• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.26 no.5B
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• pp.489-499
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• 2006

The Potential Flood Damage (PFD) is widely used for representing the degree of potential of flood damage. However, this cannot be related with the design frequency of river basin and so we have difficulty in the use of water resources field. Therefore, in this study, the concept of Potential Risk for Flood Damage Occurrence (PRFD) was introduced and estimated, which can be related to the design frequency. The PRFD has three important elements of hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. The hazard means a probability of occurrence of flood event, the exposure represents the degree that the property is exposed in the flood hazard, and the vulnerability represents the degree of weakness of the measures for flood prevention. Those elements were devided into some sub-elements. The hazard is explained by the frequency based rainfall, the exposure has two sub-elements which are population density and official land price, and the vulnerability has two sub-elements which are undevelopedness index and ability of flood defence. Each sub-elements are estimated and the estimated values are rearranged in the range of 0 to 100. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is also applied to determine weighting coefficients in the equation of PRFD. The PRFD for the Anyang river basin and the design frequency are estimated by using the maximum rainfall. The existing design frequency for Anyang river basin is in the range of 50 to 200. And the design frequency estimation result of PRFD of this study is in the range of 110 to 130. Therefore, the developed method for the estimation of PRFD and the design frequency for the administrative districts are used and the method for the watershed and the river channel are to be applied in the future study.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.109-124
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• 2015

A novel approach, hybrid surface rainfall (KNU-HSR) technique developed by Kyungpook Natinal University, was utilized for improving the radar rainfall estimation. The KNU-HSR technique estimates radar rainfall at a 2D hybrid surface consistings of the lowest radar bins that is immune to ground clutter contaminations and significant beam blockage. Two HSR techniques, static and dynamic HSRs, were compared and evaluated in this study. Static HSR technique utilizes beam blockage map and ground clutter map to yield the hybrid surface whereas dynamic HSR technique additionally applies quality index map that are derived from the fuzzy logic algorithm for a quality control in real time. The performances of two HSRs were evaluated by correlation coefficient (CORR), total ratio (RATIO), mean bias (BIAS), normalized standard deviation (NSD), and mean relative error (MRE) for ten rain cases. Dynamic HSR (CORR=0.88, BIAS= $-0.24mm\;hr^{-1}$, NSD=0.41, MRE=37.6%) shows better performances than static HSR without correction of reflectivity calibration bias (CORR=0.87, BIAS= $-2.94mm\;hr^{-1}$, NSD=0.76, MRE=58.4%) for all skill scores. Dynamic HSR technique overestimates surface rainfall at near range whereas it underestimates rainfall at far ranges due to the effects of beam broadening and increasing the radar beam height. In terms of NSD and MRE, dynamic HSR shows the best results regardless of the distance from radar. Static HSR significantly overestimates a surface rainfall at weaker rainfall intensity. However, RATIO of dynamic HSR remains almost 1.0 for all ranges of rainfall intensity. After correcting system bias of reflectivity, NSD and MRE of dynamic HSR are improved by about 20 and 15%, respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korean Statistical Society Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.295-300
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• 2003

공간적으로 영향을 받는 위치에서의 상호 연관성을 고려한 예측모형 중에서 크리깅 (kriging) 방법은 관측된 데이터를 보간(interpolation)하고, 부드럽게 연결(smoothing)하며, 새로운 데이터를 예측(prediction)하는 통계적 모형으로서 많이 활용되고 있다. 크리깅 모형을 적용하기 위해서는 먼저 주어진 두 위치에서의 비연관성을 나타내는 세미베리오그램 (semivariogram)의 3가지 모수(nugget, sill, range)를 추정해야 한다. 본 연구에서는 전역 적 최적화 방법인 유전자 알고리즘(genetic algorithm)을 도입하여 세미베리오그램 모수들을 추정하였고, 이를 통해 강우량(rainfall)에 대한 크리깅 추정량을 산출하고 효과성을 판단하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry, and Cartography Conference
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• 2010.04a
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• pp.355-358
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• 2010

The objective of this study is to predict and minimize annual damage by flood. We approached this problem by implementing simple algorithm instead of using commercial programs. The biggest weak area was selected as the simulated damage range per rainfall scenario.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.832-840
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• 2019

Recently, pollution from gunpowder due to shell shootings at military drilling sites has raised various environmental concerns. The purpose of this study is to predict the contamination level of RDX in the soil area of the firing range zone near Anwol river watershed, the study site, and the intake area, Anwol river and Imjin river, as a function of time and space. In this study, a multimedia model was developed to predict the variation of RDX contamination by rainfall. The range of the medium was limited to soil, water, and sediment, and excluded the atmosphere, taking into account the physical and chemical properties of RDX with low vapor pressure and low Henry's constant. The pollutant levels of the waters of compartments, including the last section of the Imjin River affecting the water intake, was compared with the environmental standard for RDX.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.105-111
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• 2001

This study is performed to develop an agricultural hydraulic structure for collecting and draining pipe using polymer concrete. The water permeability of collecting and draining pipe shows an 5.917$\ell$/$\textrm{cm}^2$/h, it is more 190 times as large as in the world maximum rainfall. The external pressure on the collecting and draining pipe is in the range of 1.85~5.25tf/m under 2-edge test, 2.6~6.2tf/m under sand mat and the vertical displacement is in the range of 0.48~1.06mm, 1.01~1.89mm, respectively. Also, an increasing rate of external pressure on the developed pipe is higher than that of PVC pipe to the variation of t/D. Accordingly, the pipe developed in this study will be used widely in agricultural hydraulic structures such as collecting and draining structure.

• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.30 no.B
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• pp.3-10
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• 2010

The numerical study was conducted using the equation of Vanapalli et al.(1996) related shear strength of unsaturated soils. Angle of shearing resistance(${\Phi}^b$) and angle of internal friction(${\Phi}^{\prime}$) appear identically in lower suction range, but angle of shearing resistance(${\Phi}^b$) has non-linearity as suction increases. Nevertheless, the numerical study was conducted using angle of shearing resistance(${\Phi}^b$) in even lower suction range because of limit of program function. However, behavior of real ground on applying numerical study can be analysed wrong by it. Therefore in this paper numerical analysis on applying the equation of Vanapalli et al.(1996) and ${\Phi}^b$ has been compared about unsaturated slope considering continuous rainfall.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.315-323
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• 2009

Hydraulic gradient of the landfill soils is estimated by Devlin (2003) method, and its variation characteristics from rainfall and permeability of the aquifer material are analyzed. The study site of 18 m $\times$ 12 m is located in front of the Environment Research Center at the Pukyong National University, and core logging, slug/bail test and groundwater monitoring was performed. The sluglbail tests were performed in 9 wells (except BH9 well), and drawdown data with elapsed time for bail tests were analyzed using Bouwer-Rice and Hvorslev methods. The average hydraulic conductivity estimated in each of the test wells was ranged $1.991{\times}10^{-7}{\sim}4.714{\times}10^{-6}m/sec$, and the average hydraulic conductivity in the study site was estimated $2.376{\times}10^{-6}m/sec$ for arithmetic average, $1.655{\times}10^{-6}m/sec$ for geometric average and $9.366{\times}10^{-7}m/sec$ for harmonic average. The permeability of landfill soils was higher at the east side of the study site than at the west side. Groundwater level in 10 wells was monitored 44 times from October 2 to November 7, 2007. The groundwater level was ranged 1.187$\sim$1.610 m, and the average groundwater level range in each of the well showed 1.256$\sim$1.407 m. The groundwater level was higher at the east side than at the west side of the study site, and this distribution is identify to it of hydraulic conductivity. The hydraulie gradient and the major flow direction for 10 wells were estimated 0.0072$\sim$0.0093 and $81.7618{\sim}88.0836^{\circ}$, respectively. Also, the hydraulic gradient and the major flow direction for 9 wells were estimated 0.0102$\sim$0.0124 and $84.6822{\sim}89.1174^{\circ}$, respectively. The hydraulic gradient of the study site increased from rainfall (83.5 mm) on October 7, causing by that the groundwater level of the site with high permeability was higher. The hydraulic gradient estimated on and after October 16 was stable, due to almost no rainfall. Thus, it was confirmed that the variation of the hydraulic gradient in the landfill soils was controlled by the rainfall.

• Atmosphere
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.611-622
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• 2015

Heavy rainfall ($>30mm\;hr^{-1}$) over the Korean Peninsula is examined in order to understand thermo-dynamic characteristics of the atmosphere, using radiosonde observational data from seven upper-air observation stations during the last 17 years (1997~2013). A total of 82 heavy rainfall cases during the summer season (June-August) were selected for this study. The average values of thermo-dynamic indices of heavy rainfall events are Total Precipitable Water (TPW) = 60 mm, Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) = $850J\;kg^{-1}$, Convective Inhibition (CIN) = $15J\;kg^{-1}$, Storm Relative Helicity (SRH) = $160m^2s^{-2}$, and 0~3 km bulk wind shear = $5s^{-1}$. About 34% of the cases were associated with a Changma front; this pattern is more significant than other synoptic pressure patterns such as troughs (22%), migratory cyclones (15%), edges of high-pressure (12%), typhoons (11%), and low-pressure originating from Changma fronts (6%). The spatial distribution of thermo-dynamic conditions (CAPE and SRH) is similar to the range of thunderstorms over the United States, but extreme conditions (supercell thunderstorms and tornadoes) did not appear in the Korean Peninsula. Synoptic conditions, vertical buoyancy (CAPE, CIN), and wind parameters (SRH, shear) are shown to discriminate among the environments of the three types. The first type occurred with high CAPE and low wind shear by the edge of the high pressure pattern, but Second type is related to Changma front and typhoon, exhibiting low CAPE and high wind shear. The last type exhibited characteristics intermediate between the first and second types, such as moderate CAPE and wind shear near the migratory cyclone and trough.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.607-616
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• 2012

The objective of this study is to evaluate the valid forecast lead time and the accuracy when AWS observed rainfall data are used for real-time river flow forecast. For this, Namhan river basin is selected as study area and SURF model is constructed during flood seasons in 2006~2009. The simulated flow with and without the assimilation of the observed flow data are well fitted. Effectiveness index (EI) is used to evaluate amount of improvement for the assimilation. EI at Chungju, Dalcheon, Hoengsung and Yeoju sites as evaluation points show 32.08%, 51.53%, 39.70% and 18.23% improved, respectively. In the results of the forecasted values using the limited observed rainfall data in each forecast time before peak flow occur, the peak flow under the 20% tolerance range of relative error at Chungju, Dalcheon, Hoengsung and Yeoju sites can be simulated in forecast time-11h, 2h, 3h and 5h and the flow volume in the same condition at those sites can be simulated in forecast time-13h, 2h, 4h and 9h, respectively. From this results, observed rainfall data can be used for real-time peak flow forecast because of basin lag time.