• 제목/요약/키워드: Ratio of employment

검색결과 244건 처리시간 0.029초

우리나라 고용구조의 특징과 과제 (Employment Structure in Korea: Characteristics & Problems)

  • 장근호
    • 경제분석
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    • 제25권1호
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    • pp.66-122
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    • 2019
  • 우리 경제가 성장하면서 경제활동인구가 늘고 고용률이 높아지는 등 고용이 양적으로 꾸준히 성장하였다. 그러나 생산가능인구가 2017년부터 감소하기 시작하였고 여성 및 청년층의 고용은 부진한 상황이다. 비임금 근로자의 비중이 다른 나라나 소득 수준에 비해 크게 높은 수준이다. 또한 임금근로자 중 비정규직 비중과 소규모 기업 종사 근로자의 비중이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 고용구조의 특징에 비추어 우리나라 고용구조의 과제는 노동시장 이중구조심화, 청년실업 증가, 여성 고용의 부진, 저생산성의 과도한 자영업 비중 등으로 정리할 수 있다. 노동시장 이중구조가 심화된 데는 글로벌화에 따른 경쟁 심화, 대기업 우위의 원·하청관계, 대·중소기업 간 생산성 격차, 기업규모별 노동조합의 교섭력 격차 및 기업단위 노사협상 등의 제도적 요인이 복합적으로 작용하였다. 청년실업은 대학진학률 상승으로 대졸자들이 크게 증가한 반면 노동시장 이중구조화로 1차 노동시장 규모가 늘지 않은 데다 대졸자들의 2차 노동시장 기피현상이 심화된 것을 주된 배경으로 한다. 낮은 여성 고용률과 고용의 질적 수준은 결혼·출산 이후의 뚜렷한 경력단절에 기인하며 가정과 직장생활을 병행하기 어렵게 하는 제도 및 문화가 근본적인 원인으로 보인다. 생산성이 낮은 자영업자가 과다한 데에는 임금근로자 일자리가 충분하지 않고 노동시장 이중구조로 인해 양질의 임금근로자 일자리에 취업하기 힘들다는 점이 주요한 배경으로 작용하였다. 우리나라의 고용 확대를 제약하고 고용구조를 악화시킨 주된 구조적 요인은 이중구조 심화인 것으로 판단되는 만큼 공정거래 질서 확립과 중소기업의 생산성 향상 등 노동시장 이중구조 완화에 정책 역량을 집중할 필요가 있다. 아울러 청년 노동시장의 효율성을 제고할 수 있도록 직업훈련 및 고용지원서비스 제도를 개선하는 한편 보육시설 확충 등 여성들이 일과 가정이 병행할 수 있도록 하는 제도적 보완을 지속해 나가는 것도 중요하다.

종사상 지위와 가구 균등화 소득이 치과 의료 미충족에 미치는 영향 : 2018 한국의료패널 자료를 활용한 분석 (The effect of employment status and household equalization income on unmet dental and medical care needs : a study on the application of Korea Medical Panel Data 2018)

  • 이진하;오경재
    • 한국치위생학회지
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    • 제23권2호
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    • pp.125-132
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    • 2023
  • Objectives: This study used the 2018 Korea Health Panel Survey data to analyze factors affecting employment status and income relating to unmet dental and medical care needs. Additionally it investigated measures to reduce oral health inequality among various socioeconomic classes. Methods: Descriptive statistics for the subjects' unmet dental and medical care needs were calculated through chi-square test analysis, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was applied to identify factors affecting the unmet dental and medical care needs. The odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were calculated for each level. These data were analyzed using STATA 17.0 SE (64-bit) version, and the statistical significance level was set to p<0.05. Results: As a result of unmet dental and medical care needs according to general characteristics, the lower the education level (p<0.001), the higher the age (p<0.001) and the lower the household equalization income (p<0.024) and the smoker status (p<0.003) were, respectively. Factors that have a statistically significant impact on unmet dental and medical care needs were divorce, separation and bereavement (p<0.001) in individuals than in married persons, and being smokers than non-smokers (p<0.009). The frequency of unmet dental and medical care needs were found to be lower in the cases of a high school graduate than an elementary school graduate (p<0.018), and of higher household equalization income (p<0.001) than the lowest household equalization income, respectively. Conclusions: It was found that various factors such as age, education level, household equalization income, employment status, type of working hours type, and smoking status affect unmet dental and medical care needs.

국내 임금근로자에서 고용형태에 따른 hs-CRP level과의 연관성 (Association between Employment Status and hs-CRP Level in Korean Wage Workers)

  • 주재한;이준희
    • 한국산업보건학회지
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    • 제31권2호
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    • pp.119-127
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    • 2021
  • Objectives: We aimed to find the relationships between employment status and hs-CRP level among Korean wage workers using the 2016 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination (KNHANE, revised). Methods: This study was conducted on 1,937 daytime wage workers over the age of 19 and within a normal weight range (18.5≤BMI≺25). Regular workers were defined as those granted an employment guarantee until reaching retirement age, and non-regular workers were defined as temporary, non-typical, dispatched, short-term workers and contractors. For hs-CRP, three divisions were classified as recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and American Heart Association (AHA) with less than 1.0 mg/L indicating low risk of cardiovascular disease, above 1.0 mg/L and below 3.0 mg/L considered moderate risk, and more than 3.0 mg/L indicating high risk. To find the relationship between work type and hs-CRP level in Korean wage workers, multinominal logistic regression analysis was performed. Results: For non-regular workers, the odds ratio of the cardiovascular moderate-risk group and cardiovascular high-risk group was statistically significant compared to regular workers. After adjusting for factors such as gender, age, subjective health status, income, education, smoking, and physical labor, the odds ratio of the cardiovascular high-risk group was statistically significant. Conclusions: In this study, the relationship between non-regular workers and high hs-CRP level was examined. Based on this, institutional strategies should be pursued to prevent and manage cardiovascular disease among non-regular workers.

장애인 고용기업체의 임금 격차 기여요인에 관한 연구 (A study on the contributing factors of wage inequality in employment companies for persons with disabilities)

  • 최윤정
    • 한국융합학회논문지
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    • 제11권7호
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    • pp.207-216
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    • 2020
  • 본 연구의 목적은 장애인 고용기업체 간 임금 격차 기여요인 분석을 통하여 장애인 노동자의 임금 수준에 영향을 미치는 요인을 확인하는 것이다. 연구의 대상은 한국장애인고용공단 고용개발원『2018년 기업체 장애인 고용실태조사』의 원자료 중 주요 변수에 결측이 발생한 케이스를 제외한 3,546건이며, SPSS 25와 STATA 14를 이용하여 장애인 고용기업체 간 임금 불평등 분해분석을 실시하였다. 연구 결과 장애인 고용기업체의 임금 격차에 기여하는 요인은 '교육수준' 12.63%, '자산' 6.37%, '직무숙련 정도' 4.87%, '여성고용비율' 3.30%, '판매이익' 2.33%, '장애인 노동자 대상 교육 및 훈련 실시' 1.19%, '노동조합가입률' 0.67%, '직장유형' 0.42%, '평균 근로시간' 0.41%, '장애인의 작업 수준에 대한 인식' 0.34%, '장애인 고용이 기업에 도움이 된다는 인식' 0.23%, '장애인 고용비용에 대한 긍정적 인식' 0.17% 등의 순으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 분석결과를 토대로 본 연구는 장애인 노동자에게 적절한 임금이 제공되기 위한 장애인 고용기업 차원과 사회적 차원, 장애인 노동자 차원에서의 접근을 제안하였다.

Workplace Violence in Workers with Multi-Party Employment Arrangements: Results from the Korean National Representative Survey

  • Yoon, Yeogyeong;Jung-Choi, Kyunghee
    • Safety and Health at Work
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    • 제13권1호
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    • pp.93-98
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    • 2022
  • Background: Despite a growing number of investigations exploring the health problems in precarious workers, there is still a paucity of studies investigating workplace violence in workers with multi-party employment arrangements (WMPEAs). This study was aimed at comparing the prevalence of workplace violence between non-WMPEA and WMPEA. Methods: The 5th Korean Working Conditions Survey data were used. The study subjects were employees aged 20-74, with 26,239 non-WMPEA and 1,556 WMPEA. WMPEA included temporary agency workers and workers providing outsourced services. Workplace violence including verbal abuse, unwanted sexual attention, threats, and humiliating behaviors were used as outcome variables. The odds ratios of risk of workplace violence were calculated using multiple logistic regression. Results: The age-standardized prevalence of workplace violence was significantly higher among WMPEA. After adjusting for all covariates, the risk of workplace violence among WMPEA was still significant (OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.5-2.2) compared with non-WMPEA. The odds ratio of workplace violence among female WMPEA was 1.99 (95% CI 1.53-2.59), which is higher than that of male WMPEA (OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.18-1.96). Conclusion: We found that WMPEA were exposed to higher risk of workplace violence. Discrimination against WMPEA in the working environment and management policy need to be corrected. It is also necessary to identify the risk factors of workplace violence in WMPEA and to make efforts to prevent violence.

근로자의 고용상태가 미충족 의료에 미치는 영향 (The Effect of Employment Status on the Unmet Needs of Medical Utilization in Workers)

  • 최재우
    • 보건의료산업학회지
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    • 제12권4호
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    • pp.31-41
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    • 2018
  • Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate whether employment status is associated with the experience of unmet care needs. Methods: This study utilized the Korea Health Panel data from 2012 to 2016. A total of 4,083 workers were selected as baseline subjects in 2012 and were followed for four years. This study used the GLIMMIX procedure under the marginal model while adjusting for covariates. Results: A total of 12.4% of 4,083 people said they had failed at least once to have a treatment or checkup despite the needs. Those more likely to experience unmet care needs were women and people of lower income level, with worse health conditions and chronic disease. Precarious workers, the self-employed, and the unemployed were more likely to experience unmet care needs caused by economic burden than permanent workers (Odds Ratio: 2.14, 2.07, 2.74, respectively). Conclusions: This disparity means that precarious workers and the unemployed are more likely to face barriers in obtaining needed health services. Given their insecure employment status, meeting their needs for health care is an important consideration.

최저임금과 지역별 청년·장년·여성 고용 - 지역 간 임금분포 격차 활용을 중심으로 - (Minimum Wages and Employment of Youth, Old, and Woman by Region : With Special Reference to Use of Wage Distribution Differentials among Regions)

  • 배진한
    • 노동경제논집
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    • 제42권1호
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    • pp.1-42
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    • 2019
  • 이 연구에서 우리는 매우 안정적인 지역 간 임금분포의 격차구조를 잘 나타내는 지역별 최저임금/중위임금50%비율의 격차를 이용하여 상대적으로 높은 최저임금이 지역의 청년층, 장년층, 그리고 여성노동력의 고용률을 매우 유의하게 낮추며 나아가서 지역 전체 노동력의 고용률도 유의하게 하락시킨다는 사실을 발견하고 있다. 대도시지역일수록 이 효과는 보다 강하게 나타난다. 그렇지만 실망실업자의 가능성 때문에 실업률에 대한 그 효과는 청년층을 제외하고는 다소 이중적이라는 점도 발견된다. 그리하여 최저임금의 과도한 일률적 인상을 시도하는 것은 지역 경제여건 상 결코 지속가능하지 않으며 아울러 적절한 지역별 차등 최저임금제도 등의 도입을 모색하는 것도 매우 필요하다는 결론을 얻을 수 있다.

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제약하의 예측조합 방법을 활용한 산업별 고용비중 예측 (Prediction of the employment ratio by industry using constrainted forecast combination)

  • 김정우
    • 한국융합학회논문지
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    • 제11권11호
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    • pp.257-267
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    • 2020
  • 본 연구는 우리나라 수출 분야의 산업별 고용비중을 다양한 머신러닝 기법을 활용하여 예측하고, 예측성능을 높이기 위하여 머신러닝 기법 예측값들에 예측조합 기법을 적용하였다. 특히, 본 연구에서는 각 머신러닝 기법 예측값들에 부여되는 가중치의 합을 1로 설정하는 제약하의 예측조합 기법을 사용하여 예측의 정확성과 안정성을 확보하고자 하였다. 또한, 본 연구는 산업별 고용비중에 영향을 주는 다양한 변수를 고려하기 위하여 재귀적특성제거 방법을 사용하여 주요 변수를 선별한 후, 머신러닝 기법에 적용함으로써 예측과정 상에서의 효율성을 높였다. 분석결과, 예측조합 방법에 따른 예측값은 머신러닝 기법의 예측값들보다 실제의 산업 고용비중에 근접한 것으로 나타났으며, 머신러닝 기법의 예측값들이 큰 변동성을 보이는 것과 달리 제약하의 예측조합 기법은 안정적인 예측값을 나타내었다.

일부 직업인들의 근골격계 자각증상과 강증진생활양식간의 연관성에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Relationship between Musculoskeletal Symptoms and Health Promoting Life Style among Some Workers)

  • 강홍구;이은경;전선영;김상덕;정재열;이영길;장두섭;송용선;이기남
    • 대한예방한의학회지
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    • 제5권2호
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    • pp.40-68
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    • 2001
  • In this study, grade of subjective symptom appealed by laborer of Jeollabuk-do was evaluated using questionary regarding factor made effect on musculoskeletal disease and in addition, studied relationship with health promotion life style of them. Based on the result, relationship of general characteristics of musculoskeletal subjective symptom and life-style of the subjects was concluded as below. 1. General characteristics of study subjects were as following. Ratio of male was higher as 57.7% of male and 42.2% female and age distribution was 5.1% of 20s, 34.99% of 30s, 36.3% of 40s and 23.7% of 50s and therefore, $30{\sim}40$ aged groups showed highest ratio. Most subjects (74.9%) was married status and in case of education level, high-school graduate and dropout (23.3%) and over-college graduate (46.8%) showed highest distribution. $1{\sim}2$ Mil. KRW (29.5%) and $2{\sim}2.99$ Mil. KRW (21.2%) is the main income distribution and however there was high ratio of non-reply (29.0%). In case of employment period, $10{\sim}14$ years (15.3%) and over 15 years (29.6%) showed highest ratio and there were many non-reply (39.4%) and in addition, 67.6% replied as own house and 14.3% as lease on deposit base in question of residence type. 2. Subjects showed high ratio of subjective symptom appeal of 62.79% and many cases (50.23%) appealed 1 or 2 symptoms. Symptom by body region was 29.8% (waist), 27% (shoulder), 21.2% (knee), 15.5% (neck), 9.5% (ankle), 8.1% (wrist) and 5.0% (elbow) in order. In case of relationship with general characteristics, female comparing with male, non-residence of own house, subjects with lower education level and employment period of $10{\sim}14$ years showed higher appeal rate and kind of symptoms than others. Therefore, it was concluded that rate of musculoskeletal symptom appeal have close relationship with gender, level of living, education level, age and employment period. 3. In case of severe pain of upper body except waist and ankle, it was appealed in both or right side and it means that upper body pain is originated from right side and right region pain is transited to both region pain. In addition, there was 39.41% of non-reply to existence of right-left region pain and therefore, it was evaluated that, in may cases, there was no awareness of their own symptom condition even on subjective symptom. 4. Degree of pain was, as pain over middle level, evaluated as 2.79 on full mark of 4.0 and in order of waist (2.97), ankle (2.83), knee (2.82), wrist (2.82), neck (2.79), shoulder (2.70) and elbow (2.62). In addition, 71.97% appealed $2{\sim}3$ cases for the latest 1 week. Owing to subjective symptom, 54.95% drop into hospital or pharmacy, 10.32% made temporary retirement or absence, 7.99% transferred into more comfortable duty and $39.4{\sim}54%$ experienced one or more managing mentioned above. 5. Fulfillment of health promotion life style of subjects was evaluated on full mark of 4.0 and total score was 2.63. Average mark of each area was personal relationship (3.05), self-realization (2.92), stress management (2.63), health control (2.48), physical exercise (2.19) and nutrition management (2.19) and personal relationship was highest and physical exercise and nutrition management were lowest. As general characteristics influencing health promotion life style, gender, residence style and employment period showed significant difference. Male showed higher mark than female and showed higher mark in order of own house, others, lease on deposit base, monthly rent. Subjects with longer employment period showed higher mark with significant difference. 6. Accounting of factor influencing each area of health promotion life style, self-realization showed significance in marriage status, income, residence style and education level and health control in age, residence style and employment period. Physical exercise showed significant difference in gender, age, residence style and employment period and nutrition in gender, age, residence style and employment period. Stress management showed significant difference in residence style and employment period and however not in personal relationship. 7. Health promotion life style relating with existence and kind of pain showed significant difference in all area except personal relationship area. In absence of pain, there was statistically significant high score in all area even in total health promotion life style and all area. Accounting of kind of pain, cases of $1{\sim}2$ kinds of pain and $5{\sim}6$ kinds of pain showed relatively high score and it was lower than mark of subject stated absence of pain. 8. Subjects appeal symptom were classified by symptom region and difference of total and each areas were evaluated. General area (p=0.002), self-realization (p=0.012), health management (p=0.023), physical exercise (p=0.028), nutrition management (p=0.028) and stress control (p=0.001) showed statistically significant difference and not in personal relationship area. Especially, elbow, shoulder and neck area marked high and group appealed pain of knee, arm and elbow, foot and ankle marked low. Based on those results, subjective symptom should be accounted seriously in diagnosis of occupational musculoskeletal disease of laborer and among subjective symptom, general characteristics of gender, age, condition of living, education level and employment period make effect. Generally subject appeal symptom marked lower than subject without symptom appeal and it means that life management of subject appealing musculoskeletal pain make important role in management and treatment of occupational musculoskeletal disease.

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산업간호사의 근무조건 실태 분석 (Working Conditions of Occupational Health Nurses in Korea)

  • 김영임;김순례;김희걸;이종은;김영희
    • 한국직업건강간호학회지
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    • 제16권2호
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    • pp.130-138
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    • 2007
  • Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate the working condition of occupational health nurses and analyze change pattern of working condition compared to 10 years ago. Method: A questionnaire was measured to 431 occupational health nurses attending the training program held by the Korean Association of Occupational Health Nurses during the period from June 2005 through November 2005. Results: The number of respondents aged 30 years or older and those who are married increased, compared their counterparts found in the earlier study conducted in 1996. Respondents with a college degree accounted for 13.5% in the earlier study, but respondents with a college degree increased to 38.0% in the study. Those with more than 10 years of work experience also increased. Employment type of respondents divided into permanent employment(56.3%) and contract-based employment(41.1%), compared with permanent employment(66.4%) and contract-based employment(32.0%) found in the earlier study. Of total respondents, 91.1% said their retirement age was 55 years or above, and the ratio is higher than that found in the earlier study. Conclusion: The study revealed that the working condition for occupational health nurses especially career recognition, employment type and promotion system were getting worse. It is therefore necessary to implement measures to improve those conditions.

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