• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.158-162
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• 2006

Achyranthes bidentata was recorded to new medicinal crop in a revised 8th edition of the Korean pharmacopoeia. Therefore, A. bidentata began to use for same purpose with Achyranthes japonica which was cultivated since old times in Korea. This study was conducted to investigate the adaptability of A. bidentata in Korea. The germination rate and speed of A. bidentata seeds were higher than those of A. japonica in $15^{\circ}C\;and\;25^{\circ}C$. The growth of A. bidentata was greater than that of A. japonica until the 60 days after transplanting, but growth after that was the opposite. There were remarkable differences between two species in growth characteristics such as flowering date, leaf fall date, plant height, stem color and no. of branches. The flowering and leaf fall date of A. bidentata were earlier than A. japonica by July 7 and September 26. The plant height and number of branches of A.japonica were longer and more than A. bidentata, but the cluster length and no. of flowers per cluster of that were shorter and fewer than this. Number of supporting roots of A. bidentata and A. japonica was 10.7 and 14.6 per plant, respectively. The average yield was not different between two species. The yield of A. bidentata was 166 kg/l0 a in Suwon and 309 kg/10 a in Naju of Korea. The suitable cultivation region of A. bidentata was judged to southern area of Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.7
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• pp.926-934
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• 2009

The study investigated the quality of pound cake prepared with various concentrations of cherry powder (obtained from ground fruit of Prunus serrulata L. var. spontanea Max. wils.). Pound cake was evaluated for their sensory property and physical quality stored for 10 days at $25^{\circ}C$. The pH of the batter decreased with rising cherry powder concentration. The specific loaf volume and height decreased (from 2.95 to $2.60\;cm^3/g$) with increasing in cherry powder. The baking loss rate of the pound cake tended to increased by $11.47{\sim}12.67%$, but with no significant differences. The lightness, redness, and yellowness values were significantly decreased with increases in cherry powder except for redness of pound cake crumb. As the concentration of cherry powder increased, the mechanical characteristics of the pound cake did not differ significantly. The hardness tended to increase, while adhesiveness and springiness decreased with increases in powder. The retrogradation degree of pound cake prepared with cherry powder was higher than the control but there were no significant differences. For the antioxidative activity measured by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity, pound cake prepared with 10% and 15% added cherry powder showed high antioxidant activities. The pound cakes containing 10 and 15% cherry powder had acceptable sensory properties, such as flavor, taste, softness, moisture, and overall acceptability. The results exhibited that adding the cherry powder into the pound cake increased antioxidant activity with the highest quality improvement obtained by incorporating 10% (w/w) of cherry powder into the pound cake formula.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.371-379
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• 2010

Crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) and rye (Secale cereale) are common leguminous cover crops. Because they contain water-soluble allelopathic substances that show a variable level in tissue depending on growth stage of the plants, the weed inhibition effects are dependent on the growth stage of cover crops. This study investigated the allelopathic effects of crimson clover, hairy vetch and rye on soybean, radish, oilseed rape and lettuce seeds germination and seedling growth. We used extract that were prepared from the shoots of crimson clover, hairy vetch and rye at different growth stages, vegetative growth stage, flowering stage, and fruiting stage. Applications of aqueous extracts from three growth stage of cover crops strongly affected to oilseed rape and lettuce seeds germination but the treatment resulted in a slight inhibition of the germination in soybean and radish. Radical length was more sensitive to aqueous extracts than seed germination rate. Especially, three cover crops extracts at vegetative growth stage highly inhibited seedling root growth of oilseed rape and lettuce by over 80% and 90% respectively. Furthermore, the $GR_{50}$ values were lowest in the treatment of extracts from vegetative growth stage and the level of phenolics was decreased by the order of vegetative growth stage, flowering stage and fruiting stage.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.310-315
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• 2012

The vegetable perilla is proved to be a late-maturing plant that flowers at the early of Oct. regardless of sowing time, so that the sowing time for seed production should be decided under consideration of maturity before beginning of frost. This experiment was carried out to determine the sowing date for seed production at greenhouse on late-maturing perilla cultivar, 'Ipdlkkae 1' in the middle region of Korea. The sowing dates were 8 times from May 6 to July 15 with an intervals of 10 days. As sowing date was delayed, the stem height, no. of nodes, no. of branches, no. of cluster per plant and no. of capsules per cluster were decreased. But as sowing was early, the lodging was occurred because of heavier growing. Days to flowering was linearly decreased about 0.86 day as affected by a day's delayed. But days from flowering to maturing was not significantly affected by sowing date. The grain yield was not significantly different among sowing from May 6 to June 15 and rapidly decreased the sowing after June 25 because of the reductions of no. of cluster and percent of ripened grain. Considering accumulative temperature, lodging, germination rate and grain yield, it is suggested that the sowing for seed production in late-maturing perilla cultivar should be finish before June 15 (transplanted at July 15) at greenhouse in the middle region of Korea.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.285-290
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• 2009

This experiment was conducted to investigate the propagation system by seed to check growth, flowering, and making seed of three-year-old cactus of potted Mammillaria goldii. M. theresae, and M. pseudopeclinata. Plant height and width of them was 2.5~2.8 cm, and 2.8~3.1 cm, and seed formation of Mammillaria goldii and M. theresae had internal body taking130 to 135 days to ripening seeds, however, M. pseudopectinata had externals taking just 26 days to ripening seeds. The mean seeded pod from April to June of M. goldii was 50.0% and the number of seeds in a pod was 25.3. In M. theresae, the mean seeded pod from April to June was 57.3% and the number of seeds in a pod was 35.0. However, the highest rate of seeded pod on May of M. pseudopectinata was 75.0% and the number of seed in a pod was 66.0. The sib crossing was much more ripening seed fertilization than that of self cross ing in the Mammillaria. The self crossing was formed from 12.0% to 20.0% of seeded pod, from 12.0 to 16.0 number of seed in a pod. However, sib crossing obtained 58.0% of seeded pod, 30 seeds in a pod of M. goldii, 65.0% seeded pods and 40 seeds in a pod of M. theresae, and 75.0% seeded pod, 68 seeds in a pod of M. pseudopectinala as the highest of them.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.173-176
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• 2016

This research was performed to breed new columnar-typed apple variety for pollinator in apple orchard. We cross-fertilized 'Hongro' that was an ovary parent and 'Maypole' a pollen parent in 2003. We gathered seeds in 2003 and sowed after breaking of dormancy in 2004. Seedlings was been growth and development till flowering. After fruit setting, We investigated characteristics of growth and fruit including mating compatibility from 2010 to 2012, then finally selected '03-2-95' named 'Tinkerbell' in 2012, registered as new variety on Korea Seed & Variety Service in 2015. The full bloom stage of 'Tinkerbell' was later 2 days then of 'Maypole'. Tree habit of 'Tinkerbell' was alike to of 'Maypole', for example weak tree vigor, columnar type. But there were many different characteristics between 'Tinkerbell' and 'Maypole'. Fruit shape of 'Tinkerbell' was ovoid whereas of 'Maypole' was ellipsoid. Fruit of 'Tinkerbell' was bigger, smoother skin, no waxy bloom than of 'Maypole'. Fruit of 'Tinkerbell' was more delicious than of 'Maypole' because of having higher soluble sugar content and lower titratable acidity. 'Tinkerbell' was excellent pollinator in apple orchard. Because of having high fruit setting rate with major apple varieties and a narrow tree width that was advantageous as pollinator in apple high density system.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.110-123
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• 2016

In order to obtain scientific information for the conservation of Utricularia japonica Makino, rare plant species, we investigated life history, phenology, growth and distribution in the east coastal region of Korea. Seven habitats of U. japonica were confirmed in this study. Turion of U. japonica rests overwinter at the bottom and ripens at the water surface and then usually germinate and sprout when the water warms in spring. A single shoot grown from turion divided into several shoots. Shoot decomposition started in October and formed a new turion at the end of the decomposed shoot. Flowering period was from early July to late October. Percentage of flowering ramets was significantly low as 6.3%. U. japonica showed the fastest growth rate from April to July, the maximum growth in August and the highest biomass in October. U. japonica tended to be concentrated in larger ramets in the water depth of 50 cm~150 cm in Cheonjin lake. The main factors affecting the growth of U. japonica were water temperature and turbidity. The establishment and growth of U. japonica in Cheonjin lake were determined by responses to water temperature with seasonal change and to light conditions caused by the different plants. These conditions affect the temporal and spatial distribution of U. japonica and population change. The findings of this study would be helpful to provide the basic information needed for the conservation and restoration of U. japonica.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.21-26
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• 1979

To compare the effect of dikegulac (sodium 2,3 : 4, 6-di-O-isopropylidene-2-keto-L-gulonate) and ancymidol (${\alpha}$-cyclopropyl-${\alpha}$-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol) on the growth and flowering responses of Salvia splendens cv. Bonfire, foliar spray of dikegulac at rates of 0.06 and 0.12% and ancymidol at rates of 50 and 100 ppm, and soil drench of ancymidol at rates of 0.1 and 0.5 mg/pot were treated. Dikegulac reduced the plant height and induced the lateral shoot development by disrupting apical dominance, and thus increased the number of inflorescences and retarded flowering date. Dikegulac treatment greatly increased chlorophyll content of leaf, especially chlorophyll a. Ancymidol reduced the plant height without disrupting apical dominance and retarding flower ing date, but did not increase inflorescence number except soil drench at rate of 0.1 mg/pct. Ancymidol treatment significantly increased chlorophyll content of leaf, especially chlorophyll a. Dikegulac can be effectively used as a pinching agent and branching agent for salvia.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.405-413
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• 2016

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a plant native to the Andean region that has become increasing popular as a food source due to its high nutritional content. This study determined the optimal photoperiod, light intensity, and electrical conductivity (EC) of the nutrient solution for growth and yield of quinoa in a closed-type plant factory system. The photoperiod effects were first analyzed in a growth chamber using three different light cycles, 8/16, 14/10, and 16/8 hours (day/night). Further studies, performed in a closed-type plant factory system, evaluated nutrient solutions with EC (salinity) levels of 1.0, 2.0 or $3.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$. These experiments were assayed with two light intensities (120 and $143{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$) under a 12/12 and 14/10 hours (day/night) photoperiod. The plants grown under the 16/8 hours photoperiod did not flower, suggesting that a long-day photoperiod delays flowering and that quinoa is a short-day plant. Under a 12/12 h photoperiod, the best shoot yield (both fresh and dry weights) was observed at an EC of $2.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ and a photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of $120{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$. With a 14/10 h photoperiod, the shoot yield (both fresh and dry weights), plant height, leaf area, and light use efficiency were higher when grown with an EC of $2.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ and a PPFD of $143{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$. Overall, the optimal conditions for producing quinoa as a leafy vegetable, in a closed-type plant factory system, were a 16/8 h (day/night) photoperiod with an EC of $2.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ and a PPFD of $143{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.159-164
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• 2008

Crown gall of rose (Rosa hybrida) was observed in greenhouse during 2003-2007. The average disease incidence was up to 38.1 % and was more severe in hydroponic culture as compared to soil culture. The typical gall symptom occurred mainly on the root, crown, or both, and resulted on poor rooting, growth retardation and yield loss. The reduction rate of rooting influenced by crown gall was 57.5% as compared to healthy plants on nursery stock. The location of gall formation in the plant influenced growth vigor resulting in symptoms such as poor shooting. Healthy plants produced 19.1 flowers/$m^2$, while diseased plants produced 9.5 flowers/$m^2$ during the same cultivation period. Moreover, the number of days to flowering was longer for the diseased plants than for healthy plants - 51.2 days and 39.8 days for first harvest, and 60.6 days and 52.1 days for the second harvest, respectively. Conclusively, infection on the basal stem caused serious loss of the number of shoot formation; yield loss of cut flower was 38.7% due to crown gall infection and delay of harvesting time about 8-10 days.