• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.350-356
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• 2009

Perovskite codoped with chromium and iron have been studied. Samples with $YAl_{0.96}(Cr_{0.04-x}Fe_x)O_3$(x=0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04) were prepared by solid state reaction at $1450^{\circ}C$ for 6 h and were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy, SEM and UV-vis spectrophotometer. The color of the synthesized pigments were from red to dark brown(in bulk). Up to 0.02 mole $Fe_2O_3$ for substituting $Cr_2O_3$ development of color in lime-glaze gives good red color but as increasing amount of $Fe_2O_3$ and decreasing $Cr_2O_3$ proportionally produce from brownish red to brown. Increasing $Fe_2O_3$ amount lead to weaken crystal field relatively due to have smaller ionic radius than $Cr_2O_3$ ionic one. The UV-vis peaks were shifted to lower wavelength.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.281-287
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• 2016

Earlier studies conducted on lead-exposed workers have determined the reticulocyte count (RC) (%), but the parameters of Absolute Reticulocyte Count (ARC), Reticulocyte Index (RI), and Reticulocyte Production Index (RPI) were not reported. This study assessed the effect of lead (Pb) exposure on the status of reticulocyte count indices in workers occupied in lead battery plants. The present cross-sectional study was carried out on 391 male lead battery workers. The blood lead levels (BLL) were determined by using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The RC (%) was estimated by using the supravital staining method. The parameters, such as ARC, RI, and RPI, were calculated by using the RC (%) with the red cell indices (RBC count and hematocrit). The levels of RBC count and hematocrit were determined by using an ABX Micros ES-60 hematology analyzer. The levels of reticulocyte count indices - RC (%), ARC, RI, and RPI significantly increased with elevated BLL. The association between BLL and reticulocyte count indices was positive and significant. The results of linear multiple regression analysis showed that the reticulocyte count (${\beta}=0.212$, P < 0.001), ARC (${\beta}=0.217$, P < 0.001), RI (${\beta}=0.194$, P < 0.001), and RPI (${\beta}=0.208$, P < 0.001) were positively associated with BLL. The variable, smoking habits, showed a significant positive association with reticulocyte count indices: RC (%) (${\beta}=0.188$, P < 0.001), ARC (${\beta}=0.174$, P < 0.001), RI (${\beta}=0.200$, P < 0.001), and RPI (${\beta}=0.151$, P < 0.005). The study results revealed that lead exposure may cause reticulocytosis with an increase of reticulocyte count indices.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.14-20
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• 2015

The content of hazardous heavy metal of materials used in playground facility for children was investigated using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analyses, In order to examine the content of hazardous heavy metals according to the material color, four colors, i.e., green, red, yellow and blue, were categorized on the materials used. The highest lead content is observed in the yellow plastic samples. The yellow samples with relatively high lead content show that the chrome content is also high. This can explained that lead chromate, so-called chromium yellow, is normally used as a main pigment to express the yellow color. Therefore, it is concluded that hazardous heavy metal detected in the materials of playground facility for children is due to the pigments used for coloring. Based on above findings, the relationship between the color of materials used in playground facility for children and the content of hazardous heavy metal is discussed.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권24호
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• pp.131-152
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• 2003

In ancient times, many kinds of different inorganic pigments were used as colorants for making objects. These pigments are still evidentin well known objects such as Danchung, mural painting and Buddhist painting. This study discusses the results obtained from an analysis of the pigments used on the Buddha pigments. The results can be briefly summarized as below; Firstly, the microcrystalline structures revealed on the cross section of analyzed pigments, samples of which were taken from various parts of Buddha pigments show that different sizes and shapes of pigment particle were used for different purposes such as coloring, toning of the pigments. The arrangement of pigments and their usages are varied according to the owner temples and the place where it was created. Secondly, a result of the analysis on the composition and structure of the pigments shows that the main components in their composition are: Red pigments - Red lead($Pb_3O_4$) and Cinnabar(HgS)Green pigments - Malachite[$CuCO_3$.$Cu(OH)_2$] and Prussian Blue[$Fe4(Fe(CN)_6)_2$]Gold pigments - pure gold(Au)Yellow pigments - Orpiment($A_s2S_3)White pigments - Lead Cyanamide[$Pb_3(CO_3)_2(OH)_2]Ultramarine pigments - Azulite[$Cu_3(CO_3)_2(OH)_2]Especially, we knew that pigments used on the Ssanggye temple not repaired to the artificial synthetic pigment

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제35권
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• pp.160-184
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• 2002

The composition analysis of mural pigments at Daeungjeon Hall of Bongjeongsa Temple(Treasure No. 55) and ancient tomb with mural pigments in Goadong(Historic site No. 165) were carried out by XRF and MXRD. The analytical result showed that red pigments were Red Lead($Pb_3O_4$), Cinnabar(HgS) at Daeungjeon Hall of Bongjeongsa Temple and Cinnabar(HgS) in Goadong. The main composition identified in white pigments were Lead Carbonate Hydroxide[$PbCO_3{\cdot}Pb(OH)_2$]. Green pigments were basic copper chloride[Paratacamite $CuCl{\cdot}Cu(OH)_3$], celadonite[$K(Mg,Fe,Al)_2(Si, Al)_4O_{10}(OH)_2$] at Daeungjeon Hall of Bongjeongsa Temple and were basic copper chloride or basic copper carbonate in Goadong. Therefore it proved that mural pigments painted in use the mineral materials.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.241-248
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• 2008

본 연구는 대한민국 서해안 새만금 갯벌지역에서 $1999{\sim}2000$년에 도래한 섭금류 3종의 간에서 철(Fe), 아연(Zn), 구리(Cu), 납(Pb) 그리고 카드뮴(Cd) 농도를 측정하여 비교하고, 각 원소 사이의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 연구결과 철(ANOVA, p=0.018), 구리(ANOVA, p=0.043), 납(ANOVA, p<0.001) 그리고 카드뮴(ANOVA, p=0.016)은 종간에 유의한 차이가 나타났지만 아연에서는 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 본 연구에서 나타난 철, 아연 그리고 구리와 같은 필수원소는 조류의 체내 신진대사에 필요한 정상범위 내의 농도로 생각된다. 오염원소인 납 농도는 붉은어깨도요 Calidris tenuirostris $(5.76{\pm}2.14{\mu}g/dry\;g)$는 비오염수준이었지만 좀도요 Calidris ruficollis$(29.4{\pm}10.6{\mu}g/dry\;g)$와 뒷부리도요 Xenus sinereus$(15.9{\pm}11.9{\mu}g/dry\;g)$는 오염수준이었으며, 특히 좀도요는 중독수준에 근접하였다. 카드뮴 농도는 뒷부리도요$(0.82{\pm}12{\mu}g/dry\;g)$와 붉은어깨도요$(0.45{\pm}0.53{\mu}g/dry\; g)$는 비오염수준의 농도였으나, 좀도요$(17.5{\pm}22.1{\mu}g/dry\;g)$는 오염기준$(3{\mu}g/dry\;g)$을 초과하였다. 원소간의 상관관계에서는 납과 카드뮴에서만 유의한 관계가 나타났고 (r=0.067, p<0.01), 다른 원소는 상관관계가 나타나지 않았다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.158-164
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• 1981

식품 저장용 옹기유의 납 용출양의 변화에 대하여 여러 가지 조건에서 검토한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 옹기유의 납 용출양은 pH가 낮을수록 용출양이 많았으며, pH4이하에서는 저장기간이 경과함에 따라 기간당용출양도 증가하였으나, pH6 이상에서는 검출되지 않았다. 2) 외관상의 색채로 볼 때 붉고 광택이 있는 것이 검은 것 보다 납이 많이 용출되었으며 이것은 산화납을 사용하여 저온소성한 것으로 추정되었다. 3) 용출온도에 따라 용출양을 비교해 보면 $100^{\circ}C$에서 6시간 정도의 가열로써는 납은 검출되지 않았다. 4) 김치를 포함한 각종 산성 식품을 저장하는 경우 모두 3주 이상 경과하면 납의 용출양이 증가하였다. 5) 시판되고 있는 식기류를 $4\%$(v/v)아세트산용액으로 24시간 실온에서 용출시키면 납은$ND\sim171.1ppb$, 구리 $ND\sim4.71ppb$ 및 카드뮴 $ND\sim5.92ppb$의 범위로 검출되었다.

• ALGAE
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.241-246
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• 2007

Cochtodinium votykrikoides -related red tide is the most notorious tidal bloom, resulting in mass mortality to marineanimals. This study aimed to test the effect of C. polyknkoides on the lethality to Haliotis discus hannai under con-trolled conditions. The oxygen demand of C. polykrikoides increases to reach its peak duhng the night, while the oxy-gen usage by H. discus hannai was continuously decreased with a threshold of 2 mg L U. The addition of C.polykrikoides did not effect the respiration of the H. discus hannai. However, the usage of oxygen by C. polykrikoidesduhng the night may lead to anoxia in the animal. With aeration, the level of dissolved oxygen (D.O.) was between6.06 and 7.28 mg LU; 90% of abalones survived even with a high concentration of C. potykrikoides (9000 cells mL U).Without aeration (3 mg LU of D.O.), however, the H. discus hannai suffocated immediately. Once 20 hours hadelapsed, all of the abalones were dead. The density of the H. discus hannai population contributed to their mortality.Therefore, aeration during the night and maintaining lower abalone densities is the best way to promote the sur-vivorship of H. discus hannai during a C. polykrikoides red tide.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.749-755
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• 2009

We investigated the chemical components of red onion powder dried using the low temperature vacuum method and the inhibitory effects of solvent extracts of the dried red onion powder on the growth of HT-1080 human fibrosarcoma and HT-29 human colon cancer cells and $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative stress. The moisture content of the dried red onion powder was 17.95%, while the vitamin C content was 96 mg/100 g and the total phenols content was 39.1 mg/mL. The inhibitory effects of acetone with methylene chloride (A+M) and methanol (MeOH) extracts of the red onion powder on the growth of HT-1080 and HT-29 cancer cells increased in a dose dependent manner (p<0.05). The inhibitory effect was greater on the growth of HT-29 cells, while the A+M extracts had a higher inhibitory effect than the MeOH extracts. Treatment with the hexane, 85% aq. methanol, butanol and water fractions of the extract led to significant inhibition of the growth of both cancer cell lines (p<0.05). Among the fractions, the hexane and 85% aq. methanol fractions showed a greater inhibitory effect. To determine the protective effect on $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative stress, a DCFH-DA (dichlorodihydrofluorescin diacetate) assay was conducted. All fractions, including the crude extracts of dried red onion, appeared to lead to a significant reduction in the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and these reductions occurred in a dose dependent fashion (p<0.05). Among the fractions, the 85% methanol fraction showed the greatest protective effect on the production of lipid peroxides.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.25-32
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• 1979

한국(韓國) 식품가공(食品加工)에 상용(常用)하고 있는 식품첨가물중(食品添加物中)의 유해금속원소(有害金屬元素)의 함량(含量)을 조사검토(調査檢討)하기 위(爲)하여 착향과(着香料) 7종(種), 착색과(着色料)3종(種), 산미과(酸味料)4종(種), 팽장제(膨腸劑)4종(種), 유화제(乳化劑)(2종(種)), 호료(糊料)2종(種), 항산화제(抗酸化劑)2종(種), 강화제(强化劑)2종(種), 조미료(調味料(3종(種)), 식품품질개량제(食品品質改良劑)(10종(種)의 유해금속(有害金屬)을 APDC-MIBK추출법(抽出法)으로 측정(測定)한 결과(結果) 대부분(大部分)의 식품첨가물(食品添加物)은 유해금속(有害金屬을) 비교적(比較的) 적게 함유(含有)하고 있었으나 sodium, carbonate, 식용황색색(食用叢色色), 5호(號), 식용청색색소(食用靑色色素) 1호(號), 식용적색색소(食用赤色色素) 2호(號) 및 면류첨가알카리제는 다소(多少) 다량(多量)으로 함유(含有)하고 있다. 이들 식품첨가물(食品添加物의) 유해금속(有害金雇)의 함량(含量)은 다음과 같다. 1) sodium carbonate Cd: 16.77 $16.77{\mu}g/g.$ Pb: $61.55{\mu}g/g$이었다. 2) 식용황색색소(食用黃色色素) 5호(號)는 Cd: $1.67{\mu}g/g$, Pb: $23.46{\mu}g/g$이었다. 3) 식용청색색소(食用靑色色素) 1호(號)는 Cd: $1.16{\mu}g/g$, Pb: $12.13{\mu}g/g$이었다. 4) 식용적색색소(食用赤色色素) 2호(號)는 Cd: $1.91{\mu}g/g$, Pb: $23.08{\mu}g/g$이었다. 5) 면류 첨가(添加)알카리제는 Cd: $6.11{\mu}g/g$, Pb: $53.85{\mu}g/g$ 이었다.