• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2011.10a
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• pp.2921-2927
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• 2011

Modal Shift from road to rail has been adapted in several countries as one of effective ways of reducing $CO_2$ emissions caused by transport. Generally, effect analysis of $CO_2$ reduction toward modal shift is calculated mainly from use stage and less consideration from other stages of life cycle, even though, in some case of modal shift needs that new line construction or new vehicle manufacturing. In this study, modal shift effect analysis is performed with considering construction, manufacturing vehicle and use stage. As a result we can get total $CO_2$ reduction effect using life cycle thinking and check the necessity of including other life cycle stage not only considering use stage. In conclusion, there is no $CO_2$ reduction effect if the reduction amount of $CO_2$ in use stage is not bigger than allocated annual amount of $CO_2$ in construction and manufacturing vehicle stage. According to this fact, analysing $CO_2$ reduction effect of Modal Shift should be considered not only the use stage.

• Architectural research
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.145-149
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• 2016

Recently, a goal was set globally to reduce the Carbon Dioxide ($CO_2$) emission at national levels by 30 % in comparison to the Business As Usual (BAU) pursuant to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. As construction industry accounts for as high as 40 % of the $CO_2$ emission by the entire industrial sector in Korea, efforts toward reducing emissions from the construction industry are essential. Buildings are mainly responsible for $CO_2$ emissions, and, to reduce the $CO_2$ emitted from the buildings, a fast and accurate calculation method is required to be introduced in the architectural design phase. If the standardized data based on Building Information Modelling (BIM) is utilized, $CO_2$ emissions can be calculated quickly and accurately during the design phase. However, it is difficult for the designers who lack the knowledge regarding $CO_2$ emissions to reduce and manage such emission during the planning and design phases of buildings by estimating the quantities of various materials and the corresponding $CO_2$ emissions. Accordingly, the objective of this study is to develop a BIM-based $CO_2$ emission estimation system for a rapid and objective analysis and verification of $CO_2$ emissions.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.220.1-220.1
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• 2011

In recent years, the importance of Carbon Capture and Storage (hereafter CCS) is growing bigger and bigger. The development and commercialization of CCS technology are concerned for reducing carbon dioxide($CO_2$) emissions. For the most studies, the technology of $CO_2$ storage is known as the geological storage, ocean sequestration, mineral carbonation, industrial utilization, and so on. The geological storage is adjudged the most reasonable technology from economic and environmental aspects. Generally, the $CO_2$ geological storage is comprised of compression - transportation - drilling/injection - storage/management process. The critical problem is a leakage of $CO_2$ in all process. For resolving a leakage problem, it is necessary to predict and build a monitoring system. Those systems are proved safety of a leakage and received positive social perceptions of $CO_2$ geological storage. For those reasons, a risk assessment of $CO_2$ geological storage is required. A risk assessment is an estimated process of the possible effects when spilling $CO_2$. Although numerous studies of risk assessment have studied, it is incomplete to evaluate a risk and disaster quantitatively. The risk assessment will be developed for domestic application and safe $CO_2$ geological storage considering characteristics of Korea.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2014.05a
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• pp.250-251
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• 2014

With the recent movement toward sustainable development, many efforts have been made to reduce environmental loads in various domains of industry. In particular, a great deal of research and technology development has been underway on approaches to reducing industrial waste and the emission of greenhouse gases. For this reason, a quantitative analysis of the reduction in CO₂ emission that could be achieved by replacing limestone material with cementitious waste powder was performed in this study. Through the analysis, it was found that CO₂ emissions were reduced by up to 50 percent compared with the scenario in which OPC was used, which suggests that it is possible to reduce global CO₂ emissions by approximately 5percent, or by 446.4 Tg of the 965 Tg of CO₂ emissions generated by the cement industry, in the total global CO₂ emissions of 19300Tg.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.67-75
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• 1982

A study on the effect of water reducing agent on the various characteristics of concrete has been conducted. The experimental results of the study are summarized as follows. 1. Slump test for the concrete added water reducing setretarding agent in proper quantity have been conducted. According to the test results, the decreasing rate of slump value become bigger than plain concrete with increase of the unit weight of cement and elapse of time 2. In case the proper quantity content of maximum compressive strength in Fig. 5 of water reducing set retarding agent is added, unit weight of water is decreased about 15% or so as compared with plain concrete. with the increase of water reducing set accelerating agent content unit weight of water is decreased much more, And other hand, amount of air entraining shows the increasing tendency with the increase of water reducing agent content. 3. The adding rate of water reducing agent which produce maximum strength shows that WR-CH and WR-SA which is water reducing set-starding agent is 0.2% and WR-CO is 0.5% and that WS-PO which is water reducing set accelerating agent is 0.5 4. compressive strength jof the concrete made of sulfate resistant cement shows less than the strength of normal portland cement at initial strength but the strength of both cement shows almost same at curing age of 28 days. 5. when proper quantity of water reducing set retarding agent is used, boned strength is increased about 15% at curing age of 28days. 6. According to the result of durability test, dynamic young's mudulus of elasticity at plain concrete is decreased about 50% as compared with initial step at 300 cycle of freezing and thawing after curing age of days. on the contarary the concrete used water reducing agent is decreased less than 7%.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.1307-1314
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• 2008

Hydrogen gas is used as a fuel for the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Trace amount of carbon monoxide present in the reformate $H_2$ gas can poison the anode of the PEMFC. Therefore, preferential oxidation (PROX) of CO is essential for reducing the concentration of CO from a hydrogen-rich reformate gas. In this study, conventional Pt/$Al_2O_3$ catalyst was prepared for the preferential oxidation of CO. The effects of catalyst preparation method, additive, and hydrogen on the performances of PROX reaction of CO were investigated. Water treatment and addition of Ce enhanced catalytic activity of the Pt/$Al_2O_3$ catalyst at low temperature below $100^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.10 no.9
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• pp.1641-1647
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• 2006

A dual micro gas sensor way for detecting reducing gas and bad order was fabricated using nano sized $SnO_2$ thin film fabrication method. To make nano-sized thin gas sensitive $SnO_2$ thin rilm, thin tin metal layer $2500{\AA}$ thick was oxidized between 600 and $800^{\circ}C$ by thermal oxidation. The gas sensing layers such as $SnO_2,\;SnO_2(+Pt)\;and\;SnO_2(+CuO)$ were patterned by metal shadow mask for simple fabrication process on the silicon substrate. The micro gas sensors with $SnO_2(Pt)$ and $SnO_2(+CuO)$ showed good selectivity to CO gas among reducing gases and good sensitivity to $H_2S$ that is main component of bad odor, separately.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.19-24
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• 2014

Many people all over the world have been conducting a great deal of research to solve the problem of global warming since the great majority consider reduction of CO2 as the only solution for that. That is why the production and conservation of energy is thought to be highly crucial. while it is important to produce energy with the high efficiency, the efficient use of the energy is also important. This paper focused on the development of devices for the reducing electricity which is a primary energy source used in homes, shops, buildings, factories and so on. Also the objective of this paper is to develop the inference mechanism as the core component of the devices. Therefore, in this paper, we propose the inference algorithm for reducing the electricity consumption using SARIMA mode and present the feasibility of the procedure.

• Journal of ILASS-Korea
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.30-38
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• 2006

High temperature furnaces such as power plant and incinerator contribute considerable part of NOx generation and face urgent demand of De-NOx system. Reducing agent is injected into the flue gas flow to activate do-NOx system. Almost SCR system adopt vaporized ammonia injection system. Vaporizer, dilution system and additional space are needed to gasify and inject ammonia. Liquid spray injection system can simplify and economize post-treatment system of flue gas. In this study, mixing caused by gas or liquid injection of reducing agent into flue gas duct was investigated experimentally. Carbonated water was used as tracer and simulated agent and mixing of liquid spray in a duct flow was studied. To achieve that, the angle of attack of static mixer is simulated and $CO_2$ concentration is measured.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.297-304
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• 2009

We investigated the response of the westerly winds over the Southern Ocean (SO) to glacial boundary conditions for the Last Glacial Maximum using the CCM3 atmospheric general circulation model. In response to glacial boundary conditions, the zonally averaged maximum SO westerly winds weakened 20-35% and were displaced toward the equator by 3-4 degrees. This weakening of the SO westerly winds arose from a substantial increase in mean sea level pressure (MSLP) in the southern part of the SO around Antarctica relative to the northern part. The increase in MSLP around Antarctica is associated with a marked temperature reduction caused by an increase in sea ice cover and ice albedo feedback during the glacial time. The weakened westerly winds in the SO and their equator-ward displacement might play a role in reducing the atmospheric $CO_2$ concentration by reducing upwelling of the carbon rich deep water during the glacial time.