• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.95-101
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• 2001

We investigated the effect of aqueous extract of Terminalia chebula (Combretaceae)(TCAE) on the immediate hypersensitivity reaction in vivo and in vivo. TCAE (0.01 to 1 g/kg) dose-dependently inhibited compound 48/80 induced systemic anaphylaxis in mice. When TCAE was pretreated at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 1 g/kg, the plasma histamine levels were reduced in a dose-dependent manner. TCAE (0.1 and 1 g/kg) significantly inhibited local immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylactic reaction. TCAE (0.001 to 1 mg/ml) also dose-dependently inhibited the histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC) activated by compound 48/80 or anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE. TCAE (0.01 to 1 mg/ml) had a significant inhibitory effect on anti-DNP IgE-induced tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ production from RPMC. These results indicate that TCAE inhibits immediate hypersensitivity reaction in vivo and in vitro.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.292-297
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• 1994

This study was conducted to investigate antigenic potential of DA-3030, a recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, in guinea pigs and mice. In the active systemic anaphylaxis test, the guinea pigs sensitized with 1.25 or 12.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/head of DA-3030 alone did not show any anaphylactic reaction. In the homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction, anti-DA-3030 antibody was not detected in guinea pigs sensitized with 1.25 or 12.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/head of DA-3030 alone. On the other hand, the guinea pigs sensitized with 12.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/heed of DA-3030 incorporated in Freund's complete adjuvant(FCA) or 1 mg/head of ovalbumin incorporated in FCA showed anaphylactic reaction. Anti-DA-3030 antibody was also detected in those guinea pigs. In immunodiffusion test using the sera sensitized with DA-3030 incorporated in FCA, precipitating antibodies were detected only in the sera sensitized with DA-3030 or DA-3030 incorporated in FCA showed. In 24-hour heterologous PCA reaction with sera of C57BL/6 mice immunized with 1.25 or 12.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/head of DA-3030 alone, none of the sera showed positive reaction. But sera of the animals immunized with 12.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/head of DA-3030 incorporated in aluminum hydroxide gel(Alum) or 5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/head of ovalbumin incorporated in alum showed positive PCA reaction. DA-3030 did not cause anaphylactic shock or passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in guinea pigs and mice when given alone although DA-3030 incorporated in FCA or Alum induced anaphylactic shock and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. From these results, it may be concluded the DA-3030 does not induce systemic allergic reaction when administered alone in its clinical use.

• 한국연소학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.46-53
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• 2015

The relationship between mass transfer and reaction within the washcoat is investigated in a monolith type micro-scale Pt-catalytic combustor. Nondimensionalized balance equation of butane is applied in a simplified washcoat geometry having the shape of slab. Both Thiele modulus and effectiveness factor are considered to compare reaction rate and diffusion rate according to the operation temperature and the diameter of alumina nano-pores. The effect of reaction becomes stronger as the temperature increases, while the effect of diffusion becomes relatively dominant as the diameter of nano-pores increases. From the analysis of butane distribution within the washcoat, design criterion for the thickness of washcoat is discussed.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제54권3호
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• pp.299-304
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• 2016

Nitrate-citrate 혼합 전구체로부터 ZnO 입자 합성을 위한 자체진행 반응(Self-propagating reaction)의 특성을 고찰하였다. 질화물과 Citrate 그룹간의 자체진행 반응을 위해 탄소/질소 성분의 비는 0.7~0.8 수준으로 유지하였으며, 출발물질의 시료를 TGA방법에 의해 열분해하였다. 반응의 후반부인 반응 전환율이 0.5 이상에서 자체진행 반응의 특성을 나타내었으며 시료는 매우 짧은 시간에 많은 열을 방출하며 분해되었다. 반응의 전반부(X<0.5)가 전체반응의 율속단계로 나타났으며, 이 율속단계에서 반응의 특성을 Friedman, Ozawa-Flynn-Wall 그리고 Vyazovkin의 방법들을 사용하여 해석하였다. 율속단계에서 활성화 에너지는 46~130 (kJ/mol)의 범위로 반응 전환율이 증가함에 따라 증가하였으며, 반응차수는 2.9~0.9, 그리고 반응속도의 빈도인자(Frequency factor)는 85~278 ($min^{-1}$)의 범위에서 승온속도가 증가함에 따라 각각 전자는 감소하고 후자는 증가하였다.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.951-959
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• 2014

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to find out the fear of dentist care, subjective recognition of dental health, and quality of life in the male high school students and to analyze the influencing factors on dental health care. Methods: A self-reported questionnaire was filled out by 243 special high-school in Deagu province from March 3 to March 14, 2014. The questionnaire consisted of general characteristics of the subjects(5 questions), subjective recognition of health and activities to improve health(6 questions), dental fear(20 questions), oral health related quality of life(16 questions). The instrument for dental fear was adapted from measured by Berggren Dental Fear Survey(DFS). A total of 20 DFS questions included treatment avoidance(8 questions), stimulus reaction(6 questions), and physiological reaction(5 questions) and score by Likert 5 scale. Cronbach alpha was 0.974 in the study. Oral health related quality of life was measured by 16 questions of CPQ11-14 for the adolescents by Lau. CPQ11-14 consisted of oral symptoms(4 questions), functional restriction(4 questions), and emotional wellbeing(4 questions). The instrument was score by Likert 5 scale and Cronbach alpha was 0.9354 in the study. Data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0 program for ANOVA and multiple regression analysis. Results: Fear of dentist care showed significant differences in treatment avoidance factor(p<0.001), stimulus reaction factor (p<0.05), and physiological reaction factor(p<0.001). The factors depended on subjective recognition of health and health-improving activities and differences in treatment avoidance factor(p<0.05) and physiological reaction factor(p<0.01). The dental symptoms factors showed significant differences in health recognition(p<0.001), interest in health(p<0.001), alcohol drinking status(p<0.001) and regular meal(p<0.001). While function limit factors showed differences in health recognition (p<0.001), interest in health(p<0.001), smoking(p<0.001), alcohol drinking(p<0.001) and regular meal(p<0.001). Mental and social stabilities factors showed significant differences in health recognition(p<0.001), interest in health(p<0.001) and alcohol drinking status(p<0.001). Among the factors influencing on the quality of life in dental health, interest in health(p<0.005), alcohol drinking(p<0.005) and physiological reaction in the midst of fear of dentist care(p<0.001) were the significant impact factor. Conclusions: It is necessary to develop a continuous and systematical program of dental health and dental care by experts so that the students can reduce the fear of dentist care by regular dental checkup and preventive treatment and care.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.122-131
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• 1981

An aqueous extract s of fresh ginseng roots was heated at loot for 64 hrs. and the changes of color intensity, pH and the amount of free sugars and amino acids during the various intervals of the heating time were investigated. Color intensity and absorbance of the solution at 490nm were increased in proportion to the length of the heating time. Most of brown pigments produced during the treatment were water soluble, and pH 5.1 at initial stage of the solution, was slightly decreased at the final stages of the reaction. Sucrose, glucose and fructose were major free sugars in ginseng roots, and the amounts of sucrose was over 90 % of total free sugars. Sucrose. was largely decreased approximately 50%, by 64 hrs of the treatment, whereas sharp increase in the amount of glucose and fructose was observed during the reaction in the solution. The observed increase in reducing sugars, glucose and fructose was presumed due to hydrolysis of sucrose. Evidently, glucose and fructose were not important factor to control the browning reaction of the solution. Most of free amino acids and peptides except alanine and isoleucine especially arginine, serine and threonine, were sharply decreased up to 40 : 50% of the original concentration within 2 hrs. Accordingly, the content of free amino acids and peptides seems to be extremely important factor to control the browning reaction in ginseng. A free amino acid, presumed to be nor-leucine, was found in fresh ginseng root on the basis of re mention on liquid chromatography. Kinetic analysis of the browning reaction indicated a pseudo second order with respect to amino acid concentration at the initial stage.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.429-433
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• 1991

The photoinduced electron transfer reactions of N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD) in various polar solvents were studied by measuring time-resolved fluorescence. The temperature dependence on the fluorescence decay rate in acetonitrile, methanol, ethanol and buthanol was carried out to obtain the activation energy and Arrehnius factor for the photoinduced electron transfer reaction. It was found that as the dielectric constant of the solvent increases, the activation energy and the reaction rate increase. This implys that the Arrehnius factor is important in controlling the photoinduced electron transfer reaction rate. In water, TMPD exists in three forms (cationic, protonated and neutral forms) due to the high dielectric constant and strong proton donating power of water. The photoinduced electron transfer reaction was found to be very fast (< 50 ps) and also the long liverd component in the fluorescence decay profile attributable to the photoexcited protonated form of TMPD was observed. Probably, the reaction pathway and the reaction coordinate seem to be different depending on the solvents studied here.

• 국제물리치료학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.1706-1710
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• 2019

Background: Despite frequent shoulder injuries of rotator cuff muscle of golfers by the result of overuse and poor swing mechanics, there is little research on shoulder specific rehabilitation exercises for injured rotator cuff muscle and golf swing Objective: To examined the effect of rehabilitation exercise for golfers on the X factor and ground reaction force (GRF) according to phase of the golf swing. Design: Crossover study Methods: The participants were 13 amateur golfers selected for a 4 week rehabilitation exercise for golfers. A rehabilitation exercise for golfers consisting of 5 steps and 4 items (sleeper stretch, full side plank, push up to plank, high plank knee unders) were applied to all participants. A three dimensional motion analyzer and force platform (SMART-E, BTS, Italy) were used to measure the X factor (angle between shoulder and pelvis at top of back swing) and GRF according to phase of the golf swing. All dependent variables were measured before and after exercise. The collected data was analyzed using the paired t test and SPSS 21.0. Results: The GRF had a statistically significant increase in the impact phase and ratio impact/weight after rehabilitation exercise for golfers (p<.05). The X-factor, GRF in top of back swing and finish were no significant differences between before and after exercise (p>.05). Conclusions: These results suggested that rehabilitation exercise for golfers was effective for increasing GRF in the impact phase and ratio impact/weight for amateur golfer.

• 초등상담연구
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.1-20
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• 2010

본 연구는 초등학교 고학년(4, 5, 6) 학생들을 대상으로 성별에 따른 KSD 반응의 차이와 사회성측정에 의한 5가지 지위의 유형별로 KSD 반응이 다르게 나타날 것이라는 가설에 근거하여 진행된 연구였으며, 동시에 KSD 반응이 사회성측정의 지위 유형을 어느 정도 판별하는지를 확인하는 연구였다. A시에 소재한 4학년 5학급, 5학년 5학급, 6학년 10학급으로 총 20개의 학급에 대하여 안이환(2007)이 개발한 사회성측정과 Burns와 Kaufman(1970)의 KSD를 실시하였다. 피검자의 수는 총 366명이었으며 엄밀한 형태의 층화군집표본 추출법은 아니었다. 3개의 가설을 검증하기 위하여 차례대로 독립표본 t 검증, 일원변량분석, 판별분석법이 사용되었다. 그 결과, 성별에 따른 KSD 반응의 3요인 가운데 인물상의 행위, 인물상의 특징에서 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났지만 역동성 요인에서는 유의미한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 또한, 일원변량분석의 결과 여학생의 KSD 반응 가운데 인물상의 특징 및 역동성 요인에서는 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 나타났지만 인물상의 행위 요인에서는 유의미한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 따라서 KSD 반응 가운데 인물상의 특징이 남녀에 대한 구분 및 사회성측정의 지위 유형과 깊이 관련되어 있음을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구의 결과로 볼 때, 田中志帆(전중지범)(2009)이 제안한 KSD 채점체계 영역에 대한 검토의 필요성 이 제기되었다. 마지막으로, KSD 반응이 사회성측정을 잘 판별하지 못하는 것으로 나타났지만 사회성측정을 보완하는 도구로서의 투사적 그림검사에 대한 새로운 접근법이 필요하였다.

• Macromolecular Research
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.311-316
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• 2003

The kinetics of photoinitiated polymerization of dimethacrylate macromonomers have been studied to determine the diffusion-controlled reaction parameters using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). A predicted kinetic rate expression with a diffusion control factor was employed to estimate an effective rate constant and to define the reaction-controlled and diffusion-controlled regimes in the photopolymerization. An effective rate constant, k$_{e}$, can be obtained from the predicted kinetic rate expression. At the earlier stages of polymerization, the average values of kinetic rate constants do not vary during the reaction time. As the reaction conversion, $\alpha$, reaches the critical conversion, $\alpha$$_{c}$, in the predicted kinetic expression, the reaction becomes to be controlled by diffusion due to the restricted mobility of dimethacrylate macromonomers. A drop in value of effective rate constant causes a drastic decrease of reaction rate at the later stages of polymerization. By determining the effective rate constants, the reaction-controlled and diffusion-controlled regimes were properly defined even in the photopolymerization reaction system.m.m.