• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.530-540
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• 2000

Weight reducing methods were surveyed by questionnares in March through May, 1998 with 641 women living in Inchon to provide the information for the education of proper weight control. Methods that they have used for weight-reduction were exercise (33.1%), diet therapy(29.6%), sauna(7.3%), ingestion of special food(4.8%), administration of drugs(4.0%) and herb-medicines. The respondents considered exercise(38.4%) and diet therapy(31.5%) as the most effective methods in reducing weight and the response was different with ages at p<0.01. They have practiced the diet therapy by reducing the amount of food(27.7%), skipping one or two meals a day (20.8%), avoiding high calorie snacks(8.8%) and regulating food items in a meal(3.8%). Exercises which they have done were walking(48.0%), aerobics(2.3%), swimming(23%) and using the health instruments(6.7%). Their choices in kinds of exercises were significantly dependent upon ages, marriage and their occupation(P<0.01). Acupuncture(38.0%) was the most frequently used oriental medicine therapy and original drugs(32.2% ) and moxibustion(22.0%) were also used. The women have taken drugs was 9.5%. Among them cream-typed cosmetics(41%), weight reducing drugs(30%), diuretics(18% ), and smoking(7%) were used. Fifty respondents out of 641 had expericences to have special food therapy such as grape, apples and vinegar(42%) and enzymes(18%) for some period of time.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.36-41
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• 1996

Drugs mean not only medicines but also poisons, pesticides, food additives, cosmetics, cleaning agents, environmental pollutants and so on, which are normally considered foreign to the body, It is important to know what happens to these drugs when they get into the body. In the past the metabolic changes of drugs had been referred to as “detoxication mechanism”, but since there are many instances in which drugs are converted in the body to more active substances. Thus, metabolism of drugs is responsible for activation and inactivation of the drugs in the body. The major reactions in drug metabolism are oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis and conjugation. Of these four areas, most of the attention had been focused on the oxidation. Therefore, in contract of ample literatures on drug-oxidizing enzymes, there were relatively few reports on drug-reducing enzymes. In recent years, however, the reduction has received an increasing interest due to its pharmacological or toxicological significance. The present lecture is organized keeping with a focus on drug-reducing enzymes which have been explored by us and by other groups.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.22-33
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• 1990

Aqueous solution of bis(2,4-diaminophenyl)phosphonate(APP) was very stable, especially below pH 2.0 and the red-color compound formed by the reaction of APP and $IO_3-$ was stable at room temperature. A simple and rapid spectrophotometric method for the determination of ascorbic acid, potassium antimonyl tartrate (PAT), and isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INAH) was established by the reaction of $IO_3-$ and these reducing drugs, and the absorbance measurements were made at 500 nm. In the reaction of $IO_3-$ and each of the reducing drugs, the conditions of pH were suitable below 2.5 for ascorbic acid, below 2.0 for PAT, and below 1.5 for INAH. Beer's law did hold in the range of $17.6{\sim}1549.9\;ug$ for ascorbic acid, $33.4{\sim}2871.8{\mu}g$ for PAT,and $6.9{\sim}548.6\;{\mu}g$ for INAH. Many common ingredients present in pharmaceutical dosage forms did not interfere. The average recoveries for ascorbic acid and INAH in pharmaceutical formulations were 99.8 $-100.3\;{\pm}\;0.2{\sim}0.4%$, $99.8\;{\pm}\;0.3%$, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.59-68
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• 2008

The reinforcement method for reducing fever prescribe sweet and warm drugs for reinforcing the middle heater and raising Yang(陽) and sweet and cold drugs for purging the pathogenic fire. Bojung-ikgitang(補中益氣湯) is representative prescription based on the reinforcement method for reducing fever. Therefore it is ought to be regarded as prescription for syndromes to show the impairment of Gi(氣), blood, fluids, and humors for pathogenic fire.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.10
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• pp.1716-1722
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• 2018

Immunosuppressive drugs are used to make the body less likely to reject transplanted organs or to treat autoimmune diseases. In this study, five immunosuppressive drugs including two glucocorticoids (dexamethasone and prednisolone), one calcineurin inhibitor (cyclosporin A), one non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug (aspirin), and one antimetabolite (methotrexate) were tested for their effects on viral proliferation using feline foamy virus (FFV). The five drugs had different cytotoxic effects on the Crandell-Ress feline kidney (CRFK) cells, the natural host cell of FFV. Dexamethasone-pretreated CRFK cells were susceptible to FFV infection, but pretreatment with prednisolone, cyclosporin A, aspirin, and methotrexate showed obvious inhibitory effects on FFV proliferation, by reducing viral production to 29.8-83.8% of that of an untreated control. These results were supported by western blot, which detected viral Gag structural protein in the infected cell lysate. As our results showed a correlation between immunosuppressive drugs and susceptibility to viral infections, it is proposed that immune-compromised individuals who are using immune-suppressive drugs may be especially vulnerable to viral infection originated from pets.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.93-103
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• 1998

In order to investigate the reducing effect of velvet antler water extract (VAWE) on the toxicity of anti-cancer drug, cis-platin (CDDP) and mitomycin C (MMC), we examined effects of co-administration with VAWE and anti-cancer drugs on their toxicities. We recognized that $LD_{50}$ of CDDP/MMC were increased by co-administration with VAWE and them in mice. It was found that co-administration of VAWE and MMC increased the survival rate in mice treated by lethal dose of MMC. Also, co-administration of VAWE and CDDP/MMC inhibited decrease of the body weight and organ weight in mice intoxificated by CDDP/MMC. The increase of serum blood urea and serum creatinine levels in rats intoxicated by CDDP were significantly inhibited by the co-administrationin with VAWE and CDDP. The decrease of RBC and WBC in rats intoxificated by MMC were significantly inhibited by the co-administration with VAWE and MMC. These results suggest that the combined usage of VAWE and CDDP/MMC drugs may be a new method for prevented or minimized the toxicity of them.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.19-28
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• 2003

Sokmyeungtang was the representative prescription for Apoplexy under the rule of Tang and Song dynasty of which the cultures were thriving in the history of China. However, the clinical use of Sokmyeungtang has been gradually reduced since Geumwon dynasty of China because it was misunderstood that the dryness heat drugs of pungent in flavor and warm in property such as Ephedra, Pubescent Angelica Root, Chinese Cassia Tree-Bark, Divaricate Saposhnikovia Root, Prepared Aconite Root, Fresh Ginger, and Wildginger Herb included in the presciption for Apoplexy supplemented heat as damaging Yin flood. In fact, the drugs pungent in flavor and warm in property activate exterior and interior circulation, circulate channels and collaterals, promote blood circulation, and remove blood stasis with the side effect of relieving exterior syndrome with drugs warming channels. When treating Apoplexy with Sokmyeungtang, the cold drugs such as Gypsum, Baikai Skullcap Root, and Pueraria Root are prescribed to suppress fire of pungent dryness and to control excessive heat of people with Apoplexy as reducing the effects of hot drugs causing impairment of Yin. For treatment of Apoplexy, the above drugs accelerate blood and Qi circulation in channels and collaterals and then in necrotic tissue of human body as removing blood stasis. Consequently, these drugs improve disorders of capillary tube circulation. If Sokmyeungtang, an old prescription, is properly understood, it will be substantially helpful to all kinds of treatments in clinical cases

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.241-252
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• 2023

The era of innovative RNA therapies using antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), siRNAs, and mRNAs is beginning. Since the emergence of the concept of ASOs in 1978, it took more than 20 years before they were developed into drugs for commercial use. Nine ASO drugs have been approved to date. However, they target only rare genetic diseases, and the number of chemistries and mechanisms of action of ASOs are limited. Nevertheless, ASOs are accepted as a powerful modality for next-generation medicines as they can theoretically target all disease-related RNAs, including (undruggable) protein-coding RNAs and non-coding RNAs. In addition, ASOs can not only downregulate but also upregulate gene expression through diverse mechanisms of action. This review summarizes the achievements in medicinal chemistry that enabled the translation of the ASO concept into real drugs, the molecular mechanisms of action of ASOs, the structure-activity relationship of ASO-protein binding, and the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology of ASOs. In addition, it discusses recent advances in medicinal chemistry in improving the therapeutic potential of ASOs by reducing their toxicity and enhancing their cellular uptake.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.263-272
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• 2018

Nonprescription drugs have become increasingly important in Korean healthcare. By leveraging lower-cost drugs and reducing expenditure associated with fewer physician visits, the nonprescription segment can deliver tremendous value to individual consumers and the Korean healthcare system. Many countries have provided simpler and more rapid routes to market entry for qualifying nonprescription drug products, using the established data on drug safety and efficacy, as well as public and professional opinion. In US, the FDA waived the pre-approval process for over-the-counter (OTC) drugs marketed through the OTC Monograph Process. In Australia and Canada, different OTC product application levels are defined, with a reduced level of assessment required when the risks to consumers are considered low. Japan established a new OTC evaluation system in 2014 to facilitate the Rx-to-OTC switch process. The legislative framework for medicinal products in the European Union allows for drugs to be approved with reference to appropriate bibliographic data for old active substances with well-established uses. Through a comparison of the regulatory framework and the requirements for nonprescription approval process in different countries, several ways to improve regulatory practice for the evaluation of nonprescription drugs in Korea have been suggested.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.34 no.2 s.133
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• pp.145-149
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• 2003

Many chemotherapeutic drugs were developed and contributed to the increase of cure rate of cancer, however severe side effect of these drugs is a major cause of poor quality of life of cancer patients. Effect of deer blood on cancer therapy was investigated in mouse tumor model. Deer blood itself was shown to have mild antitumor activity. However it has significant effect on the reduction of the side effects of chemotherapy. Deer blood recovered the reduction of WBC and platelet (myelotoxicity) during fluorouracil chemotherapy. Deer blood also recovered the increase of serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN; indicator of renal toxicity) and increase of serum amylase activity (AMY; indicator of pancreatic toxicity) almost to the control level during cisplatin chemotherapy. Fluorouracil and cisplatin are major chemotherapeutic drugs which are currently used in clinical cancer therapy, and the results strongly suggest that deer blood can be used for reducing the side effects and improving the quality of life during chemotherapy of cancer patients.