• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.143-149
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• 1993

The objective of this study was to produce calves derived from in vitro fertilization of in vitro matured follicular oocytes. Oocytes aspirated from small antral folicles of ovaries obtained at a local slaughter house were matured and fertilized in vitro. At l8hrs after insemination with Korean native cattle semen, oocytes were co-cultured for 6~7 days by utilizing co-culture system with bovine oviduct epithelial cell. After co-culture, good or excellent quality late morulae or early blastocysts were selected by morphological criteria under stereo microscope. Selected embryos were transferred to recipients on day 6 or 7 (estrus = day 0). Recipients were monitored by observation for estrus and rectal palpation after 60 days from embryo transfer. One of them went to term with the birth of a calf. This case is the first production of calf derived from in vitro fertilization in Korea.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.229-234
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• 1994

This experiment was carried out to develop the model system for mass production of biomedical and nutritional proteins (human proteins) through mamraary gland of the transgenic cattle produced by gene manipulation and embryological technologies. Human growth hormone gene fused with rat $\beta$-casein gene promoter was microinjected into pronuclei of one cell bovine embryos produced by in vitro fertilization. After microinjection, embryos were cultured in vitro for 6 or 7 days. Twenty embryos reaching to blastocysts were transferred to 10 beef recipients, each receiving two embryos. Recipients were diagnosed for pregnancy by rectal palpation at 76 days after embryo transfer. One of them was pregnant to term and produced a female calf weighing 21 kg at 280 days following embryo transfer. DNA was extracted from umbilical cord tissue and blood of calf born for confirming gene insertion. As determined by Southern hybridization, the transgene was not found.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.55-59
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• 2018

Ensuring timely ovulation concerning the service is valuable. A satisfactory conception rate can be achieved by making sure that ovulation occurs within 7-18 hours after artificial insemination (AI). Delayed ovulation is one of the disturbances commonly encountered in repeat breeding animals. Although demanding research, many studies have not been conducted. Therefore, we aimed to examine the relation between ovulation confirmation and conception rate in dairy cattle. The research findings showed that the signs of true estrus were bred 12 hours after the onset of estrus by AI in cattle. Also, the performance of AI on ovulation was confirmed by the presence of fluctuant Graafian follicles through rectal palpation. From the results, we confirmed that cow encountered delayed ovulation were bred again. The Conception rate in cows with confirmed ovulation was 51.9%, while for those without confirmed ovulation were 33.3%. In conclusion, the results indicate that ovulation confirmation will likely increase conception rate.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.183-191
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• 2001

This study was designed to establish the superior method for IVF embryos from DNA marker-proved Hanwoo cattle. DNA markers related to marbling score were identified using DNA fingerprinting with Ml3 probe and restriction enzyme Hae III. Oocytes were aspirated from unstimulated. immature ovarian follicles using a combined method of rectal ovarian-palpation and transvaginal ultrasound-guidance(6.5MHz) under local abesthesia. The aspirated oocytes were washed twice with fresh D-PBS containing 5% FBS and were rewashed 4 to 5 times with TCM-199 containing 5% FBS. A morphological grade of I to IV was assigned to each oocyte. Data were analysed using the GLM procedure of SAS. Mean number of follicles identified on ultrasound was 5.5 $\pm$2.9 in right and 4.3 $\pm$2.8 in left ovaries, respectively. The highest follicles(16.6$\pm$2.6) were found in 5101 cow compared to others. Recovery rate of follicular oocytes in individual cow was highest in 5101 cow with 89.3% in > 2mm and 94.0% in $\leq$ 2mm follicles. Total recovery rate was significantly(P<0.01) higher in $\leq$ 2mm(85.7%, 130/154) than > 2mm follicles(74.2%, 201/271). Significantly more oocytcs of Grade IV were recovered from > 2mm follicles. Mean number follicles recovered was 4.8$\pm$3.7. 3.0$\pm$3.4 and 0.3$\pm$0.6 in $\leq$2mm, 2~6mm and $\geq$6mm follicles. respectively. Our results imply that the more fertilizablc oocytes can be recovered from invisible-immature follicles by the combination of simultaneous rectal ovarian-palpation and ultrasound-guided approach in Hanwoo cattle.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.881-890
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• 1994

Skim milk progesterone($P_4$) profiles in 74 dairy cows were determind to monitor postpartum ovarian activity by radioimmunoassay. Milk samples were collected from each cow every 5 days from 10 to 90 days postpartum. Signs of estrus were observed twice daily, and status of the ovaries and uterus were examined every 10 days by rectal palpation. Results are summarized as follows: 1. Cows were categorized into five types by the change of skim milk $P_4$ profiles; Type I(normal) : Cyclic changes of skim milk $P_4$ profiles appeared within 20 days postpartum(12 cows, 16.2%), Type II(cycle delayed) : Cyclic changes of skim milk $P_4$ profiles appeared from 21 to 60 days postpartum(39 cows, 52.7%), Type III(cycle ceased with low $P_4$) : Onset of the estrous cycle within 20 days postpartum but ceased later with low levels of $P_4$ (7cows, 9.5%), Type IV(cycle ceased with high $P_4$) : Onset of the estrous cycle within 20 days postpartum but ceased later with high levels(>3.0 ng/ml) of skim milk $P_4$ (4 cows, 5.4%), Type V(acyclicity) : Skim milk $P_4$ concentration remained low(<1.0 ng/ml) until 80 days postpartum(12 cows, 16.2%). 2. Out of the 17 cows classified as the Type III and Type V by skim milk $P_4$ profiles, 13 cows had inactive ovaries and remaining 6 cows had single or multiple follicular cysts in their ovaries by rectal palpation. All 4 cows of Type IV had a persistent corpus luteum in their ovaries. 3. Approximately eighty percent of the cows had begun ovarian activity by 60 days postpartum and 90.6% by 90 days by skim milk $P_4$ profiles, but only 39.2% by 60 days and 71.7% by 90 days had shown visible estrus signs. The mean days from parturition to the first, second and third ovulations determined by skim milk $P_4$ profiles was $28.0{\pm}11.0$, $46.4{\pm}13.3$ and $66.4{\pm}11.5$ days and the visible estrus signs were 9.3%, 38.1%, and 48.6%, respectively. The mean days from parturition to the first visible estrus was $57.2{\pm}15.9$ days. These results indicated that milk $P_4$ profile of each Types by radioimmunoassay can be utilized for monitoring postpartum ovarian and would be useful for the early detection of ovarian dysfunction in dairy cow.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.181-188
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• 1994

In 60 dairy cows with inactive ovaries, follicular cyst, luteal cyst, persistent corpus luteum and silent heat as diagnosed by rectal palpation, and those that had not resumed ovarian cycles until 60 days postpartum, progesterone concentrations for differential diagnosis of reproductive disorders were measured and were compared in matched plasma, skim milk and milk fat samples at 10 days interval. The incidence rate of reproductive disorders were as follows; inactive ovaries 20(33.3%), silent heat 11(18.3%), follicular cyst 7(11.7%), luteal cyst 7(11.7%), persistent corpus luteum 7(11.7%), pyometra 4(6.7%), vaginitis 2(3.3%), cystic corpus luteum 1(1.7%), and endometritis 1(1.7%), respectively. Cows having a progesterone concentration in plasma and skim milk < 1.0 ng/ml, and in milk fat < 80.0 ng/ml were considered to have inactive ovaries or follicular cyst. Those with concentrations in plasma and skim milk ${\geq}1.0ng/ml$, and in milk fat ${\geq}80.0ng/ml$ were regarded as the cases of luteal cyst or persistent corpus luteum. Progesterone concentrations in above cows did not differ significantly between the time of initial determination and the 10 days after initial determination. But progesterone concentrations in cows with silent heat did differ significantly between the time of initial determination and the 10 days after initial determination(P<0.05). The accuracy of rectal palpation for making a differential diagnosis of ovarian dysfunction, as defined on basis of progesterone concentrations, were as follows; follicular cyst 55.6%, luteal cyst 50.0%, inactive ovaries 90.5% and persistent corpus luteum 60.0%, respectively. It may be concluded that progesterone determinations at 10 days interval is practical as an aid to diagnosing ovarian dysfunction, particularly follicular cyst and luteal cyst.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.119-122
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• 2013

A 9-month-old female Korean short hair cat weighing 2.2 kg presented for evaluation of a two-week history of obstipation. The owner reported that the cat sustained pelvic fractures 4 months previous to the onset of fecal tenesmus. On physical examination, fecal tenesmus was observed and restriction of the movement of the right coxofemoral joint was evident. Rectal palpation revealed narrowing of the pelvic canal with a hard bony protuberance at the bilateral acetabulum and pubic bones. Radiographs revealed a distended colon with feces and narrowing of the pelvic canal with abnormal structure of the pelvic bone. Conservative management consisting of stool softeners and a warm water enema was instituted; however, there was no improvement in obstipation. Partial iliac, ischial, pubic, and acetabular ostectomies were performed. Postoperative radiographs and rectal palpation revealed the enlarged pelvic canal. Stool softeners (5 ml orally twice daily) was administered following surgery for 14 days and then tapered down to 2.5 ml for 14 days. A warm water enema was performed twice postoperatively. At examination 14 days postoperatively, no problems with defecation and gait were reported. There was no evidence of obstipation and lameness of the left pelvic limb 5 months postoperatively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.330-339
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• 2002

Fifty one Nili-Ravi dairy buffaloes in their last two months of gestation were selected. After parturition, rectal examination of reproductive organs was carried out until the occurrence of the first oestrus (PEI). Milk samples were analyzed for milk progesterone levels (MPL). Ovulation (POI) was confirmed by rectal palpation and MPL. Feed and blood samples were collected fortnightly and analyzed. Body condition score (BCS) was recorded on a scale of 0 to 5. Crude protein (CP) intake varied among different seasons and correlated positively with serum urea levels, POI (p<0.01) and PEI (p<0.05). Excess CPI was lower in the group showing oestrus as compared to those remaining as anoestrus (p<0.05). The dietary ratio of crude protein - metabolizable energy (CP:ME) in the oestrus animals was narrow and constant, while the anoestrus animals had a widely fluctuating one. In normal breeding season (NBS) calvers, mean serum urea level (SUL) was lower than the low breeding season (LBS) calvers. SUL was positively correlated with PEI and POI (p<0.01). Up to six months postpartum, SUL were constantly higher in anoestrus than oestrus buffaloes. Mean metabolizable energy (ME) intake was lower in the NBS calvers than the LBS calvers (p<0.01). BCS and postpartum ovulation interval were correlated with ME intake (p<0.01). Prepartum ME intake was higher in oestrous as compared to anoestrous animals (p<0.05). Higher and lower ME intakes were associated with anoestrus, while a moderate energy intake was associated with a PEI of less than 75 days. Buffaloes with poor BCS belonged to the LBS calving group and most of the NBS calving buffaloes had good BCS. BCS was negatively correlated with PEI (p<0.01) and was higher in oestrous buffaloes than anestrus. It was concluded that excess intake of crude protein, associated with higher serum urea levels and low energy intake, associated with poor body condition, are the key factors for low reproductive efficiency. It may be corrected by adopting a proper feeding strategy.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.7
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• pp.1025-1030
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• 1999

Fifth one Nili-Ravi dairy buffaloes in their last two months of gestation, were selected in NWFP Pakistan. Rectal palpation was carried out fortnightly, until the occurrence of first estrus. Ovulation was confirmed per rectum and milk progesterone levels (MPL). Body condition score (BCS)was recorded weekly. Milk samples were collected weekly for MPL and blood samples fortnightly for metabolites analysis. Milk yield was recorded and samples were collected for milk fat. The buffaloes calving during the normal breeding season (NBS, August to January)had short (p<0.01) postpartum estrus interval of $55.95{\pm}4.90$ days versus $91.15{\pm}11.61 $ days in the buffaloes calving during the low breeding season (LBS, February to July). MPL in the LBS calvers remained lower than NBS calves (p<0.01). The incidence of silent ovulation was higher during LBS as compared to NBS (70.6% versus 29.4%). MPL showed a pattern opposite to atmospheric temperature. In NBS calvers serum glucose levels were higher (p<0.01) and magnesium levels were lower (p<0.01) than LBS calvers. Higher serum urea was found in summer and spring than that autumn and winter (p<0.05). The reproductive performance in buffaloes calving in the LBS coincided with a low BCS (p<0.01). Fat corrected milk production (FCM) was higher in NBS than LBS (p<0.01) calvers.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.435-438
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• 2005

Two dogs (case 1:2-year-old intact male German Shepherd-mixed dog and case 2: 4-year-old intact female Jindo miked) with perineal hernia were referred to the Chonbuk Animal Medical Center, Chonbuk National University. In the both cases, there were unilateral perineal swelling involving the right side of the anus. In addition, in case 2, swelling was also present ventral to the anus. Rectal palpation of pelvic diaphragm revealed weakness of the muscles. Both cases were surgically treated using muscle transposition technique for hemiorrhaphy. In case 1, transposition of the superficial gluteal and internal obturator muscles and in case 2, transposition oi semitendinosus muscle was performed for hemiorrhaphy and reconstruction of the pelvic diaphragm. Both dogs became recovered after the surgical correction and no complications were observed during 10-month (casel) and 9-month(case2). Muscle transposition can be a useful technique for the treatment of perineal hernia in the dog.