Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene (한국산업보건학회지)

Korean Industrial Hygiene Association (한국산업보건학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Association between Employment Status and hs-CRP Level in Korean Wage Workers

국내 임금근로자에서 고용형태에 따른 hs-CRP level과의 연관성

  • Joo, Jae-Han (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Hospital) ;
  • Lee, June-Hee (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Hospital)
  • 주재한 (순천향대학교 부속 서울병원) ;
  • 이준희 (순천향대학교 부속 서울병원)
  • Received : 2021.04.29
  • Accepted : 2021.06.29
  • Published : 2021.06.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Objectives: We aimed to find the relationships between employment status and hs-CRP level among Korean wage workers using the 2016 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination (KNHANE, revised). Methods: This study was conducted on 1,937 daytime wage workers over the age of 19 and within a normal weight range (18.5≤BMI≺25). Regular workers were defined as those granted an employment guarantee until reaching retirement age, and non-regular workers were defined as temporary, non-typical, dispatched, short-term workers and contractors. For hs-CRP, three divisions were classified as recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and American Heart Association (AHA) with less than 1.0 mg/L indicating low risk of cardiovascular disease, above 1.0 mg/L and below 3.0 mg/L considered moderate risk, and more than 3.0 mg/L indicating high risk. To find the relationship between work type and hs-CRP level in Korean wage workers, multinominal logistic regression analysis was performed. Results: For non-regular workers, the odds ratio of the cardiovascular moderate-risk group and cardiovascular high-risk group was statistically significant compared to regular workers. After adjusting for factors such as gender, age, subjective health status, income, education, smoking, and physical labor, the odds ratio of the cardiovascular high-risk group was statistically significant. Conclusions: In this study, the relationship between non-regular workers and high hs-CRP level was examined. Based on this, institutional strategies should be pursued to prevent and manage cardiovascular disease among non-regular workers.

Keywords

References

  1. Bartley M, Ferrie J. Glossary: unemployment, job insecurity, and health. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 2001;55(11):776-81. DOI: http://dx. doi.org/10.1136/jech.55.11.776
  2. Carod-Artal J, Egido JA, Gonzalez JL, Varela de Seijas E. Quality of life among stroke survivors evaluated 1 year after stroke: experience of a stroke unit. Stroke 2000;31(12):2995-3000. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.31.12.2995
  3. Engstrom G, Hedblad B, Rosvall M, Janzon L, Lindgarde F. Occupation, marital status, and low-grade inflammation: mutual confounding or independent cardiovascular risk factors? Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 2006;26(3):643-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.0000200100.14612.bb
  4. Evans GW, Kantrowitz E. Socioeconomic status and health: the potential role of environmental risk exposure. Annual review of public health 2002; 23(1):303-31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.23.112001.112349
  5. Guyatt GH, Feeny DH, Patrick DL. Measuring healthrelated quality of life. Annals of internal medicine 1993;118(8):622-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-118-8-199304150-00009
  6. Haffner SM. The metabolic syndrome: inflammation, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease. The American journal of cardiology 2006;97(2):3-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.11.010
  7. Holmlund B, Storrie D. Temporary work in turbulent times: the Swedish experience. The economic journal 2002;112(480):F245-F69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.00042
  8. Keum J, Cho J. Job instability in the Korean labor market: comparison before and after the IMF economic crisis. Journal of Labour Economics 2001;24(1):35-66
  9. Ki C-S, Suh J-Y, Kim B-S, Kang J-H, Kim H, et al. High sensitivity C-reactive protein as an independent risk factor for essential hypertension. American journal of hypertension 2003;16(6): 429-433. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0895-7061(03)00566-1
  10. Kivimaki M, Vahtera J, Virtanen M, Elovainio M, Pentti J, Ferrie JE. Temporary employment and risk of overall and cause-specific mortality. American journal of epidemiology 2003;158(7):663-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwg185
  11. Kivimaki M, Kawachi I. Work stress as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Current cardiology reports 2015;17(9):1-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-015-0630-8
  12. Kim Y, Zaitsu M, Tsuno K, Li X, Lee S, Jang S-n, et al. Occupational Differences in C-Reactive Protein Among Working-Age Adults in South Korea. Journal of occupational and environmental medicine 2020;62(3):194-201. DOI: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000001781
  13. Korea S. Korean social trends 2016. Daejeon: Statistics Korea. 2018:1-24
  14. Marmot MG. Job insecurity in a broader social and health context. WHO Regional Publications European Series 1999:1-10
  15. Marques-Vidal P, Mazoyer E, Bongard V, Gourdy P, Ruidavets JB et al. Prevalence of insulin resistance syndrome in southwestern France and its relationship with inflammatory and hemostatic markers. Diabetes Care 2002;25(8):1371-1377. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.25.8.1371
  16. Myers GL, Rifai N, Tracy RP, Roberts WL, Alexander RW, Biasucci LM, et al. CDC/AHA workshop on markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice: report from the laboratory science discussion group. Circulation 2004;110(25):e545-e9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000148980.87579.5E
  17. Owen N, Poulton T, Hay FC, Mohamed-Ali V, Steptoe A. Socioeconomic status, C-reactive protein, immune factors, and responses to acute mental stress. Brain, behavior, and immunity 2003;17(4):286-95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-1591(03)00058-8
  18. Pedersen JM, Budtz-Jorgensen E, De Roos A, Garcia L, Lund R, Rod NH, et al. Understanding the relation between socioeconomic position and inflammation in post-menopausal women: education, income and occupational prestige. The European Journal of Public Health 2017;27(6):1074-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckx070
  19. Ramsay S, Lowe GD, Whincup PH, Rumley A, Morris RW, Wannamethee SG. Relationships of inflammatory and haemostatic markers with social class: results from a population-based study of older men. Atherosclerosis 2008;197(2):654-61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.02.022
  20. Ridker PM. Connecting the role of C-reactive protein and statins in cardiovascular disease. Clinical Cardiology: An International Indexed and Peer-Reviewed Journal for Advances in the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease 2003;26(S3):39-44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/clc.4960261508
  21. Rubin RR, Peyrot M. Quality of life and diabetes. Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews 1999; 15(3):205-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-7560(199905/06)15:3<205::AID-DMRR29>3.0.CO;2-O
  22. Rutter MK, Meigs, JB, Sullivan LM, D'Agostino Sr RB, & Wilson PW. C-reactive protein, the metabolic syndrome, and prediction of cardiovascular events in the Framingham Offspring Study. Circulation, 2004; 110(4):380-385. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000136581.59584.0E
  23. Shin H-Y, Kim J, Lee S, Park MS, Park S, Huh S. Cause-of-death statistics in 2018 in the Republic of Korea. Journal of the Korean Medical Association/Taehan Uisa Hyophoe Chi 2020;63(5).
  24. Siegrist J, Marmot M. Health inequalities and the psychosocial environment-two scientific challenges. Social science & medicine 2004;58(8):1463-73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(03)00349-6
  25. Tenkanen L, Sjoblom T, Kalimo R, Alikoski T, Harma M. Shift work, occupation and coronary heart disease over 6 years of follow-up in the Helsinki Heart Study. Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health 1997:257-65
  26. Virtanen M, Nyberg ST, Batty GD, Jokela M, Heikkila K, Fransson EI, et al. Perceived job insecurity as a risk factor for incident coronary heart disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Bmj 2013;347. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f4746
  27. Yamada S, Gotoh T, Nakashima Y, Kayaba K, Ishikawa S et al. Distribution of serum C-reactive protein and its association with atherosclerotic risk factors in a Japanese population: Jichi Medical School Cohort Study. American journal of epidemiology 2001;153(12):1183-1190. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/153.12.1183
  28. Yusuf S, Reddy S, Ounpuu S, Anand S. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases: part I: general considerations, the epidemiologic transition, risk factors, and impact of urbanization. Circulation 2001;104(22):2746-53. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1161/hc4601.099487