• 한국시스템다이내믹스연구
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.25-40
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• 2001

This paper describes the forecast of power plant construction in a competitive korean electricity market. In Korea, KEPCO (Korea Electric Power Corporation, fully controlled by government) was responsible for from the production of the electricity to the sale of electricity to customer. However, the generation part is separated from KEPCO and six generation companies were established for whole sale competition from April 1st, 2001. The generation companies consist of five fossil power companies and one nuclear power company in Korea at present time. Fossil power companies are scheduled to be sold to private companies including foreign investors. Nuclear power company is owned and controlled by government. The competition in generation market will start from 2003. ISO (Independence System Operator will purchase the electricity from the power exchange market. The market price is determined by the SMP(System Marginal Price) which is decided by the balance between demand and supply of electricity in power exchange market. Under this uncertain circumstance, the energy policy planners such as government are interested to the construction of the power plant in the future. These interests are accelerated due to the recent shortage of electricity supply in California. In the competitive market, investors are no longer interested in the investment for the capital intensive, long lead time generating technologies such as nuclear and coal plants. Large unclear and coal plants were no longer the top choices. Instead, investors in the competitive market are interested in smaller, more efficient, cheaper, cleaner technologies such as CCGT(Combined Cycle Gas Turbine). Electricity is treated as commodity in the competitive market. The investors behavior in the commodity market shows that the new investment decision is made when the market price exceeds the sum of capital cost and variable cost of the new facility and the existing facility utilization depends on the marginal cost of the facility. This investors behavior can be applied to the new investments for the power plant. Under these postulations, there is the potential for power plant construction to appear in waves causing alternating periods of over and under supply of electricity like commodity production or real estate production. A computer model was developed to sturdy the possibility that construction will appear in waves of boom and bust in Korean electricity market. This model was constructed using System Dynamics method pioneered by Forrester(MIT, 1961) and explained in recent text by Sternman (Business Dynamics, MIT, 2000) and the recent work by Andrew Ford(Energy Policy, 1999). This model was designed based on the Energy Policy results(Ford, 1999) with parameters for loads and resources in Korea. This Korea Market Model was developed and tested in a small scale project to demonstrate the usefulness of the System Dynamics approach. Korea electricity market is isolated and not allowed to import electricity from outsides. In this model, the base load such as unclear and large coal power plant are assumed to be user specified investment and only CCGT is selected for new investment by investors in the market. This model may be used to learn if government investment in new unclear plants could compensate for the unstable actions of private developers. This model can be used to test the policy focused on the role of unclear investments over time. This model also can be used to test whether the future power plant construction can meet the government targets for the mix of generating resources and to test whether to maintain stable price in the spot market.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.677-686
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• 2013

In this paper, we first introduce a general architecture of an energy management system in a home area network based on a smart grid. Then, we propose an efficient scheduling method for home power usage. The home gateway (HG) receives the demand response (DR) information indicating the real-time electricity price, which is transferred to an energy management controller (EMC). Referring to the DR, the EMC achieves an optimal power scheduling scheme, which is delivered to each electric appliance by the HG. Accordingly, all appliances in the home operate automatically in the most cost-effective way possible. In our research, to avoid the high peak-to-average ratio (PAR) of power, we combine the real-time pricing model with the inclining block rate model. By adopting this combined pricing model, our proposed power scheduling method effectively reduces both the electricity cost and the PAR, ultimately strengthening the stability of the entire electricity system.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.436-445
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• 2013

The use of a demand response controller is necessary for electric devices to effectively respond to time varying price signals and to achieve the benefits of cost reduction. This paper describes a new formulation with the form of constrained optimization for designing an optimal demand response controller. It is demonstrated that constrained optimization is a better approach for the demand response controller, in terms of the ambiguity of device operation and the practicality of implementation of the optimal control law. This paper also proposes a design scheme to construct a demand response controller that is useful when a system controller is already adapted or optimized for the system. The design separates the demand response function from the original system control function while leaving the system control law unchanged. The proposed formulation is simulated and compared to the system with simple dynamics. The effects of the constraints, the system characteristics and the electricity price are examined further.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제63권5호
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• pp.644-651
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• 2014

The renewable energy system and the real-time pricing can provide the significant economic advantage for end-user of residential house. However, according to recent studies, high initial cost of renewable energy system such as photovoltaic (PV) system and lack of suitable load control methods adjusting electric power consumption in response to time-varying price are regarded as the major obstruction for introduction of renewable energy system and real-time pricing in residental household. In this paper, we propose automated optimal load control strategy which aim to achieve not only minimizing the electricity cost but also the increase in the utilization rates of PV generation power of residential PV house in real-time pricing environment. Simulation results show that our proposed optimal load control strategy leads to significant reduction in the electricity costs and increase in the utilization rates of power generated by PV system in comparison with the conventional PV house. Therefore, the proposed optimal load control strategy can provide more economic benefit to end-user.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.225-249
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• 2015

우리나라 전력시장에서도 보다 선진화된 요금체계가 도입되어야 한다는 관점에서 가정부문에서의 선택적 전력요금제 도입이 논의되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 고정요금제, 실시간 요금제(RTP), 계시별 요금제(TOU)를 도입하였을 때의 효과를 분석하기 위해 행위자기반모형을 구축하였다. 시간대별 전력소비 유형이 다른 행위자를 설정하였으며, 전력수요와 전력가격을 연동시키기 위해 발전부문도 모형에 도입하였다. 분석 결과, 소비자 유형이 피크부하 때 덜 사용하는 경우에는 실시간 요금제인 RTP나 TOU를 택했을 때의 비용절감 효과가 컸으며, 특히 스마트 계량기 등을 이용하여 전력사용 시간을 최적화할 수 있는 경우에는 그 편익이 더욱 증가한 것으로 나타나 향후 스마트 전력소비를 위한 인프라 구축이 필요함을 알 수 있다.

• 한국시스템다이내믹스연구
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.99-123
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• 2005

Although the generation market is competitive, the power market is easily exercised the market power by one generator due to its special futures such as a limited supplier, large investment cost, transmission constraints and loss. Specially, as Korea Electric industry restructuring is similar US competitive wholesale electricity market structure which discovered the several evidences of market power abuse, when restructuring is completed the possibility that market power will be exercised is big. Market power interferes with market competitions and efficiency of system. The goal of this study is to investigate the market price effects of the potential market power and the proposed market power mitigation strategy in Korean market using the forecasting wholesale electricity market model. This modeling is developed based on the system dynamics approach. it can analyze the dynamic behaviors of wholesale prices in Korean market. And then it is expanded to include the effect of market condition changed by 'strategic behavior' and 'real time pricing.' This model can generate the overall insights regarding the dynamic impact of output withholding by old gas fire power plant bon as a marginal plant in Korean market at the macro level. Also it will give the energy planner the opportunity to create different scenarios for the future for deregulated wholesales market in Korea.

• 에너지공학
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.142-148
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• 2002

경쟁적인 전력시장에서 실시간 전력가격의 변화는 전력소비자들의 전력소비에 영향을 주게된다. 서로 다른 특성을 가지는 가정용, 상업용, 산업용 부하들은 전력소비 성향의 변화에 따라 서로 다른 가지 탄력성을 가진다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 계산된 각 용도별 부하에 대한 수요 탄력성을 적용하여 경쟁 전력시장에서 수요 탄력성에 따른 전력수요의 변화가 현물가격에 미치는 영향을 분석한다.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2001년도 하계학술대회 논문집 A
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• pp.524-526
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• 2001

The variations of real time electric price in competitive electricity markets have influence on electric power demands of the consumers. Residential, commercial, and industrial consumers, with different characteristics cause the different price elasticity of the demand due to changing the pattern of consumption. Therefore, this paper calculate the elasticity of each loads and analysis the effects of electric power demands and spot pricing as a function of elasticity in competitive electricity market.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2011년도 춘계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.76.1-76.1
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• 2011

With the growing penetration of distributed generation including from renewable sources, smart grid power system is needed to address the reliability problem. One important feature of smart grid is demand response. In order to design a demand response program, it is indispensable to understand how consumer reacts upon the change of electricity price. In this paper, we construct an econometrics model to estimate the hourly price elasticity of demand. This panel model utilizes the hourly load data obtained from KEPCO for the period from year 2005 to 2009. The hourly price elasticity of demand is found to be statistically significant for all the sample under investigation. The samples used for this analysis is from the past historical data under the price structure of three different time zones for each season. The result of the analysis of this time of use pricing structure would allow the policy maker design an appropriate incentive program. This study is important in the sense that it provides a basic research information for designing future demand response programs.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제61권6호
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• pp.804-809
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• 2012

This paper presents the economic impact of consumer participation in Real-Time Pricing (RTP). A computer model was developed to analyze the impact of real-time pricing on the average price, electricity sales, and the social welfare. Four revenue reconciliation alternative were introduced to illustrate the effect of RTP. Finally a case study was done to analyze the consequent impact of the dynamic load profile on the long-term fuel mix, and the results were compared with those of $5^{th}$ national power development plan.