• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.655-661
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects and associated mechanisms of arctiin, a lignan compound found in burdock, on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. Also, the effects of arctiin supplementation in obese mice fed a high-fat diet on adiposity were examined. MATERIALS/METHODS: 3T3-L1 cells were treated with arctiin (12.5 to $100{\mu}M$) during differentiation for 8 days. The accumulation of lipid droplets was determined by Oil Red O staining and intracellular triglyceride contents. The expressions of genes related to adipogenesis were measured by real-time RT-PCR and Western blot analyses. For in vivo study, C57BL/6J mice were first fed either a control diet (CON) or high-fat diet (HF) to induce obesity, and then fed CON, HF, or HF with 500 mg/kg BW arctiin (HF + AC) for four weeks. RESULTS: Arctiin treatment to 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes markedly decreased adipogenesis in a dose-dependent manner. The arctiin treatment significantly decreased the protein levels of the key adipogenic regulators $PPAR{\gamma}$ and $C/EBP{\alpha}$, and also significantly inhibited the expression of SREBP-1c, fatty acid synthase, fatty acid-binding protein and lipoprotein lipase. Also, arctiin greatly increased the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and its downstream target phosphorylated-acetyl CoA carboxylase. Furthermore, administration of arctiin significantly decreased the body weight in obese mice fed with the high-fat diet. The epididymal, perirenal or total visceral adipose tissue weights of mice were all significantly lower in the HF + AC than in the HF. Arctiin administration also decreased the sizes of lipid droplets in the epididymal adipose tissue. CONCLUSIONS: Arctiin inhibited adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes through the inhibition of $PPAR{\gamma}$ and $C/EBP{\alpha}$ and the activation of AMPK signaling pathways. These findings suggest that arctiin has a potential benefit in preventing obesity.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제59권4호
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• pp.391-397
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• 2014

새로 개발된 유색미 품종인 중모1020의 왕겨를 이용한 색소의 조성과 함량을 분석하고 생리활성을 검정한 결과, 중모1020의 왕겨로부터 최초로 페튜니딘 색소를 다량함유하고 있음을 Mass와 UPLC등의 기기분석을 통해 동정하였다. 중모1020의 색소 조성 중 C-3-G 함량은 29.6%인데 비해 Pt-3-G의 함량이 68.3%를 차지하여 C-3-G 함량이 82.3%인 기존의 벼 색소의 조성과는 완전히 다름을 보였다. 추출용매 조건에 따른 분석 결과, 조추출물 수율은 100% 메탄올에 1.0% HCl을 이용하였을 경우 수율이 11.4%로서 가장 높음을 보였고, 다음이 80% 메탄올에 1.0% HCl용매로 추출한 경우였다. 안토시아닌 색소 추출량 역시 1.0% HCl을 함유한 100% 메탄올과 80% 메탄올에서 각각 $275.0{\pm}4.1$, $258.0{\pm}1.8mg/100g$으로 가장 많았다. 항산화 활성 비교에서는 전체 안토시아닌 색소함량이 많고 폴리페놀 추출율이 높은 1.0% HCl을 함유한 80% 메탄올 용매 추출물에서 가장 항산화 활성이 높음을 보였다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.111-118
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• 2015

본 연구는 항비만 소재로 연구된 도라지와 울금 소재를 대상으로 발효 전과 후 3T3-L1 지방세포의 분화 억제효능을 확인하고자 하였다. 그 결과 발효 전 도라지와 울금은 3T3-L1 세포의 분화에 영향을 미치지 못하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. Apsergillus oryzae 발효를 통해 만들어진 소재들은 도라지 발효물의 플라보노이드 증가를 제외하면 모든 소재에서 폴리페놀과 플라보노이드의 함량 및 항산화 활성이 감소하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 그러나 발효 전과 다르게 발효 후 도라지, 울금 및 도라지와 울금 혼합물의 발효물에서 3T3-L1 세포의 분화억제능이 oil red O 염색법을 통해 관찰되었으며, mRNA 발현 확인을 통해 SREBP-1c와 $PPAR{\gamma}$의 발현을 억제하여 분화를 억제할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 이는 Apsergillus oryzae 발효과정이 도라지와 울금의 항비만효과를 개선할 수 있으며, 발효과정을 통해 새로운 항비만 유효성분이 생성되었음을 예측할 수 있었다. 본 연구결과를 통해 Apsergillus oryzae 발효공정이 도라지와 울금의 기능을 향상시켜 우수한 기능성 제품의 개발에 유용하게 활용될 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었으며, 개발공정의 기초자료를 제공할 것으로 사료된다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제26권12호
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• pp.1946-1952
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• 2005

New group 15 organometallic compounds, M$(phenanthrenyl)_3$ (M = P (1), Sb (2), Bi (3)) have been prepared from the reactions of 9-phenanthrenyllithium with $MCl_3$. A reaction of 9-(diphenylphosphino)phenanthrene with 2,6-diisopropylphenyl azide led to the formation of (phenanthrenyl)${(Ph)}_2P$=N-(2,6-$^iPr_2C_6H_3$) (4). The crystal structures of 2 and 4 have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffractions, both of which crystallize with two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit. Compound 2 shows a trigonal pyramidal geometry around the Sb atom with three phenanthrenyl groups being located in a screw-like fashion with an approximately $C_3$ symmetry. A significant amount of CH- -$\pi$ interaction exists between two independent molecules of 4. The phosphorus center possesses a distorted tetrahedral environment with P-N bond lengths of 1.557(3)$\AA$ (P(1) N) and 1.532(3)$\AA$ (P(2)-N), respectively, which are short enough to support a double bond character. One of the most intriguing structural features of 4 is an unusually diminished bond angle of C-N-P, attributable to the hydrogen bonding of N(1)-H(5A) [ca. 2.49$\AA$ between two adjacent molecules in crystal packing. The compounds 1-3 show purple emission both in solution and as films at room temperature with emission maxima ($\lambda_{max}$) at 349, 366, and 386 nm, respectively, attributable to the ligand centered $\pi$ $\rightarrow$ $\pi^\ast$ transition in phenanthrene contributed by the lone pair electrons of the Gp 15 elements. Yet the nature of luminescence observed with 4 differs in that it originates from $\pi$ (diisopropylbenzene)-$\pi^\ast$ (phenanthrene) transitions with the $\rho\pi$contribution from the nitrogen atom. The emission maximum of 4 is red-shifted ranging 350-450 nm due to the internal charge transfer from the phenanthrenyl ring to the N-arylamine group as deduced from the ab initio calculations.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.488-498
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• 2017

The aim of this study was to identify volatile and agardiffusible antifungal metabolites produced by Bacillus sp. G341 with strong antifungal activity against various phytopathogenic fungi. Strain G341 isolated from four-year-old roots of Korean ginseng with rot symptoms was identified as Bacillus velezensis based on 16S rDNA and gyrA sequences. Strain G341 inhibited mycelial growth of all phytopathogenic fungi tested. In vivo experiment results revealed that n-butanol extract of fermentation broth effectively controlled the development of rice sheath blight, tomato gray mold, tomato late blight, wheat leaf rust, barley powdery mildew, and red pepper anthracnose. Two antifungal compounds were isolated from strain G341 and identified as bacillomycin L and fengycin A by MS/MS analysis. Moreover, volatile compounds emitted from strain G341 were found to be able to inhibit mycelial growth of various phytopathogenic fungi. Based on volatile compound profiles of strain G341 obtained through headspace collection and analysis on GC-MS, dimethylsulfoxide, 1-butanol, and 3-hydroxy-2-butanone (acetoin) were identified. Taken together, these results suggest that B. valezensis G341 can be used as a biocontrol agent for various plant diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제33권10호
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• pp.1689-1697
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• 2004

지역별 별미장의 숙성과정 중 향기성분의 변화를 조사하기 위하여 SDE로 추출하고 GC 및 GC/MS로 동정하였다. 시료로는 대맥장, 생황장, 무장, 비지장, 소두장, 찌금장 등의 6종을 하였으며, 그 결과 hexanal, benzeneacetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, furfural, benzyl-alcohol, furan 화합물, pyrazine 화합물, phenol류 등이 공통적으로 검출되 었다 보통 숙성과정 중에 benzeneacetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, fufural, pyrazine 화합물, phenol류 등은 증가하는 추세를 보였으며, 1-octene-3-ol, hefanal, benzyl-alcohol, furan화합물 등은 감소하는 경향이 두드러졌다. 또한 지역별 별미장에서 대표적인 성분으로는 대맥장에서 2-heptenal과 2,4-decadienal 등이 있고, 생황장은 tetramethyt-pyrazine이 다른 별미장과 달리 다량 함유되어 있었다. 무장에서는 phenol, 4-methoxy-phenol,4-ethyl-phenol 등의 phenol류가 검출되었으며 naphthalene, eugenol 등이 소량 검출되었다. 비지장은 2,4-decadienal 등이 많이 검출되었으며, 소두장은 2,3-dihydro-benzofuran,2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol 등이 다량 함유되어 있었다. 찌금장의 경우는 linaool, geraniol, 3-elemene, f-lonone, ledene 등이 검출되었는데, 이는 고춧가루 첨가에 의한 것으로 보인다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제36권9호
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• pp.908-917
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• 2003

It has been proposed that oxidative modification of LDL (oxLDL) plays a significant role in the pathogenicity of atherogenesis. We tested the hypothesis that chitin and chitosan may function as antioxidants with respect to 0.1 mg cholesterol/ml LDL incubated with 5 $\mu$ M Cu$^2$$^{+}$alone or in the P338Dl mouse macrophage system using L-ascorbic acid as a standard classical antioxidant. The degree of oxLDL formation was ascertained by the relative electrophoretic mobility (rEM) in the combination of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels, and the cytotoxicity of oxLDL was detected by macrophage viability. The oxLDL uptake and foam cell formation of macrophages were measured by Oil Red O staining. Incubation with Cu$^2$$^{+}$and macrophages increased rEM of LDL and stimulated TBARS formation. Culture of macrophages with LDL in the presence 5 $\mu$ M Cu$^2$$^{+}$induced macrophage death. In cell-free system 200 $\mu$g/ml water-soluble chitosan and chitosan-oligosaccharide blocked oxLDL formation. Water-soluble chitosan and chitosan-oligosaccharide blocked oxLDL formation near-completely relative to L-ascorbic acid, whereas water-soluble chitin and chitin-oligosaccharide had no measurable antioxidant effect. In macrophage system water-soluble chitosan and chitosan-oligosaccharide blocked oxidation of LDL with a significant increase in cell viability, and decreased TBARS in medium. As for the inhibitory effect on macrophage foam cell formation, chitosan and its oligosaccharide, but not watersoluble chitin, revealed the effectiveness. The endothelial expression of lectin-like oxLDL receptor-1 (LOX-1) was tested by Western blot analysis, and chitosan, chitosan-oligosaccharide and chitin-oligosaccharide blocked LOX-1 expression. These results indicate that water-soluble chitosan and its oligosaccharide showed the inhibitory effect on Cu$^2$$^{+}$-induced LDL oxidation of macrophages, and chitosan, chitosan-oligosaccharide and chitin-oligosaccharide had blocking effect on oxLDL receptor expression in the human umbilical vein endothelial system. Thus, water-soluble chitosan and its oligosaccharides possess anti-atherogenic potentials possibly through the inhibition of macrophage LDL oxidation or endothelial oxLDL receptor expression depending on chemical types.l types.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.124-128
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• 2008

개비자나무의 유효성분으로 알려진 homoharringtonine의 암세포주 K562에 대한 세포증식 저해 활성을 분석하였고, 마우스를 이용한 만성독성시험을 수행하였다. 총 약물처리 시간에 따른 최적 투여조건 결정 실험에서는 HHT를 9일, 6일, 3일 동안 매일 처리할 경우 각각 0.27, 0.37, 1.10mM의 농도에서 K562세포의 성장을 50% 감소시킴을 확인하였다. 기존 백혈병 치료제로 사용되고 있는 adriamycin과의 비교실험 결과 HHT는 K562 세포주에 대하여 adriamycin보다 낮은 저해율을 나타냈으나 비교적 근사한 값을 가졌다. HHT의 만성독성 실험 결과 혈액학적 지표 측정 실험에서 적혈구수(RBC)는 대조군과 HHT 투여군 사이에 유의적인 차이가 없었고, 간 기능 관련 효소의 혈액을 분석한 결과, 간 손상과 관련된 효소glutamate-oxalate-transferase, glutamate-pyruvate- transferase, cholesterol 및 alkaline phosphatase 모두 정상 범위에 있었다. 그러나 간 조직학적 검사에서는 HHT를 투여한 마우스의 간 조직에서 밴드형의 호중구를 침착시키는 것이 확인되었다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.195-201
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• 2011

The flavonoid quercetin is a low molecular weight compound generally found in apple, gingko, tomato, onion and other red-colored fruits and vegetables. Like other flavonoids, quercetin has diverse pharmacological actions. However, relatively little is known about the influence of quercetin effects in the regulation of ligand-gated ion channels. Previously, we reported that quercetin regulates subsets of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors such as ${\alpha}3{\beta}4$, ${\alpha}7$ and ${\alpha}9{\alpha}10$. Presently, we investigated the effects of quercetin on muscle-type of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channel activity expressed in Xenopus oocytes after injection of cRNA encoding human fetal or adult muscle-type of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits. Acetylcholine treatment elicited an inward peak current ($I_{ACh}$) in oocytes expressing both muscle-type of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and co-treatment of quercetin with acetylcholine inhibited $I_{ACh}$. Pre-treatment of quercetin further inhibited $I_{ACh}$ in oocytes expressing adult and fetal muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. The inhibition of $I_{ACh}$ by quercetin was reversible and concentration-dependent. The $IC_{50}$ of quercetin was $18.9{\pm}1.2{\mu}M$ in oocytes expressing adult muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. The inhibition of $I_{ACh}$ by quercetin was voltage-independent and non-competitive. These results indicate that quercetin might regulate human muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channel activity and that quercetin-mediated regulation of muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptor might be coupled to regulation of neuromuscular junction activity.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.317-324
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 국내에서 가장 많이 생산되고 있는 캠벨 얼리 품종을 이용하여 12종의 서로 다른 시판효모의 발효특성과 포도주 품질을 비교 분석하였다. 먼저 온도에 따른 발효속도에 있어서 같은 효모라도 발효온도에 따라 발효속도가 달랐으며, 효모별 침강속도에 있어서, RC212을 비롯하여 AR2, EC-1118, Premier Cuvee 효모로 처리한 포도주가 비교적 빠르게 침강되었다. 발효 완료 후 처리 효모별 산의 함량에는 다소 차이가 있었는데, EC-1118, Montrachet, Primeur등의 처리구에서 비교적 낮았으며 D47, VR5등의 효모 처리구에서는 산 생성능이 높은 특징을 보였다. 적색도와 탄닌 함량과의 상관관계를 분석한 결과, 두 성분간 상관이 0.6%로 나타나, 탄닌 함량이 높은 포도주가 적색도도 높게 나타나는 정의 상관관계를 보였다. 아황산 함량에 있어서 Fermivin, Montrachet, Primeur, VR5, Noble, Merit 처리구에서 낮은 아황산 생성능을 보였다. 효모별 글리세롤 생성능에 있어서는 D47, K1V-1116, AR2, VR5 처리구에서 높은 함량을 보여 글리세롤 함량이 풍부한 부드러운 포도주 양조시 이들 균주를 활용할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 휘발산 생성에 있어서는 Noble, Fermivin, Montrachet등의 처리구에서 100 mg/L이하의 낮은 수치를 나타내어 발효과정 중 초산 생성능이 비교적 낮은 효모임을 알 수 있었다.