these problems and to make it a useful alternative energy source. Hydrothermal carbonization was investigated for conversion of the organic residue from the SS-AD of livestock waste to solid fuels. The effects of hydrothermal carbonization were evaluated by varying the reaction temperatures within the range of $180-240^{\circ}C$. Hydrothermal carbonization increased the calorific value through the reduction of the hydrogen and oxygen contents of the solid fuel, in addition to its drying performance. Therefore, after the hydrothermal carbonization, the H/C and O/C atomic ratios decreased through the chemical conversion. Thermogravimatric analysis provided the changed combustion characteristics due to the improvement of the fuel properties. As a result, the hydrothermal carbonization process can be said to be an advantageous technology in terms of improving the properties of organic waste as a solid-recovered fuel product.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.53-61
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• 2023

하수슬러지의 대부분은 생물학적 처리에 의한 미생물에 의해 분해 가능한 유기물질을 다량 함유하고 있는 유기성 폐기물이다. 기존의 하수슬러지 처리방법으로는 건조, 소각, 반탄화 그리고 탄화 등의 기술을 이용하여 감량화 및 연료화를 진행하고 있다. 그러나, 건조를 기반으로 하여 539kcal/kg의 잠열이 소비됨으로 에너지 소비가 높은 단점이 지적되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 열화학적 처리인 수열탄화(HTC)를 통해 고형연료를 생산하고자 한다. 고형연료의 가치를 평가하기 위하여 탄화도 및 연료비의 특성을 분석하였다. 그 결과 수열탄화 반응온도가 증가할수록 탄화도의 상승으로 저위발열량도 약 500kcal/kg 상승하였다. H/C, O/C, Ratio는 1.78, 0.46에서 1.57, 0.32로 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 건조슬러지의 가연분(고정탄소+휘발분) 대비 회분(Ash)의 비율이 0.25 이상으로 나타날 경우는 수열탄화를 진행하여도 탄화도 및 발열량의 증가되지 않는다는 것을 도출하였다.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.58-64
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• 2004

Biological treatment of wastewater was studied with a purpose to remove TOC by the reduction of water hardness. The optimal conditions of coagulant were determined by reaction time and amount of coagulant. Experimental results indicate that the biological treatment after physico-chemical treatment was found to provide very efficient removal efficiency in the process to treat the textile wastewater, including the carbon dioxide treatment. The combined process of carbonization in the physico-chemical treatment respectively was increased the removal efficiencies of $30.0\%$ in biological treatment in comparison with exclusive biological treatment. As a result, the treatment of hardness after carbonization had the best removal efficiency of approximately $60.0\%$. The removal efficiencies in the exclusive biological treatment using Bacillus subtilis and after carbonization were increased by $38.9\%\;and\;69.0\%$ respectively. The combined Bacillus subtilis-assisted biological treatment was determined to be the most effective method to treat the textile wastewater in an economic point of view, the water quality in the wastewater treatment plays an important role.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2006년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.87-90
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• 2006

The experimental study has been done for two kinds of pelletized RDFs to Investigate the carbonization effect to the chlorine concentrations, the heating value and the yield of Produced char in variable conditions of the carbonizing temperature and reaction time. One(RDF-1) is made of 100% wasted plastics and the other(RDF-2) is made of 60% wasted paper with 40% wasted plastics. The screw type carbonizer heated Indirectly by oil burner was used for the experiment and RDF feeding rate was 3kg/hr. The carbonizing temperature was 300, 350 400 and $45^{\circ}C$ and the reaction tine was 5, 10 and 15 minutes respectively. As the increase of carbonizing reaction time and temperature, the chlorine reduction rate was increased and oppositely the yield of char was decreased At the temperature of $400^{\circ}C$ and reaction time of 10 minutes the chlorine reduction rate was 60% and the char yield rate was 80% for the RDF-1 and those of RDF-2 were 80% and 75%, respectively. Additional activation experiment to the char produced from RDF-2 was done in the activation reactor by hot steam supply. As the increase of activation time the iodine number was increased. At the activation time of 20 minutes the iodine number was 552mg/g and the yield of activated carbon was 16%.

• 적정기술학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.59-71
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• 2021

하이브리드수열탄화 (Hybrid HTC) 기술은 2가지 이상의 유기성폐기물을 혼합한 특허 받은 열역학 공정으로 공정온도 180~250℃, 압력 20~40 bar에서 반응시간이 2시간 이내이며 에너지 소비가 적고, 폐기물의 부피감소 및 악취 저감효과가 크다. 폐기물 중 대부분의 탄소가 최종 생성물에 축적되므로 유기성 폐기물 고형연료화에 가장 적합한 기술로 평가받고 있다. 본 연구에서는 하이브리드 수열탄화기술을 활용하여 캄보디아 망고 폐기물을 대상으로 온도 및 반응시간의 변화에 따라 발열량 및 수율 등에 미치는 영향에 대하여 평가하였다. 본 연구를 통해 공정변수를 최적화하고, 전공정플랜트의 에너지 효율성을 향상시킬 수 있으며, 수연탄화기술에서 분해되어 가스가 생성되는데 이때 수소(H₂) 및 메탄(CH₄) 등 제조 및 생산기술개발을 할 수 있다. 본 연구 결과를 토대로 망고폐기물(2t/day)실증 물질수지 및 에너지 수지 도출과 함께 경제성도 평가하였다.

• Macromolecular Research
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.399-406
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• 2004

Glass-like carbon precursors shrink significantly during curing and carbonization, which leads to crack formation and bending. Cured furan resin powder and ethanol were added to furan resin to diminish the weight loss, to suppress the shrinkage and bending, and to readily release the gases evolved during polymerization and curing. Curing and carbonization were controlled by pressure and slow heating to avoid damage to the samples. The effect of the filler and ethanol on the fabrication process was examined by measuring the properties of the glass-like carbon, such as the specific gravity, bending strength, electrical resistivity, and microstructural change. The specific gravities of the filler-added glass-like carbons were higher than those of the ethanol-added samples because of the formation of macropores from the vaporization of ethanol during the curing and polymerization processes. Although the ethanol-added glass-like carbons exhibited lower bending strengths after carbonization than did the filler-added samples, the opposite result was observed after aging at 2,600$^{\circ}C$. We found that the macropores created from ethanol were contracted and removed upon heat treatment. The electrical resistivity of the glass-like carbon aged at 2,600$^{\circ}C$ was lower than those of the samples carbonized at 1,000$^{\circ}C$. We attribute this phenomenon to the fact that aging at high temperature led to well-developed microstructures, the removal of macropores, and the reduction of the surface area.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.182-188
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• 2018

Nitrogen (N)-doped protein-based carbon as platinum (Pt) catalyst supports from tofu for oxygen reduction reactions are synthesized using a carbonization and reduction method. We successfully prepare 5 wt% Pt@N-doped protein-based carbon, 10 wt% Pt@N-doped protein-based carbon, and 20 wt% Pt@N-doped protein-based carbon. The morphology and structure of the samples are characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron micro scopy, and crystllinities and chemical bonding are identified using X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The oxygen reduction reaction are measured using a linear sweep voltammogram and cyclic voltammetry. Among the samples, 10 wt% Pt@N-doped protein-based carbon exhibits exellent electrochemical performance with a high onset potential of 0.62 V, a high $E_{1/2}$ of 0.55 V, and a low ${\Delta}E_{1/2}=0.32mV$. Specifically, as compared to the commercial Pt/C, the 10 wt% Pt@N-doped protein-based carbon had a similar oxygen reduction reaction perfomance and improved electrochemical stability.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2001년도 하계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.652-655
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• 2001

In this paper, I have studied minimization of the kerf-width and surface burning which are occurred after the singulation process of multi layer $\mu$-BGA( thickness 1.1 mm, 0.9 mm) with a pulsed Nd:YAG( = 532 nm, repetition rate = 10 Hz) laser. The thermal energy of a pulsed Nd:YAG laser is used to cut the copper layer. I have studied are minimization of the surface burning and kerf-width using a photo resist, $N_2$blowing and polyester double sided tape as a cutting parameter. The $N_2$blowing reduces a laser energy loss by debris and suppresses a surface carbonization. Also, I have studied characters of cutting with a choice of side of laser beam incidence. The SEM(Scanning Electron Microscope), non-contact 3D inspector and high-resolution microscope are used to measure kerf width and surface state. The optimum value of 1.1 mm $\mu$-BGA singulation is 524 $\mu$m that is reduced kerf width of 60 % with $N_2$blowing. And I obtained reduction of carbonization of 68 % with a polyester double side tape in 0.9 mm $\mu$-BGA. I used laser intensity of 1.91$\times$10$^{6}$ / $\textrm{cm}^2$ in this study.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.420-425
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• 2016

N-doped carbon nanofibers as catalysts for oxygen-reduction reactions are synthesized using electrospinning and carbonization. Their morphologies, structures, chemical bonding states, and electrochemical performance are characterized. The optimized N-doped carbon nanofibers exhibit graphitization of carbon nanofibers and an increased nitrogen doping as well as a uniform network structure. In particular, the optimized N-doped carbon nanofibers show outstanding catalytic activity for oxygen-reduction reactions, such as a half-wave potential ($E_{1/2}$) of 0.43 V, kinetic limiting current density of $6.2mAcm^{-2}$, electron reduction pathways (n = 3.1), and excellent long-term stability after 2000 cycles, resulting in a lower $E_{1/2}$ potential degradation of 13 mV. The improvement in the electrochemical performance results from the synergistic effect of the graphitization of carbon nanofibers and the increased amount of nitrogen doping.