• 한국지진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지진공학회 1999년도 춘계 학술발표회 논문집 Proceedings of EESK Conference-Spring
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• pp.41-48
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• 1999

Small earthquake records with magnitude 2.7-4.8 recorded in Kyungsang Basin during 1995-1997 were analysed. Total of 87 records consisted of 16 events instrumented at 11 stations,. Mean dominant period at each station mean zero period acceleration of each component and the acceleration response spectra were analysed. Spectral value increases as magnitude increases and the predominant frequency band expands to low frequency zone as magnitude increases.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제3권5호
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• pp.629-647
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• 2012

Multiple acceleration sequences of earthquake ground motions have been observed in many regions of the world. Such ground motions can cause large damage to the structures due to accumulation of inelastic deformation from the repeated sequences. The dynamic analysis of inelastic structures under repeated acceleration sequences generated from simulated and recorded accelerograms without sequences has been recently studied. However, the characteristics of recorded earthquake ground motions of multiple sequences have not been studied yet. This paper investigates the gross characteristics of earthquake records of multiple sequences from an engineering perspective. The definition of the effective number of acceleration sequences of the ground shaking is introduced. The implication of the acceleration sequences on the structural response and damage of inelastic structures is also studied. A set of sixty accelerograms is used to demonstrate the general properties of repeated acceleration sequences and to investigate the associated structural inelastic response.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제3권5호
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• pp.675-694
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• 2012

The 2008 Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku earthquake ($M_w$ 6.9, $M_{jma}$ 7.2) occurred on 14 June 2008 in Japan. The amplification and asymmetric waveform of the vertical acceleration at the ground surface recorded by accelerometers at station IWTH25, situated 3 km from the source, were remarkable in two ways. First, the vertical acceleration was extremely large (PGA = 38.66 $m/s^2$ for the vertical component, PGA = 42.78 $m/s^2$ for the sum of the three components). Second, an unusual asymmetric waveform, which is too far above the zero acceleration axis, as well as large upward spikes were observed. Using a multidegree-of-freedom (MDF) system consisting of a one-dimensional continuum subjected to vertical acceleration recorded at a depth of 260 m below ground level, the present paper clarifies numerically that these singular phenomena in the surface vertical acceleration records occurred as a result of the jumping and collision of a layer in vertical motion. We herein propose a new mechanism for such jumping and collision of ground layers. The unexpected extensive landslides that occurred in the area around the epicenter are believed to have been produced by such jumping under the influence of vertical acceleration.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.129-142
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• 2013

Linear and nonlinear time history analyses have been becoming more common in seismic analysis and design of structures with advances in computer technology and earthquake engineering. One of the most important issues for such analyses is the selection of appropriate acceleration time histories and matching these histories to a code design acceleration spectrum. In literature, there are three sources of acceleration time histories: artificial records, synthetic records obtained from seismological models and accelerograms recorded in real earthquakes. Because of the increase of the number of strong ground motion database, using and scaling real earthquake records for seismic analysis has been becoming one of the most popular research issues in earthquake engineering. In general, two methods are used for scaling actual earthquake records: scaling in time domain and frequency domain. The objective of this study is twofold: the first is to discuss and summarize basic methodologies and criteria for selecting and scaling ground motion time histories. The second is to analyze scaling results of time domain method according to ASCE 7-05 and Eurocode 8 (1998-1:2004) criteria. Differences between time domain method and frequency domain method are mentioned briefly. The time domain scaling procedure is utilized to scale the available real records obtained from near fault motions and far fault motions to match the proposed elastic design acceleration spectrum given in the Eurocode 8. Why the time domain method is preferred in this study is stated. The best fitted ground motion time histories are selected and these histories are analyzed according to Eurocode 8 (1998-1:2004) and ASCE 7-05 criteria. Also, characteristics of both near fault ground motions and far fault ground motions are presented by the help of figures. Hence, we can compare the effects of near fault ground motions on structures with far fault ground motions' effects.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.89-95
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• 2008

최근까지도 많은 시간이력 지진해석이 연약지반의 증폭영향을 고려하지 않고 연약지반 위 지표면에서 기록된 지진거동으로 수행되었다. 그러나 합리적인 구조물의 지진해석을 위해서는 지반조건을 고려하고 암반지진기록을 이용하는 것이 중요하다. 이 연구에서는 연구를 위해 태평양지진연구센터(PEER)에서 제공하는 공개된 1557개의 지진기록 중에서 26개 암반지진기록을 선정하고 암반지진 기록의 특성을 분석하였다. 연구결과에 의하면, 지반조건을 고려하지 않고 지진규모로부터 지진가속도를 추정하는 것은 합리적이지 못하며, PEER 데이터베이스 암반지진기록으로는 지진가속도, 지진규모, 진앙거리 사이의 일반적인 상관관계를 추정하는 것도 어려운 것으로 평가되었다. 그러나 이 연구에서 선정한 26개 암반지진기록은 구조물-지반체계의 시간이력 지진해석을 위해 암반지진기록으로 사용할 수는 있지만, 이 지진기록을 사용할 때에도 지진가속도, 지진규모, 진앙거리 및 지반조건이 유사한 지진기록을 사용하는 것이 필요하다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제4권5호
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• pp.557-585
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• 2013

The recent huge earthquake ground motion records in Japan result in the reconsideration of seismic design forces for nuclear power stations from the view point of seismological research. In addition, the seismic design force should be defined also from the view point of structural engineering. In this paper it is shown that one of the occurrence mechanisms of such large acceleration in recent seismic records (recorded in or near massive structures and not free-field ground motions) is due to the interaction between a massive building and its surrounding soil which induces amplification of local mode in the surface soil. Furthermore on-site investigation after earthquakes in the nuclear power stations reveals some damages of soil around the building (cracks, settlement and sand boiling). The influence of plastic behavior of soil is investigated in the context of interaction between the structure and the surrounding soil. Moreover the amplification property of the surface soil is investigated from the seismic records of the Suruga-gulf earthquake in 2009 and the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku earthquake in 2011. Two methods are introduced for the analysis of the non-stationary process of ground motions. It is shown that the non-stationary Fourier spectra can detect the temporal change of frequency contents of ground motions and the displacement profile integrated from its acceleration profile is useful to evaluate the seismic behavior of the building and the surrounding soil.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.35-43
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• 2012

동반논문(I. 국외 내진설계기준 및 부지응답특성과의 비교)에 이어서 2-매개변수 지반분류 방법의 지반 증폭계수가 국내 지반조건 및 지반증폭특성에 적합함을 검증하기 위하여, 2003년 이후 국내에서 발생 또는 영향을 미친 주요 지진에 대한 계측 기록을 분석하였다. 거리가 30km 이내인 암반 계측 관측소와 토사지반 계측 관측소의 계측 자료들을 추출하여 시간영역 가속도 신호로부터 암반 및 토사지반에서의 응답스펙트럼을 각각 결정하였고, 이로부터 단주기 및 장주기 증폭계수를 결정하였다. 일부 오류가 발생한 데이터들도 존재하였지만, 대부분 국내 지반 특성에 적합하도록 단주기 영역에서의 증폭이 장주기 영역보다 크게 나타났다. 또한 2-매개변수 지반분류 방법에서 제안하는 지반 증폭계수는 실지진 계측 기록으로부터 획득한 결과와 매우 유사한 경향을 보임으로써 타당성을 확인하였다. 또한, 한국전력연구원에서 운영중인 4개의 765kV 변전소 지진 계측 기록을 추가적으로 분석하였다. 암반 계측과 토사지반 계측 사이의 거리가 수백 m로 가깝게 설치되었으므로 오류 없이 일관된 결과를 도출하였고, 2-매개변수 지반분류 방법의 지반 증폭계수는 경향성 및 절대값에서 실지진 계측 자료 분석 결과와 유사성을 보이면서 국내 지반 조건에 대한 적합성을 검증하였다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.67-77
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• 2017

In this paper, it is aimed to present a comparative study about the structural behavior of tall buildings consisting of different type of materials such as concrete, steel or timber using finite element analyses and experimental measurements on shaking table. For this purpose, two 1/60 scaled 28 and 30-stories wooden building models with $40{\times}40cm$ and $35{\times}35cm$ ground/floor area and 1.45 m-1.55 m total height are built in laboratory condition. Considering the frequency range, mode shapes, maximum displacements and relative story drifts for structural models as well as acceleration, displacement and weight limits for shaking table, to obtain the typical building response as soon as possible, balsa is selected as a material property, and additional masses are bonded to some floors. Finite element models of the building models are constituted in SAP2000 program. According to the main purposes of earthquake resistant design, three different earthquake records are used to simulate the weak, medium and strong ground motions. The displacement and acceleration time-histories are obtained for all earthquake records at the top of building models. To validate the numerical results, shaking table tests are performed. The selected earthquake records are applied to first mode (lateral) direction, and the responses are recorded by sensitive accelerometers. Comparisons between the numerical and experimental results show that shaking table tests are enough to identify the structural response of wooden buildings. Considering 20%, 10% and 5% damping rations, differences are obtained within the range 4.03-26.16%, 3.91-65.51% and 6.31-66.49% for acceleration, velocity and displacements in Model-1, respectively. Also, these differences are obtained as 0.49-31.15%, 6.03-6.66% and 16.97-66.41% for Model-2, respectively. It is thought that these differences are caused by anisotropic structural characteristic of the material due to changes in directions parallel and perpendicular to fibers, and should be minimized using the model updating procedure.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.513-522
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• 2021

스마트폰은 3축 방향 가속도를 기록할 수 있는 MEMS 센서를 포함하고 있고 무선통신망 장치가 내장되어 실시간으로 진동 데이터를 관측하고 전송할 수 있다. 이러한 특징을 기반으로 스마트폰을 지진관측망으로 사용하는 데 큰 장점으로 작용한다. 현재 국내 영남권에 시범적으로 279개의 스마트폰이 설치되어 지진관측망으로 사용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 스마트폰 관측 지진기록의 유효성을 확인하기 위해 국가지진관측망의 지진관측소 기록과 스마트폰의 관측기록을 비교하였다. 비교에 활용된 데이터는 2019년에 발생한 5개의 지진에 대한 기록이며, 기상청과 한국지질자원연구원의 지진관측소에서 기록한 321개의 데이터와 스마트폰에서 기록한 145개의 데이터이다. 최대지반가속도(PGA)를 추출한 후, 지반운동예측식(GMPE)을 스마트폰 기록에 적용하여 PGA와 최대수평가속도(PHA)의 잔차를 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 스마트폰 MEMS 센서 관측기록의 자연대수 평균 잔차는 0.59로 약 1.8배 큰 PHA를 관측하였다. 또한, 스마트폰 MEMS 센서의 설치 층수가 높아질수록 잔차가 줄어드는 경향을 확인하였는데, 이는 지진파 응답스펙트럼의 경향과 비슷하다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.403-410
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• 2018

The choice of attenuation relationships is one of the most important parts of seismic hazard analysis as using a different attenuation relationship will cause significant differences in the final result, particularly in near distances. This problem is responsible for huge sensibilities of attenuation relationships which are used in seismic hazard analysis. For achieving this goal, attenuation relationships require a good compatibility with the target region. Many researchers have put substantial efforts in their studies of strong ground motion predictions, and each of them had an influence on the progress of attenuation relationships. In this study, two attenuation relationships are presented using seismic data of Mazandaran province in the north of Iran by Genetic Expression Programming (GEP) algorithm. Two site classifications of soil and rock were considered regarding the shear wave velocity of top 30 meters of site. The quantity of primary data was 93 records; 63 of them were recorded on rock and 30 of them recorded on soil. Due to the shortage of records, a regression technique had been used for increasing them. Through using this technique, 693 data had been created; 178 data for soil and 515 data for rock conditions. The Results of this study show the observed PGA values in the region have high correlation coefficients with the predicted values and can be used in seismic hazard analysis studies in the region.