• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.6
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• pp.3-40
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• 2002

Appraisal is a basic archival function that analyzes values of records and determines the eventual disposal of records based upon their archival values. In Korea, this appraisal concept introduces in earnest through Public Records and Archives Act(PRA, 공공기관의 기록물관리에관한법률) with which Korean record management systems settle inflexibly. In theoreical and methodological area, therefore, it is necessary to analyze appraisal system in this Act with it in archival science. In PRA Act, appraisal system is founded on the Tables of Transaction for Records Scheduling(TRS, 기록물분류기준표) through which disposal activities of all records are definited in a concrete form. In this system, selection of archival materials which has been recognized as a important function of record center is carried out by record creators and archival institutions; Primary value between semi-currenty and non-currenty are reflected at the same time. In view of values, this appraisal system intends to separate reasonably consideration for continuing utility of achives from current use of records throughout agencies duration. Ultimately, appraisal based upon TRS makes up not separated management course but organic courses reflecting the Continuum of Care. Of course, this appraisal system makes up the deficiency partially. TRS regarded as 'mainboard' of current appraisal system will have to be enacted elaborately. And appraisal strategies of electronic records must set up in detail in PRA Act and TRS. Lastly, arrangement and description concepts immanent in TRS will have to supplement in archival institutions.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.68
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• pp.5-39
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• 2021

In this study, the origin of the record continuum theory was analyzed in conjunction with the record management situation in Australia after the mid-20th century and record lifecycle model. For an in-depth understanding of the record continuum theory, it is necessary to consider the background and process of its formation, and to analyze the lifecycle model itself in terms of a theoretical system built with reflections on the lifecycle model. To this end, first of all, with the aim of analyzing the historical background of the formation of the record continuum theory, the background and process that led to intensive illumination of the US lifecycle model in the process of seeking an independent public records management system in Australia in the 1950s were reviewed. Then, the meaning and limitations of the lifecycle model were considered along with the background of the formation. In order to examine the main contents, significance, and limitations of the lifecycle model, it is necessary to analyze the circumstances under which it was formed. Based on this analysis, finally, the problems associated with the application of the lifecycle model in Australia's new record creation environment, as well as the factors that were the origin of the newly born record continuum theory were examined.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.5
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• pp.3-37
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• 2002

Today the market of EDMS is esteemed more than 100 billions won. It signifies a comming of age of electronic records. The traditional archival theories which are based on the paper records are confronted with a new challenge. In some leading countries of archival studies reorientation of archives management has been tried by a number of distinguished specialists such as Bearman and Hedstrom since 10 years. As a consequence new paradigm of archival theories has been developed. Also in Korea this new paradigm has been introduced by some expert such as Lee, Sang-Min, Sul, Moon-won, Lee, Seung-Eok. However their arguments are too general to offer a concrete clue for new paradigm. Faced by new age of electronic records, it's important to start a discussion for the reasonable methods of electronic records management at once. The most drastically changed part of record management by the electronic technique is the life-cycle of records. The commonly practiced three-stage life-cycle is to be reduced to the two-stage life-cycle, and the concept of the spatial movement of records is to be changed. It can be also pointed that the public emerges as user from the early creating stage of records beyond time and space. Thus is can be said that the method of the management features dynamic and cohesive. The method of appraisal must be also changed and reproduced, so that it can reflect the various levels considering dynamics of the electronic records. Supposedly it will be a core factor that causes the change of methodology in records management with the change of life-cycle theory. It must be noted that various subjects would be involved in the work of classification and description over time and space and that feedback between them is of important. Description also tends to be made at the crating stage of records and structured dynamically. It results from the change of life-cycle and the introduction of the concept of continuum. Such trend allows us to start discussions on the assumption that description of both creator and archival professionals act together an important role. Of course, it is linked with the methodology in which most descriptions are made automatically at the early drafting stage of the structure. The meat date is formed on the assumption that there should be feedback between areas of automatic description, description of creators and archival professionals. The most important thing in description is to develop a suitable way how it is structured. An alternative must be offered for managing data set. As iweb that is being operated by Myongji university shows, records created in daily business are managed not as electronic records but as date base. This is because they exist outside the repository in the EDMS system. Since data set often has various sources, an alternative for classification needs to be developed. It is now likely that database is filed according to the created year to be transferred automatically to the repository. Over a long-term the total management of database, electronic records and electronic information will be a topic. A right direction of new paradigm will be found for both iweb and E-government, when practice and studies of theories are combined and interacted.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.20
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• pp.3-32
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• 2009

When the record management faces to the information environment, the practices based on self-judgment needs more open and considerate policies. New viewpoint that treat records as information and treat information as records will produce new mutual-conscious behavior that create records based on the value of information usage and maintain information data based on the reliability as an record. As the internal aspect how to create records well, how to transfer them well, and how to archives them well used to be the focus of record management, existing legislation, guidelines, and training seem to be mainly related to this front steps. We should also address issues according to the succeeding information services, including opening to the relevant, sharing, duplicating, information security, privacy protection, and constructing collections with continual supplement. This paper observe the confusion of the viewpoints in the recent reports, explain the need of fusion viewpoint, and suggest interconnecting feedback cycle between record management system and general information system.

• Journal of Korean Society of Archives and Records Management
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.45-68
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• 2018

to apply standardized principles and methodologies to the appraisal of records because it is different for each country, region, and organization to distinguish what kind of records are important and how to select them. For this reason, numerous theories and methodologies have been proposed around the appraisal of records. ISO 15489-1:2016, on the other hand, has laid the groundwork for the standardization of the appraisal of records that are applicable globally in recent record management environments based on a new perspective on the appraisal of records. ISO 15489 presents the principles and methodology of records management that are consistent with the electronic record environment based on the record continuum theory, and the principles and methods on the appraisal of records presented in ISO 15489-1:2016 need to be analyzed in depth. This paper analyzes the concept and the logic of the appraisal of records presented in ISO 15489-1:2016 to find an improvement direction in accordance with the recent electronic record environment. For this purpose, it reviewed courses from the enactment of AS 4390 to the revision of ISO 15489 to understand the background of the appraisal principles of ISO 15489-1:2016. Based on this, the appraisal concepts and principles presented in ISO 15489-1:2016 were examined, and the process of the appraisal was analyzed.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.3 no.5
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• pp.675-694
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• 2012

The 2008 Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku earthquake ($M_w$ 6.9, $M_{jma}$ 7.2) occurred on 14 June 2008 in Japan. The amplification and asymmetric waveform of the vertical acceleration at the ground surface recorded by accelerometers at station IWTH25, situated 3 km from the source, were remarkable in two ways. First, the vertical acceleration was extremely large (PGA = 38.66 $m/s^2$ for the vertical component, PGA = 42.78 $m/s^2$ for the sum of the three components). Second, an unusual asymmetric waveform, which is too far above the zero acceleration axis, as well as large upward spikes were observed. Using a multidegree-of-freedom (MDF) system consisting of a one-dimensional continuum subjected to vertical acceleration recorded at a depth of 260 m below ground level, the present paper clarifies numerically that these singular phenomena in the surface vertical acceleration records occurred as a result of the jumping and collision of a layer in vertical motion. We herein propose a new mechanism for such jumping and collision of ground layers. The unexpected extensive landslides that occurred in the area around the epicenter are believed to have been produced by such jumping under the influence of vertical acceleration.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.64
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• pp.27-62
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• 2020

The article has the characteristics of a preliminary writing about how to look at the trend of new archives 'fever' and 'impulsion' emerging around the domestic and foreign art world, which have not been paid much attention yet in the 'mainstream' archive research, and how to accept it independently. Specifically, this study aims to examine how archival art is involved in history and memory with aesthetic attitudes and methods through observation of recent tendency of domestic archive art, and what implications or influence the 'archival impulse' phenomenon in the art world can have on the research trend of 'archival studies.' First, I would like to look at the meaningful movement to reinterpret and actively accept archival impulses in concrete overseas cases, that is, the archive system of a public archive in the United States. This is followed by an attempt to explore the characteristics and characteristics of creative works that are carried out through the medium of archives, that has not yet reached the level of organization of specific archive methods but are sporadically attempted in the domestic art world. It examines how so-called 'archive artists' record unrecorded in a way that is not observed in the existing archival world, and how they summon and include excluded history in aesthetic language. In conclusion, this study explores the possibility of pulling the historical records of tradition out from archival boxes and reinterpreting them as living archives within the contemporary emotional structure from this new artistic trend called 'archival art'.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems Conference
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• 1993.06a
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• pp.1051-1054
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• 1993

The International Atomic Energy Agency's Statute in Article III.A.5 allows it“to establish and administer safeguards designed to ensure that special fissionable and other materials, services, equipment, facilities and information made available by the Agency or at its request or under its supervision or control are not used in such a way as to further any military purpose; and to apply safeguards, at the request of the parties, to any bilateral or multilateral arrangement, or at the request of a State, to any of that State's activities in the field of atomic energy”. Safeguards are essentially a technical means of verifying the fulfilment of political obligations undertaken by States and given a legal force in international agreements relating to the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. The main political objectives are: to assure the international community that States are complying with their non-proliferation and other peaceful undertakings; and to deter (a) the diversion of afeguarded nuclear materials to the production of nuclear explosives or for military purposes and (b) the misuse of safeguarded facilities with the aim of producing unsafeguarded nuclear material. It is clear that no international safeguards system can physically prevent diversion. The IAEA safeguards system is basically a verification measure designed to provide assurance in those cases in which diversion has not occurred. Verification is accomplished by two basic means: material accountancy and containment and surveillance measures. Nuclear material accountancy is the fundamental IAEA safeguards mechanism, while containment and surveillance serve as important complementary measures. Material accountancy refers to a collection of measurements and other determinations which enable the State and the Agency to maintain a current picture of the location and movement of nuclear material into and out of material balance areas, i. e. areas where all material entering or leaving is measurab e. A containment measure is one that is designed by taking advantage of structural characteristics, such as containers, tanks or pipes, etc. To establish the physical integrity of an area or item by preventing the undetected movement of nuclear material or equipment. Such measures involve the application of tamper-indicating or surveillance devices. Surveillance refers to both human and instrumental observation aimed at indicating the movement of nuclear material. The verification process consists of three over-lapping elements: (a) Provision by the State of information such as - design information describing nuclear installations; - accounting reports listing nuclear material inventories, receipts and shipments; - documents amplifying and clarifying reports, as applicable; - notification of international transfers of nuclear material. (b) Collection by the IAEA of information through inspection activities such as - verification of design information - examination of records and repo ts - measurement of nuclear material - examination of containment and surveillance measures - follow-up activities in case of unusual findings. (c) Evaluation of the information provided by the State and of that collected by inspectors to determine the completeness, accuracy and validity of the information provided by the State and to resolve any anomalies and discrepancies. To design an effective verification system, one must identify possible ways and means by which nuclear material could be diverted from peaceful uses, including means to conceal such diversions. These theoretical ways and means, which have become known as diversion strategies, are used as one of the basic inputs for the development of safeguards procedures, equipment and instrumentation. For analysis of implementation strategy purposes, it is assumed that non-compliance cannot be excluded a priori and that consequently there is a low but non-zero probability that a diversion could be attempted in all safeguards ituations. An important element of diversion strategies is the identification of various possible diversion paths; the amount, type and location of nuclear material involved, the physical route and conversion of the material that may take place, rate of removal and concealment methods, as appropriate. With regard to the physical route and conversion of nuclear material the following main categories may be considered: - unreported removal of nuclear material from an installation or during transit - unreported introduction of nuclear material into an installation - unreported transfer of nuclear material from one material balance area to another - unreported production of nuclear material, e. g. enrichment of uranium or production of plutonium - undeclared uses of the material within the installation. With respect to the amount of nuclear material that might be diverted in a given time (the diversion rate), the continuum between the following two limiting cases is cons dered: - one significant quantity or more in a short time, often known as abrupt diversion; and - one significant quantity or more per year, for example, by accumulation of smaller amounts each time to add up to a significant quantity over a period of one year, often called protracted diversion. Concealment methods may include: - restriction of access of inspectors - falsification of records, reports and other material balance areas - replacement of nuclear material, e. g. use of dummy objects - falsification of measurements or of their evaluation - interference with IAEA installed equipment.As a result of diversion and its concealment or other actions, anomalies will occur. All reasonable diversion routes, scenarios/strategies and concealment methods have to be taken into account in designing safeguards implementation strategies so as to provide sufficient opportunities for the IAEA to observe such anomalies. The safeguards approach for each facility will make a different use of these procedures, equipment and instrumentation according to the various diversion strategies which could be applicable to that facility and according to the detection and inspection goals which are applied. Postulated pathways sets of scenarios comprise those elements of diversion strategies which might be carried out at a facility or across a State's fuel cycle with declared or undeclared activities. All such factors, however, contain a degree of fuzziness that need a human judgment to make the ultimate conclusion that all material is being used for peaceful purposes. Safeguards has been traditionally based on verification of declared material and facilities using material accountancy as a fundamental measure. The strength of material accountancy is based on the fact that it allows to detect any diversion independent of the diversion route taken. Material accountancy detects a diversion after it actually happened and thus is powerless to physically prevent it and can only deter by the risk of early detection any contemplation by State authorities to carry out a diversion. Recently the IAEA has been faced with new challenges. To deal with these, various measures are being reconsidered to strengthen the safeguards system such as enhanced assessment of the completeness of the State's initial declaration of nuclear material and installations under its jurisdiction enhanced monitoring and analysis of open information and analysis of open information that may indicate inconsistencies with the State's safeguards obligations. Precise information vital for such enhanced assessments and analyses is normally not available or, if available, difficult and expensive collection of information would be necessary. Above all, realistic appraisal of truth needs sound human judgment.