• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.64 no.3
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• pp.197-203
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• 2021

Saponarin is a crucial component of barley sprout, and the production and quantitative analysis are issued to date. In this study, the optimal saponarin extraction conditions were presented on the subject of acetonitrile, ethanol, methanol, and water for the quantitative analysis in barley sprout through the extraction efficiency compared with the solvent concentration and extraction time using the reaction surface methodology. The optimal extraction time and solvent condition for saponarin were 3.9 h and 53.7% of aqueous methanol, respectively. In addition, the effect of LED artificial light on the saponarin production in barley sprouts was evaluated by the light cycle, light quantity, and light quality. The optimal cultivation conditions under artificial light for the growth of barley sprout and saponarin production were most effectively achieved on 220-320 μmol m^-2 s^-1 of the light quantity with 8 h day^-1 of a daylight cycle under 6500K LED combined with red light. Furthermore, blue light was evaluated as the main factor in the biosynthesis of saponarin.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.408-414
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• 2019

In this study, an antioxidant was extracted from dandelion leaves using traditional hot water and ultrasonic extraction methods. In order to optimize the extraction yield and total flavonoid, an antioxidant, Box-Behnken design (BBD) model among response surface analysis methods was used. In the case of hot water extraction, the extraction temperature and time as well as the ratio of alcohol/ultrapure water were set as variables, and for the ultrasonic extraction, the ultrasonic survey century and irradiation time and the ratio of alcohol/ultrapure water were variables. Optimum extraction conditions in the hot water extraction method were the extraction temperature and time of $45.76^{\circ}C$ and 1.75 h and the ratio of alcohol/ultrapure water of 41.92 vol.%. While for the ultrasonic extraction method the survey century of 512.63 W, the ratio of alcohol/ultrapure water of 56.97 vol.% and the extraction time of 20.79 min were optimum conditions. Expected reaction yield and flavonoid content values under the optimized condition were calculated as 22.09 wt.% and 28.98 mg QE/mL dw, respectively. In addition, the error value of less than 3% was obtained validating our optimization process.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.293-303
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• 2016

Protein hydrolysate that shows physiological function such as antioxidant, suppression of hypertension, immunodulatory, alleviation of pain, and antimicrobial activity has been known as playing important role like hormone. This study was performed to optimize the hydrolysis of the wing's meat of Yosan-Ogae by a commercial protease. The ranges of processes were the reaction temperature of 40 to $60^{\circ}C$, pH 6 to 8, and enzyme concentration 1 to 3%(w/v). As a result, the optimization of process was determined at temperature of $48-50^{\circ}C$, pH of 7.0-7.2, and enzyme concentration of 3%(w/v), and degree of hydrolysis was 68 to 69% at above conditions. The molecular weight of hydrolysate was distributed to 500-1,200 Da and showed typical peptides. The amino acids of peptides showing presumably antioxidant activity such as histidine, proline, methionine, cystein, tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine comprised about 43.07%. The glutamic acid was 13.6%. Therefore, we expect that those products are useful as functional food ingredients.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.285-291
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• 2007

Enantioconvergent hydrolysis process for the preparation of chiral diol from racemic epoxides by using the recombinant Caulobacter crescentus epoxide hydrolase (CcEH) in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) was optimized. For the optimization, the effects of detergent, temperature and product inhibition on the enantiopurity and the yield of diol were investigated. (R)-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol with 92% enantiomeric excess and 56% yield from 20 mM racemic styrene oxide was obtained by using the recombinant CcEH at the optimal condition of $10^{\circ}C$ and the addition of 2% (w/v) Tween 80. At 50 mM racemic styrene oxide was used as a substrate, (R)-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol was obtained with 87% enantiomeric excess and 77% yield. Racemic phenyl-1,2-ethanediol, (R)-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol and (S)-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol dramatically inhibited the hydrolytic activity of the recombinant CcEH. These results suggested that another EH with the regioselectivity on ${\beta}$-position of (R)-enantiomer and without feedback inhibition by products would be needed as the partner EH of C. crescentus EH.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.367-377
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• 2018

Swimming crab(Ovalipes punctatus) is produced in Korea and utilized as semi-processed food at streamed cooked state. Recently, protein hydrolysates have been known as having function such as antioxidant, suppression of hypertension, immunodulatory, alleviation of pain, and antimicrobial activity. This research was investigated to find the functional antioxidant from crab hydrolysates. To fine optimal protease enzyme, alcalase, bromelain, flavourzyme, neutrase, papain, and protamex were selected to evaluate the DPPH radical scavenging activity and finally bromelain to show the best activity was selected. The molecular weight of bromelain hydrolysates were distributed with range from 500 to 3,200 Da and 7 different molecules or more. The amino acids related to antioxidant capacity was about 42.54%. The processes optimization study used was the response surface methodology. The ranges of processes were the reaction temperature of 40 to $60^{\circ}C$, pH 6 to 8, and enzyme concentration 1 to 3%(w/v). As a result, the optimization of process was determined at temperature of $55^{\circ}C$, pH of 6.5, and enzyme concentration of 3%(w/v). In these conditions, degree of hydrolysates were maximum 71.60%. Therefore, we expect that those products are useful as functional food ingredients.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.253-262
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• 2016

Yeonsan Ogae has been known as supporting health and high efficacy of treatment. In recent days, as the efficacy of functional peptides has known, the optimization of oligo peptides production and its characteristics from Ogae viscera has been performed. Response surface method was used to perform the optimizaion of enzyme hydrolysis. The range of processes was temperature (40, 50 and $60^{\circ}C$), pH(6.0, 7.0 and 8.0), and enzyme(1, 2 and 3%). The degree of hydrolysis, amono acids, molecular weight of products were analyzed. The optimum process of enzyme hydrolysis were determined as temperature $58^{\circ}C$, pH 7.5, and enzyme concetration 3%. At optimum conditions, the degree of hydrolysis after 2 h reaction was 75-80%. The total amino acids of amino acid and were 386.15 mg/100 g and 155.26 mg/100 g, respectively. The molecular weight of products by using Maldi-TOF was ranged from 300 to 1,000 Da.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.575-580
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• 2020

In this study, we simulated an amine regeneration process with heat-stable salts removal unit. We derived the optimal operating conditions considering the flow rate of waste, the removal rate of heat-stable salts, and the loss rate of MDEA (methyl diethanolamine). In the amine regeneration process that absorbs and removes acid gas, heat-stable salt impairs the absorption efficiency of process equipment and amine solution. An ion exchange resin method is to remove heat-stable salts through neutralization by using a strong base solution such as NaOH. The acid gas removal process was established using the Radfrac model, and the equilibrium constant of the reaction was calculated using Gibbs free energy. The removed amine solution is separated and flows to the heat-stable salts remover which is modeled by using the Rstoic model with neutralization reaction. Actual operation data and simulation results were compared and verified, and also a case study was conducted by adjusting the inflow mass of removal unit followed by suggesting optimal conditions.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.349-360
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• 2020

Bio-conversion manufacturing technology has been developed to produce ginsenoside Rd which is increasingly in demand as a cosmetic material due to various possibilities related to improving skin function. In order to convert ginsenoside Rb1 which is contained in red ginseng saponin (RGS) into Rd, several commercial enzymes were tested. Viscoflow MG was found to be the most efficient. In order to optimize the conversion of RGS to ginsenoside Rd by enzymatic transition was carried out using response surface methodology (RSM) based on Box-Behnken design (BBD). The main independent variables were RGS concentration, enzyme concentration, and reaction time. Conversion of ginsenoside Rd was performed under 17 conditions selected according to BBD model and optimization conditions were analyzed. The concentration of the converted ginsenoside Rd ranged from 0.3113 g/L to 0.5277 g/L, and the highest production volume was obtained under condition of reacting 2% RGS and 1.25% enzyme for 13.5 hours. Consequently, RGS concentration, enzyme concentration which is 0.05 less than p-value and among the interactions between the independent variables, the interaction between enzyme concentration and reaction time was confirmed to be the most influential.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.155-161
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• 2007

In this study, the reactivity of a $SnO_2-ZrO_2$(Sn/Zr = 2/1) catalyst for $SO_2$ reduction by CO was investigated in order to optimize the various reaction conditions such as temperature, gas hourly space velocity (GHSV), and [CO]/[$SO_2$] molar ratio. The reaction temperature in the range of $300{\sim}550^{\circ}C$, space velocity in the range of $5000{\sim}30000cm^3/[g_{-cat}{\cdot}h]$ and [CO]/[$SO_2$] molar ratio in the range of 1.0~4.0 were employed. The optimum temperature, GHSV, and [CO]/[$SO_2$] molar ratio were determined to be $325^{\circ}C$, $10000cm^3/[g_{-cat}{\cdot}h]$, and 2.0, respectively; under these conditions, $SO_2$ conversion was over 99% and sulfur selectivity was over 95%. In addition, the effect of $H_2O$ content on the $SO_2$ reduction by CO was also investigated. As the $H_2O$ content increased from 2 vol% up to 6 vol%, the reactivity and sulfur selectivity decreased. In case of 2 vol% $H_2O$ content, the reaction temperature and [CO]/[$SO_2$] molar ratio were varied in the range of $300{\sim}400^{\circ}C$ and 1.0~3.0. The optimum temperature and [CO]/[$SO_2$] molar ratio were $340^{\circ}C$ and 2.0, respectively under which $SO_2$ conversion and sulfur selectivity were about 90% and 87%, respectively.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.283-288
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• 2018

As the use of environmentally friendly and non-disease natural pigments grows, various methods for extracting natural pigments have been studied. The natural color was extracted from parsley, a vegetable ingredient containing natural dyes. Target color codes of green series of natural dyes extracted as variables #50932C (L = 55.0, a = -40.0, b = 46.0) were set with the pH and temperature of extracted natural color coordinates (of the extracted), and the quantitative intensities of natural dyes were analyzed. During the colorimetric analysis predicted by the reaction surface analysis method, a color coordinate analysis was conducted under the optimal conditions of pH 8.0 and extraction temperature of $60.9^{\circ}C$. Under these conditions, predicted figures of L, a, and b were 55.0, -36.3, and 36.8, respectively, while actual experimental ones confirmed were 69.0, -35.9, and 31.4, respectively. In these results, the theory accuracy and actual error rate were confirmed to be 73.0 and 13.8%, respectively. The theoretical optimization condition of the color difference (${\Delta}E$) was at the pH of 9.2 and extraction temperature of $55.2^{\circ}C$. Under these conditions the predicted ${\Delta}E$ figure was 12.4 while the experimental one was 13.0. The difference in color analysis showed 97.5% of the theoretical accuracy and 4.5% of the actual error rate. However, the combination of color coordinates did not represent a desired target color, but rather close to the targeted color by means of an arithmetic mean. Therefore, it can be said that when the reaction surface analysis method was applied to the natural dye extraction process, the use of color coordinates as a response value can be a better method for optimizing the dye extraction process.