• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.280-291
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• 2016

The Invention Promotion act is one of the acts that have been frequently revised. Such frequent revisions have been pointed out as a major cause of the recent ongoing discussion on the alignment of the Invention Promotion Act. For proper alignment of the Act, diversified perspectives and issues have been discussed. Of them, the talk considering the effect of the 2011 Framework Act on Intellectual Property establishment on the Invention Promotion Act has received increasing attention. In this situation, this paper examined the relationship between the Framework Act and Invention Act with special focus on the relationship between the framework-formed law and an individual act that has existed prior to such a framework act. Based on this analysis, this study examined the alignment goal of the Invention Act. In addition, by studying the relationship between the recently-established framework act and the individual act along with revision case examples thereof, this paper aimed to produce a standard reflecting the legal reality. This study assumed that, although it is difficult to recognize any formal superiority in the Framework Act on Intellectual Property in the present South Korean legal regime, some practical superiority or practical supremacy is still deemed to be acknowledged. Under this assumption, it was found in this study that the Invention Promotion Act would also need to be managed in an appropriate relationship with the Framework Act within the range of such an attitude. Moreover, the structure would need to be reorganized. As discussed partially at the practical level, however, the Invention Promotion Act is an execution act of the Framework Act on Intellectual Property. Furthermore, it is inappropriate to seek to converge the full structures completely, given the limitations of the South Korean legal regime and the fairness balance with other legal cases. It is deemed that, although the provisions of the Framework Act on Intellectual property should be considered at the practical level, the Invention Promotion Act will need to be respected for its legislative purpose in itself.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.213-217
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• 2006

Purpose: To evaluate the clinical and radiological results of tibio-talo-calcaneal arthrodesis using ipsilateral distal fibula buttress which had advantages of extended operative field and release of contracted soft tissue. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 4 postraumatic compartment syndrome, 2 residual poliomyelitis, 1 posttraumatic osteoarthritis with subtalar joint infection and 1 posttarumatic sciatic nerve palsy patients who underwent a tibio-talo-calcaneal arthrodesis from April, 1996 to March, 2002. Each of the cases was notable for a severe rigid equinovarus, persistent pus drainage of calcaneal area and paralytic foot. The mean duration of follow up was 18 months (range, $13{\sim}42$ months). The pain, function and alignment were evaluated by the modified ankle hindfoot scale of the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) and patients satisfaction clinically. The radiological union were evaluated by plain AP and lateral radiographs. Results: The AOFAS score improved from 58 points (range, $47{\sim}78$) preoperatively to 82 (range, $60{\sim}89$) postoperatively. Patents satisfaction checked at 12 months after operation had favorable results (excellent and good 80%). Union rate was 100% radiographically and the mean duration of union was 12.5 weeks (range $8{\sim}22$ weeks). There was 2 cases of superficial pin tract infection and one protrusion of screw. Conclusion: Tibio-talo-calcaneal arthrodesis using ipsilateral distal fibula buttress was good modality of arthrodesis which provides wide operative field and release of contracted soft tissue in some cases of contracted foot.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.532-537
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• 2009

Objective : Recently, motion preservation has come to the forefront of emerging technologies in spine surgery. This is the important background information of the emergence of cervical arthroplasty as an alternative to arthrodesis that offers the promise of restoring normal spinal movement and reduces a kinematic strain on adjacent segments. The study was designed to evaluate early surgical outcome and radiological effects of $Bryan^{(R)}$ cervical disc prosthesis. Methods : The authors retrospectively reviewed radiographic and clinical outcomes in 52 patients who received the $Bryan^{(R)}$ Cervical Disc prosthesis, for whom follow-up data were available. Static and dynamic radiographs were measured by computer to determine the angles formed by the endplates of the natural disc preoperatively, those formed by the shells of the implanted prosthesis, the angle of functional spine unit (FSU), and the C2-7 Cobb angle. The range of motion (ROM) was also determined radiographically, whereas clinical outcomes were assessed using Odom's criteria, visual analogue pain scale (VAS) and neck disability index (NDI). Results : A total of 71 $Bryan^{(R)}$ disc were placed in 52 patients. A single-level procedure was performed in 36 patients, a two-level procedure in 13 patients, and a three-level procedure in 3. Radiographic and clinical assessments were made preoperatively. Mean follow-up duration was 29.2 months, ranging from 6 to 36 months. All of the patients were satisfied with the surgical results by Odom's criteria, and showed significant improvement by VAS and NDI score (p < 0.05). The postoperative ROM of the implanted level was preserved without significant difference from preoperative ROM of the operated level (p < 0.05). 97% of patients with a preoperative lordotic sagittal orientation of the FSU were able to maintain lordosis. The overall sagittal alignment of the cervical spine was preserved in 88.5% of cases at the final follow up. Interestingly, preoperatively kyphotic FSU resulted in lordotic FSU in 70% of patients during the late follow up, and preoperatively kyphotic overall cervical alignment resulted in lordosis in 66.6% of the patients postoperatively. Conclusion : Arthroplasty using the $Bryan^{(R)}$ disc seemed to be safe and provided encouraging clinical and radiologic outcome in our study. Although the early results are promising, this is a relatively new approach, therefore long-term follow up studies are required to prove its efficacy and its ability to prevent adjacent segment disease.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.51-57
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• 2011

Pilon fractures involving distal tibia remain one of the most difficult therapeutic challenges that confront the orthopedic surgeons because of associated soft tissue injury is common. To introduce and describe the diagnosis, current treatment, results and complications of the pilon fractures. In initial assessment, the correct evaluation of the fracture type through radiographic checkup and examination of the soft tissue envelope is needed to decide appropriate treatment planning of pilon fractures. Even though Ruedi and Allgower reported 74% good and excellent results with primary open reduction and internal fixation, recently the second staged treatment of pilon fractures is preferred to orthopedic traumatologist because of the soft tissue problem is common after primary open reduction and internal fixation. The components of the first stage are focused primarily on stabilization of the soft tissue envelope. If fibula is fractured, fibular open reduction and internal fixation is integral part of initial management for reducing the majority of tibial deformities. Ankle-spanning temporary external fixator is used to restore limb alignment and displaced intraarticular fragments through ligamentotaxis and distraction. And the second stage, definitive open reduction and internal fixation of the tibial component, is undertaken when the soft tissue injury has resolved and no infection sign is seen on pin site of external fixator. The goals of definitive internal fixation should include absolute stability and interfragmentary compression of reduced articular segments, stable fixation of the articular segment to the tibial diaphysis, and restoration of coronal, transverse, and sagittal plane alignments. The location, rigidity, and kinds of the implants are based on each individual fractures. The conventional plate fixation has more advantages in anatomical reduction of intraarticular fractures than locking compression plate. But it has more complications as infection, delayed union and nonunion. The locking compression plate fixation provides greater stability and lesser wound problem than conventional implants. But the locking compression plate remains poorly defined for intraarticular fractures of the distal tibia. Active, active assisted, passive range of motion of the ankle is recommended when postoperative rehabilitation is started. Splinting with the foot in neutral is continued until suture is removed at the 2~3 weeks and weight bearing is delayed for approximately 12 weeks. The recognition of the soft tissue injury has evolved as a critical component of the management of pilon fractures. At this point, the second staged treatment of pilon fractures is good treatment option because of it is designed to promote recovery of the soft tissue envelope in first stage operation and get a good result in definitive reduction and stabilization of the articular surface and axial alignment in second stage operation.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.665-670
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• 2020

Buffer layer in CIGS thin-film solar cells improves energy conversion efficiency through band alignment between the absorption layer and the window layer. ZnS is a non-toxic II-VI compound semiconductor with direct-transition band gaps and n-conductivity as well as with excellent lattice matching for CIGS absorbent layers. In this study, the structural and optical properties of ZnS thin films, deposited by RF magnetron sputtering method and subsequently performed by the rapid thermal annealing treatment, were investigated for the buffer layer. The zincblende cubic structures along (111), (220), and (311) were shown in all specimens. The rapid thermal annealed specimens at the relatively low temperatures were polycrystalline structure with the wurtzite hexagonal structures along (002). Rapid thermal annealing at high temperatures changed the polycrystalline structure to the single crystal of the zincblende cubic structures. Through the chemical analysis, the zincblende cubic structure was obtained in the specimen with the ratio of Zn/S near stoichiometry. ZnS thin film showed the shifted absorption edge towards the lower wavelength as annealing temperature increased, and the mean optical transmittance in the visible light range increased to 80.40% under 500℃ conditions.

• 한국체육학회지인문사회과학편
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• v.56 no.5
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• pp.665-677
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• 2017

This study aimed to examine the evolution of exercise performance and medical assessments in U-12 youth football players. Participants were recruited from an youth football players (YFG, n=15; $11.2{\pm}0.9yrs$) and normal youth (CON, n=15; $11.5{\pm}0.6yrs$). Both groups were tested for exercise performance (health related physical fitness, skill related physical fitness, functional movement screen; FMS and Y-balance) and medical assessments (lower extremity alignment, range of motion; ROM and manual muscle test; MMT). YFG showed a positive effects on pacer in health related physical fitness, 50-m run and Single-leg standing with eyes closed in skill related physical fitness, active straight leg raise and rotary stability in FMS, non-dominant composite score in Y-balance, respectively compared to CON. However, YFG showed a negative effects on Q-angle of dominant and non-dominant in lower extremity alignment, dorsiflexion of non-dominant, plantarflexion of dominant and non-dominan in ROM, hip extension and abduction, knee flexion and extension of dominant, knee flexion and extension of non-dominant in MMT, respectively compared to CON. These results indicated that U-12 youth football players have shown excellent exercise performance, but medical assessments has proved negative effects.

• 한국체육학회지인문사회과학편
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.749-757
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of stability on one leg standing posture in yoga practice. Thirteen women college student who have never done yoga participated in this study. In order to collect data before and after yoga practicing for two years, we were used 3D motion capture system and electromyography. The results were as follows. First, ranges of motions for Y axis of left knee joint and X axis of right ankle joint were significantly different in dancer posture(p<.05), and then X axis of right ankle and Y axis of left ankle joint were significantly different in tree posture of pre and post training. Second, the planar alignment angle of trunk-pelvis was not significant difference in dancer and tree posture. Third, CoM-distances of Y, Z directions were significant difference in the tree posture(p<.05). Fourth, Muscle activities of both rectus abdominis, erector spinae and left quadriceps were significant difference in tree posture(p<.05). These findings suggested that yoga training played important roles in stable postures as results of decreasing rotation ankle joint and movement of CoM and enforcing core muscles. This study provides evidence for effectiveness of the stability on standing posture and can get a great effect on posture correction by means of yoga training. Hereafter, study on alignment angle, which is a measurement of postural stabilization will be needed by future yoga training.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.93-110
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• 2023

Recently, attempts have been made to convert unstructured text into vectors and to analyze vast amounts of natural language for various purposes. In particular, the demand for analyzing texts in specialized domains is rapidly increasing. Therefore, studies are being conducted to analyze specialized and general-purpose documents simultaneously. To analyze specific terms with general terms, it is necessary to align the embedding space of the specific terms with the embedding space of the general terms. So far, attempts have been made to align the embedding of specific terms into the embedding space of general terms through a transformation matrix or mapping function. However, the linear transformation based on the transformation matrix showed a limitation in that it only works well in a local range. To overcome this limitation, various types of nonlinear vector alignment methods have been recently proposed. We propose a vector alignment model that matches the embedding space of specific terms to the embedding space of general terms through end-to-end learning that simultaneously learns the autoencoder and regression model. As a result of experiments with R&D documents in the "Healthcare" field, we confirmed the proposed methodology showed superior performance in terms of accuracy compared to the traditional model.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.23-48
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• 2024

Building human-aligned artificial intelligence (AI) for social support remains challenging despite the advancement of Large Language Models. We present a novel method, the Chain of Empathy (CoE) prompting, that utilizes insights from psychotherapy to induce LLMs to reason about human emotional states. This method is inspired by various psychotherapy approaches-Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Person-Centered Therapy (PCT), and Reality Therapy (RT)-each leading to different patterns of interpreting clients' mental states. LLMs without CoE reasoning generated predominantly exploratory responses. However, when LLMs used CoE reasoning, we found a more comprehensive range of empathic responses aligned with each psychotherapy model's different reasoning patterns. For empathic expression classification, the CBT-based CoE resulted in the most balanced classification of empathic expression labels and the text generation of empathic responses. However, regarding emotion reasoning, other approaches like DBT and PCT showed higher performance in emotion reaction classification. We further conducted qualitative analysis and alignment scoring of each prompt-generated output. The findings underscore the importance of understanding the emotional context and how it affects human-AI communication. Our research contributes to understanding how psychotherapy models can be incorporated into LLMs, facilitating the development of context-aware, safe, and empathically responsive AI.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.127-136
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• 2003

Road safety is defined under the minimum design standard and design examination process is consisted of the standard according to current road design. However, road safety in practical way is correlative to not only all element of roads but also road shape, such as, between straight line and curved line and between curved lines. Also. it is related to alignments such as horizontal alignment and vertical alignment, and cross section. That is, the practical road design should be examined in both sides of 3 dimension and consecutiveness (consistency) as the actual road is a 3 - dimensional successive object. The paper presents a concept for acceleration to evaluate consistency of road considering actual road shape on 3-dimension. Acceleration of vehicle is influential to road consistency based on running state of vehicles and state of drivers. The magnitude of acceleration. especially, is a quite influential element to drivers. Based on above, the acceleration on each point on 3-D road can be calculated and then displacement can be done. Computation of acceleration means total calculation on each axis. Speed profile refers to “Development of a safety evaluation model for highway horizontal alignment based on running speed(Jeong, Jun-Hwa, 2001)” and then acceleration can be calculated by using the speed pronto. According to literature review, definition of acceleration on 3-D and g-g-g diagram are established. For example, as a result of the evaluation, if the acceleration is out of range, the road is out of consistency. The paper shows calculation for change of acceleration on imaginary road under minimum design standard and the change tried to be applied to consistency. However accurate acceleration is not shown because the speed forecasting model is limited and the paper did not consider state of vehicles (suspension, tires and model of vehicles). If speed pronto is defined exactly, acceleration is calculated on all road shapes, such as. compound curve and clothoid curve. and then it is appled to consistency evaluation. Unfortunately, speed forecasting model on 3 -D road and on compound curves have rarely presented. Speed forecasting model and speed profile model need to be established and standard of consistency evaluation need to developed and verified by experimental vehicles.