• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.125-138
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• 1998

Purpose : To evaluate the late effect(3 and 6 months) of cis-diarnrninedichlo-roplatinum(II)(cisplatin) on the radiation brain damage when the cisplatin was intraperitoneally infused immediately after whole brain irradiation in the rats. Materials and Methods : The histolopathological findings of the brain were examined in rat brains at 3 and 6 months after the treatment. The rats were irradiated(20 or 22.5 Gy, RT) or cisplatin was injected intraperitoneally(2,4, or 8mg/kg, CT) and in combined treatment group, cisplatin(2mg/kg) was injected immediately after irradiation(20 or 22.5 Gr). Histopathological examination was done mostly in irradiation or cisplatin alone groups, because the rats in combined group died during experimental period except 2 rats. Results : The rats treated with cisplatin showed marked epithelial vacuolation with perivascular edema and vascular dilatation in choroid plexus at 3 months as well as multifocal necrosis involving fimbria and cerebellar hemispheres at 3 and 6 months. The changes were more prominent in rats with 2mg/kg injection compared to rats with 8mg/kg injection. The rats with RT and combined CT and RT showed characteristic delayed irradiation effects such as focal coagulation necrosis and vascular changes, which were more marked than previous reports Prominent perivascular and leptomenin-geal astrocytic Proliferation was well documented by anti-GFAP antibody. Cisplatin treatment did not enhance the effect of radiation-induced changes of blood vessels and astrocytic proliferation. Conclusion : The focal necrosis was the most consistently noted finding in this study, it suggested the possibility to use this as an evaluation factor for combined effects of RT and cisplatin.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.1014-1032
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• 2020

This work aimed to investigate the psychobiotic effects of six bacterial strains on the mind and behavior of male Wistar rats. The probiotic (PRO) group (n=7) were rats pre-treated with antibiotics for 7 days followed by 14-day probiotic administration, antibiotics (ANT) group (n=7) were rats treated with antibiotics for 21 days without probiotics. The control (CON) group (n=7) were rats that received sham treatment for 21 days. The six bacterial strains with probiotic properties were mostly isolated from Thai fermented foods; Pedicoccus pentosaceus WS11, Lactobacillus plantarum SK321, L. fermentum SK324, L. brevis TRBC 3003, Bifidobacterium adolescentis TBRC 7154 and Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis TBRC 375. The probiotics were freeze-dried into powder (6×10⁹ CFU/5 g) and administered to the PRO group via oral gavage. Behavioral tests were performed. The PRO group displayed significantly reduced anxiety level and increased locomotor function using a marble burying test and open field test, respectively and significantly improved short-term memory performance using a novel object recognition test. Antibiotics significantly reduced microbial counts in rat feces in the ANT group by 100 fold compared to the PRO group. Probiotics significantly enhanced antioxidant enzymatic and non-enzymatic defenses in rat brains as assessed using catalase activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, respectively. Probiotics also showed neuroprotective effects with less pyknotic cells and lower frequency of vacuolization in cerebral cortex. This multi-strain probiotic formulation from Thai fermented foods may offer a potential to develop psychobiotic-rich functional foods to modulate human mind and behaviors.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.145-152
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• 2007

Following CNS injury, inhibitory influences at the site of axonal damage occur. Glial cells become reactive and form a glial scar, gliosis. Astrocyte-rich gliosis relates with up-regulation of GFAP and CD81, and eventually becomes physical and mechanical barrier to axonal regeneration. It is postulated that the astrocytic reaction is absent, regeneration of axons can occur. And it was reported that treatment with anti CD81 antibodies enhanced functional recovery in the rat with spinal cord injury. So in this current study, the author investigated the effect of the water extract of Persicae Semen on the regulation of GFAP and CD81 that increase when gliosis occurs. Persicae Semen decreased the expression of GFAP and CD81 in astrocyte cell by ELISA method. Persicae Semen decreased the RNA expression of CD81 and GFAP. The proteins that separate in whole cell were analaysed by western blot, and the expression of GFAP and CD81 was decreased. In vivo, rats brains were peformed cortical stab wound, the water extracts of Persicae Semen were injected for 7 days, 30 days. As a result, GFAP and CD81 expression were decreased in immunohistochemistry. These findings demonstrate that Persicae Semen decreases GFAP and CD81 expression. Accordingly, Persicae Semen could be a candidate for promotion of axon regeneration after CNS injury.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.131-137
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• 2020

Background: Among various diseases that accompany pain, complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is one of the most frustrating for patients and physicians. Recently, many studies have shown functional and anatomical abnormalities in the brains of patients with CRPS. The calcium-related signaling pathway is important in various physiologic processes via calmodulin (CaM) and calcium-calmodulin kinase 2 (CaMK2). To investigate the cerebral mechanism of CRPS, we measured changes in CaM and CaMK2 expression in the cerebrum in CRPS animal models. Methods: The chronic post-ischemia pain model was employed for CRPS model generation. After generation of the animal models, the animals were categorized into three groups based on changes in the withdrawal threshold for the affected limb: CRPS-positive (P), CRPS-negative (N), and control (C) groups. Western blot analysis was performed to measure CaM and CaMK2 expression in the rat cerebrum. Results: Animals with a decreased withdrawal threshold (group P) showed a significant increment in cerebral CaM and CaMK2 expression (P = 0.013 and P = 0.021, respectively). However, groups N and C showed no difference in CaM and CaMK2 expression. Conclusions: The calcium-mediated cerebral process occurs after peripheral injury in CRPS, and there can be a relationship between the cerebrum and the pathogenesis of CRPS.

• BMB Reports
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.233-239
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• 1998

A GABA synthesizing enzyme, glutamate decarboxylase, has been purified from bovine brain by several chromatographic procedures. The preparation appeared homogeneous on SDS-PAGE. The enzyme is a homodimeric protein with a molecular mass of 120 kDa. The activation of glutamate decarboxylase by ginesenosides from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer has been studied. Preincubation of the enzyme with total ginsenoside, $Rb_2$ and Rc ginsenosides, increased glutamate decarboxylase activities in a dose-dependent manner. There was a reproducible decrease in $K_m$, in addition to a increase in $V_{max}$, in response to increasing concentrations of the Rc ginsenoside fraction. Upon addition of the ginsenoside to the enzyme, a decrease in flurorescence intensity was discernible, together with an increase in emission anisotropy. Judging from the anisotropy values, the ginsenoside is rapidly trapped by the protein matrix. Total ginsenoside was administered to rats and the rat brains were removed for the measurement of the changes of GABA shunt regulating enzyme activities. Among the GABA shunt regulating enzymes, only the glutamate decarboxylase activities were increased after ginsenoside treatment. Therefore, it is suggested that the ginsenosides may elevate the GABA level in brain by activation of glutamate decarboxylase and the enzymatic activation might be due to the conformational change induced by binding of ginsenoside to the enzyme.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.9
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• pp.918-923
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• 2003

L-theanine Is an amino acid in green tea and has been known to decrease serotonin and increase norepinephrine in rat brains, and also reported to produce mental relaxation, lower blood pressure and improve learning ability in human beings. But, few studies on these effects for human beings have been conducted so far. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of L-theanine on the release of brain alpha waves known to be related with mental relaxation and concentration. Twenty healthy male volunteers aged 18 to 30 years without any Physical and Psychological diseases were recruited through written advertisement. Alpha power values of EEG as a surrogate marker of mental relaxation and concentration were measured in frontal and occipital regions for 40 minutes after administration of four placebo or test tablets and 20 minute resting period. The same procedure crossed over at 7-day intervals. We analyzed average alpha power values in frontal and occipital regions at 10 minute intervals. Repeated ANOVA revealed that there were significant differences of occipital alpha power values between placebo and test groups with high anxiety (p < 0.05). The mean values at 20,30,40,50 and 60 minute intervals were 0.23, 024, 0.28, 0.25 and 0.34 in placebo, respectively and 0.23, 0.29, 0.40, 0.34, and 0.45 in test, respectively. But there were no significant differences of frontal and occipital alpha power values between placebo and test groups with low anxiety (p > 0.05) . The results of this study suggest that L-theanine containing tablets promote the release of alpha waves related to mental relaxation and concentration in young adult males.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.318-329
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• 1987

Weanling female Sprague Dawley rate were fed 1.2mg pyridoxine' HCl/kg diet Cdepleted diet) and 2 22mg pyridoxine' HCI/kg dietCcontrol diet). The control and one depleted group were fed their diets throughout growth, gestation, and lactation. Other three depleted groups were fed the depleted diet throught growth and gestation, and then pyridoxine w was supplemented by feeding control diet at 5, 10, and 21 days postpartum. The brains were analyzed for proteolipid protein, cholesterol, and cerebrosi­d de. Percentage stimulation of erythrocyte alanine aminotransferase activity was also determined. Body and brain weight were significantly lower at all ages in depleted group than the control and depleted group showed inadequacy of B6 at all ages. PProteolipid protein and cholesterol were significa­n ntlylower in the depleted group at 10, 21, 35 and 5 50 days. The postnatal development of cerebroside in brain was delayed in depleted groups suppleme­I nted at 5, 10, and 21 days. When supplementation was initiateo at 5 days postparturn, contents of cho­lesterol proteolipid protein were reversed. But some differences in brain development of pups we­re evident when supplementation of dams was de­layed to 10 days or 21 days.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.185-196
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• 2003

Depression is very common mental disorder, so many people suffer from it, which makes the treatment of depression important. Many drugs to treat depression were developed and being prescripted. But they have a lot of side effects, so it needs to develop drugs without side effects or with less side effects. Herbal medicines have been used to treat not only physical disorder but also mental disorder and it has been reported that they have less side effects. Therefore, there is the need to discover and use herbal medicine with antidepressant effect. The purpose of this study was to reseach Antidepressant effect of Licium chinense Mill. and its influence on serotonin and its metabolite of depression model rats. We used 'forced swimming test(FST)' to know antidepressant effect of Licium chinense Mill. and HPLC to check the influence on serotonin and its metabolite(5-HIAA) of Licium chinense Mill. after rats' brains were divided into cerebral cortex, striatum, hypothalamus and hippocampus. The results were obtained as follows : In the study of antidepressant effect by 'forced swimming test(FST)' method, Licium chinense Mill. had a significant antidepressant effect. In the study of influence on serotonin and 5-HIAA by HPLC, Licium chinense Mill. mainly increased serotonin and 5-HlAA of cerebral cortex and striatum signigficantly among 4 parts of rat's brain above-mentioned. These results suggest that Licium chinense Mill. has antidepressant effect that may be related with the increase of serotonin and its metabolite as its mechanism, but more precise experiments will be need to prove their relation.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.381-390
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to examine whether ginsenoside Rg3 (GRg3) could improve learning and memory impairments and inflammatory reactions induced by injecting lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into the brains of rats. The effects of GRg3 on proinflammatory mediators in the hippocampus and the underlying mechanisms of these effects were also investigated. Injection of LPS into the lateral ventricle caused chronic inflammation and produced deficits in learning in a memory-impairment animal model. Daily administration of GRg3 (10, 20, and 50 mg/kg, i.p.) for 21 consecutive days markedly improved the LPS-induced learning and memory disabilities demonstrated on the step-through passive avoidance test and Morris water maze test. GRg3 administration significantly decreased expression of pro-inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, interleukin-1${\beta}$, and cyclooxygenase-2 in the hippocampus, as assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis and immunohistochemistry. Together, these findings suggest that GRg3 significantly attenuated LPS-induced cognitive impairment by inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators in the rat brain. These results suggest that GRg3 may be effective for preventing or slowing the development of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, by improving cognitive and memory functions due to its anti-inflammatory activity in the brain.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.538-543
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• 2004

Objective : This study investigated a neuroprotective effect of Puerariae Radix on cerebral ischemia. Method : The global cerebral ischemia was induced by bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion under hypotension (40mmHg) in Sprague-Dawley rats. After the treatment of Puerariae Radix extract, changes of c-Fos and c-Jun expressions, immediate early genes expressed by cerebral ischemia, in the hippocampus were observed immunohistochemically. Result: The results obtained are as follows; The significant increases of c-Fos and c-Jun expressions were observed in the hippocampus of the ischemic damaged rat brains. Then Puerariae Radix treatment demonstrated significant decreases of c-Fos and c-Jun expressions in CA1 region and dentate gyrus as compared with control group. On the upregulated c-Fos expression induced by cerebral ischemia, Puerariae Radix treatment demonstrated significant decreases of c-Fos expressions in CA1 region (P<0.01) and dentate gyrus (P<0.05) as compared to the control group, but there were not a significant changes in CA2 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus. On the upregulated c-Jun expression induced by cerebral ischemia, Puerariae Radix treatment demonstrated significant decrease of c-Jun expression in CA1 region (P<0.05) as compared to the control group, but there were not a significant changes in CA2, CA3, and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Conclusion : These results suggested that Puerariae Radix reveals the neuroprotective effect through the reduction of immediate early genes, c-Fos and c-Jun, induced by cerebral ischemia.