• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.226-231
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• 2010

The objective of this experiment was determined to investigate the effect of the planting ratio of Male Sterility (MS) to Restorer Line (RL) and harvesting time on fatty acid compositions under $F_1$ seed production of Brassica napus L. For rapeseed seed production, two experiments were conducted in the open fields. One experiment studied planting ratios of MS to RL (4:2, 10:2, or 10:1) were planted and investigated fatty acid composition at 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 days after flowering, the other $F_2$ seeds were analyzed on fatty acid compositions of harvested seeds at five sequential stages. The results showed that fatty acid compositions of developing seeds were influenced by MS:RL planting ratios and $F_2$ hybrid treatments and contaminated level of fatty acid compositions, erucic acid, were unaffected by planting ratio of MS to RL. Fatty acid compositions such as palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0) and linoleic acid (C18:2) contents decreased during seed maturation period in $1^{st}$ and $2^{nd}$ experiments. In contrast, oleic acid (C18:1) content relatively increased up to 55days after flowering. At day 60 after flowering, oleic acid content was unaffected by MS:RL planting ratios and $F_2$ seeds treatments. Aspects of related gene expression of fatty acid synthesis such as SAD, FAD1 and FAD2 were followed exactly to changes of fatty acid composition during seed maturation. These results suggest that MS ratio may be enlarged and RL may be reduced, indicating this ratio will be useful for rape seed production.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.249-254
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• 2008

This study was conducted to develop an organic control method of two spotted spider mite(Tetranychus urticae) by using cooking oil and yolk mixture(COY) through evaluating its acaricidal activity in laboratory and green house. In laboratory, there is no significant difference in acaricidal activity against T. urticae within the COY including soybean, canola(rape seed), sunflower and olive oil. The acaricidal activity against T. urticae. increased from 17.6% to 94.1% as the COY became concentrated between 0.1% to 1%. The COY acricidal activity was effected by the quantity of treatment according to application methods. The COY dealt with T. urticae eggs presented 95% of the ovicidal activity. In rose greenhouse damaged by T. urticae, the COY(0.3%) was sprayed three times and resulted in the high control value of mites between 69.0% to 89.6%.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.317-322
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• 1993

Two kinds of simple and interesterfying mixed rapeseed oil were prepared according to add 30%, 50% and 70% of coconut and palm oil, then the physicochemical propecties such as the tedency of oxidation, foaming activity were Investigated. The initial AV and POV of interesterifyung mixed rape-seed oils were higher than those of simple mixed oils, but the tendencies of oxidation were similar. The intial value of IV interesterfied rapeseed oils was added in simple mixed rapeseed oil, Induction period were increased about 2.4~4 times. Induction period of intereterifyng mixed oils added palm ell increased about 2~3.2 times. While the foaming Buantity of interesterifing mixed rapeseed oils with palm oil were lower about 28~40% than those of the simple mixed rapeseed oils.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.215-223
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• 1973

A potent citric acid producing strain was selected by an extensive screening test of the yeasts isolated from the various sources. These experiments were conducted to identify the selected strain and investigate the cultural conditions for citric acid production. The results obtained were as fellows: 1. The selected strain of yeast was identified to Hansenula anomala var. anomala by a taxnoomic study of Lodder. 2. The optimum conditions for citric acid production in the basal medium containing 10% glucose were: temperature $30^{\circ}C$, the concentration of $CaCO_3$ 3% and the velocity of oscillation 110 oscills/min. 3. As a nitrogen source ol the basal medium $NH_4Cl(0.1%)$ was the most effective for citric acid production. Organic nitrogen sources such as peptone were adequate for growth of the strain but not for citric acid production. 4. The most effective concentration of glucose was 10% in yield ratio of citric acid from sugar. 5. The addition of defatted rape seed, defatted perilla or defatted rice bran to the medium was effective for citric acid production. When 5% extract solution of defatted rape seed was added, the citric acid production was increased as much as 40% as compared with the case of adding yeast extract(0.2%). 6. The most effective concentration of $KH_2PO_4$ and $MgSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$ in the medium(for citric acid Production) was 0.05% and 0.025% respectively. 7. Under the optimum cultural conditions, the growth of the strain was continued up to 5 days and the increase of citric acid production was continued up to 6 days, showing the yield ratio of 46% to glucose.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.57-61
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• 1992

For testing salts effect on seed germination, nitrogen solutions($(NH_4)_2SO_4$, $NH_4NO_3$, $KNO_3$, $Mg(NO_3)_2$, $Ca(NO_3)_2$, $(NH_2)_2CO$) were treated to chinese cabbage(Brassica rape L.) and lettuce(Lactuca sativa L.) seeding on the quartz sand bed given a tilt to wet by dripping. Electrical conductivities (mS/cm) increased with direct proportion by equivalent gram-molecular weight at $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ and $KNO_3$, $NH_4NO_3$, but those of Mg and Ca salt remained 1 1/2 times higher. And urea solution never showed EC at all. $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ solution appeared to have value of EC with 1.37 times as high as that of $KNO_3$ and it was in order of $(NH_4)_2SO_4>NH_4NO_3>KNO_3>Ca(NO_3)_2>Mg(NO_3)_2$ comparing with same percentage solution. Application of $Mg(NO_3)_2$ and $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ among 6 salts resulted in a severe decreas in germination of both crops, and $NH_4NO_3$ showed light inhibition in comparison to $KNO_3$. Urea showed little effect on germination as the same as $Ca(NO_3)_2$ and $KNO_3$ solution at low concentrations, but the latter two salts reduced germination remarkably at high concentrations. It is likely to show that germination inhibition is not affected by salt salanity but by the sort of salts.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.1339-1347
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• 2003

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of microbial phytase ($Natuphos^{(R)}$) supplementation in combination with carbohydrases (composed of enzymes targeted to soybean meal (SBM) dietary components such as $\alpha$-galactosides and galactomannans; $Endo-Power^{(R)}$) to corn-soybean meal based diet (CSD) and complex diet (CD) with a partial replacement of SBM with rape seed meal (RSM) and cotton seed meal (CSM) on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of growing pigs. A total of 168 growing pigs averaging $13.18{\pm}1.77kg$ of initial body weight was arranged as a $2{\times}2$ factorial design with main effects of diet types (corn-SBM based diet (CSD) and complex diets (CD; 5% of SBM was replaced with 2.5% of RSM and 2.5% of CSM in diet for phase I (0 to 3 weeks) and 6% of SBM was replaced with 3% of RSM and 3% of CSM in diet for phase II (4 to 7 weeks))) and enzyme supplementation (none and 0.1% of phytase (500 FTU/kg diet) and 0.1% of carbohydrases). The diet with enzyme application were formulated to have a 0.18% unit lower aP than diets without enzyme application. Each treatment had three replicates with 14 pigs per replicate. To determine supplementation effect of phytase and carbohydrases on ileal amino acid digestibility of SBM, RSM and CSM, a total of 18 T-cannulated pigs (initial body weight; $13.52{\pm}1.24kg$) were assigned to six dietary treatments in the present study. Dietary treatments in metabolic trial included 1) SBM diet, 2) SBM diet+with enzymes (phytase (500 FTU/kg) and carbohydrases at 0.1%, respectively), 3) CSM diet, 4) CSM diet+enzymes, 5) RSM diet and 6) RSM diet+enzymes. During whole experimental period (0 to 7 wks), there was no difference in growth performance between diets (CSD and CD). However, dietary phytase and carbohydrases supplementation significantly improved gain/feed ratio (G:F) of growing pigs. During the phase II (4-7 weeks), dietary phytase and carbohydrases supplementation significantly improved all fecal nutrient digestibilities (Dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P)). Dietary phytase and carbohydrases supplementation improved significantly overall ileal amino acid digestibilities of SBM, RSM and CSM based diets (p<0.05). The simultaneous inclusion of phytase and carbohydrases in both of CSD and CD reduced feed cost per kg body weight gain (FCG). Also, results suggest that 2.5 to 3% of RSM and CSM, respectively, might be used as a protein source in growing pig diets without having an adverse effect on the growth performance and nutrient digestibility and simultaneous phytase and carbohydrases addition improves nutritional value of SBM, RSM and CSM by improving ileal amino acid digestibilities.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.225-229
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• 2006

This study was conducted to screen herbicidal activity of Korean native plants which could be used for the development of new natural herbicides. Fifty-five plants were collected from Wan and Jeju islands in Korea and their methanol extracts were obtained. Herbicidal activity of methanol extracts were determined by seed bioassay using rape (Brassica napus L.) seedlings. Among fifty-five species, five plants were highly herbicidal ($GR_{50}$ < 1,000 ${\mu}g\;g^{-1}$): Clematis apiifolia A. P. DC.; (811 ${\mu}g\;g^{-1}$), Euscaphis japonica (THUNB.) KANITZ (867 ${\mu}g\;g^{-1}$), Hibiscus mutabilis L. (988 ${\mu}g\;g^{-1}$), Phyllostachys pubescens MAZEL (778 ${\mu}g\;g^{-1}$), Yucca recurvifolia (857 ${\mu}g\;g^{-1}$). Twenty-seven plants were shown moderately herbicidal (1,000 < $GR_{50}$ < 2,000 ${\mu}g\;g^{-1}$), however, twenty-three plants were not shown any herbicidal activity.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.498-501
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• 2011

The nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents are the key factors to determine the quality of organic fertilizers and right amount of application for agricultural uses. The major nutrient contents in raw materials used for making organic fertilizers and products were evaluated in this study. Among the raw materials that were investigated, soybean cake gave the highest total N content at $76g\;kg^{-1}$, followed by perilla cake ($70g\;kg^{-1}$), rape seed oil cake ($66g\;kg^{-1}$), cotton seed cake ($54g\;kg^{-1}$), and rice bran ($22g\;kg^{-1}$). We investigated 43 organic fertilizers and our results showed widely varied concentrations of major nutrients : total N at $30.5-139g\;kg^{-1}$, total $P_2O_5$ at $2.3-96.3g\;kg^{-1}$, and total $K_2O$ at $0.1-29.3g\;kg^{-1}$. Our study would like to emphasize the importance of nutrient content labeling in packed organic fertilizers to be able to know its efficiency and for determining the right amount for application.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.783-789
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• 1997

This study was conducted to identify leakage of fluorescent substances out of 56 crops and to develop sorting methods of nonviable seeds of Chinese cabbage. Fluorescent substances were detected from 36 species, Chinese cabbage, radish, broccoli, cauliflower, egg plant and rape seed etc. In Chinese cabbage, the germination rate of non-sorted seeds decreased rapidly with ageing of seeds at 45$^{\circ}C$ and 100％. After Chinese cabbage seeds soaked for 4hrs and coated with cellulose, the sorting ratio of non fluorescent seeds were decreased 91.3％ to 1.7％ by increasing ageing periods from control to 8 days, while fluorescent seeds were increased drastically from 8.7％ to 98.3％. Also, incubation of water soaked dead seeds of Chinese cabbage treated with 0.5-1.0％ ninhydrin and 0.01N sodium thiosulfate for 30~60 minutes at 35$^{\circ}C$ developed purple color.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.153-160
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• 2006

Brassica rape is an important species used as a vegetable, oil, and fodder worldwide. It is related phylogenically to Arabidopsis thaliana, which has already been fully sequenced as a model plant. The 'Multinational Brassica Genome Project (MBGP)'was launched by the international Brassica community with the aim of sequencing the whole genome of B. rapa in 2003 on account of its value and the fact that it has the smallest genome among the diploid Brassica. The genome study was carried out not only to know the structure of genome but also to understand the function and the evolution of the genes comprehensively. There are two mapping populations, over 1,000 molecular markers and a genetic map, 2 BAC libraries, physical map, a 22 cDHA libraries as suitable genomic materials for examining the genome of B. rapa ssp. pekinensis Chinese cabbage. As the first step for whole genome analysis, 220,000 BAC-end sequences of the KBrH and KBrB BAC library are achieved by cooperation of six countries. The results of BAC-end sequence analysis will provide a clue in understanding the structure of the genome of Brassica rapa by analyzing the gene sequence, annotation and abundant repetitive DHA. The second stage involves sequencing of the genetically mapped seed BACs and identifying the overlapping BACs for complete genome sequencing. Currently, the second stage is comprises of process genetic anchoring using communal populations and maps to identify more than 1,000 seed BACs based on a BAC-to-BAC strategy. For the initial sequencing, 629 seed BACs corresponding to the minimum tiling path onto Arabidopsis genome were selected and fully sequenced. These BACs are now anchoring to the genetic map using the development of SSR markers. This information will be useful for identifying near BAC clones with the seed BAC on a genome map. From the BAC sequences, it is revealed that the Brassica rapa genome has extensive triplication of the DNA segment coupled with variable gene losses and rearrangements within the segments. This article introduces the current status and prospective of Korea Brassica Genome Project and the bioinformatics tools possessed in each national team. In the near future, data of the genome will contribute to improving Brassicas for their economic use as well as in understanding the evolutional process.