• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2020.12a
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• pp.80-80
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• 2020

Glycyrrhizae Radix (GR), commomly known as liquorice, is a medicinal and edible plant widely used in East Asia with its pharmacological properties. Currently, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, G. glabra and G. inflata are used for pharmaceutical purposes in Korea and then the improved Glycyrrhiza varieties, WON-GAM (WG) has been developed by Korea Rural Development Administration. To evaluate equivalence of efficacy, several comparative studies between already-registered species and new cultivars have been conducted. To evaluate equivalence of efficacy, several comparative studies between already-registered species and new cultivars have been conducted. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of WG on fecal microbiota in DSS-induced colitis model. Fecal microbiota was analyzed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP). The composition of the fecal microbiota did not show a specific pattern based on experimental groups; however, a tendency toward an increase in the proportion of Lactobacillales was observed. Glycyrrhiza varieties could change composition of fecal microbiota in DSS-induced colitis model. This work was carried out with the support of "Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science and Technology Development (Project No. PJ014246022020)" Rural Development Administration.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.69-99
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• 2024

Objectives: This study aimed to systematically review the effectiveness and safety of traditional herbal medicine treatments for metabolic syndrome (MS) in patients receiving antipsychotic drugs (APs). Methods: We searched 11 domestic and foreign databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) using traditional herbal medicines for MS in patients receiving APs. Results: Twenty RCTs conducted in China were included in the analysis. The most common disease among the participants was schizophrenia. Most studies used the 2004 Chinese Diabetes Society (CDS) standards as the diagnostic criteria for MS. The most used prescription was Yukultang (Liuyu-tang). The most used herbal material was Pinelliae Rhizoma, followed by Poria, Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium, and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma. Traditional herbal medicines were mostly reported to improve the symptoms of MS. Conclusions: Traditional herbal medicines may be effective in improving the symptoms of MS in patients receiving APs. However, the quality of the included studies was low, and the studies were heterogeneous. Methodologically rigorous clinical studies on traditional herbal medicine treatments for MS in patients receiving APs are needed.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.3 s.71
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• pp.37-44
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• 2007

Objectives : The objectives of this study lie in theoretical establishment of Bopyeo-tang for treating asthenic syndrome of the lung through analyzing the component medicines and combination principles of Hyeongok's Bopyeo-tang, and furthermore, maximizing the clinical effectiveness of Bopyeo-tang. Methods : This study analyzed the component medicines and combination principles of Hyeongok's Bopyeo-tang based on the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicines from the ${\ulcorner}$Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine${\lrcorner}$, the theory for principal herbal medicine, assistant herbal medicine, adjuvant herbal medicine, dispatcher herbal medicine, and the five elements doctrine. Hyeongok's Bopyeo-tang is an unusual prescription, composed of 7 kinds of ingredients. Results : There are three methods for curing asthenic syndrome of the lung according to the five elements doctrine: invigorating the lung, invigorating the spleen and purging the heart. There are two available methods to invigorate the lung, taste and property invigoration, according to the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicines. They each imply the sour taste and the cool property invigorate the lung. In the case of taste invigoration, two herbal medicines with sour taste, Sarcucarpium Corni and Fructus Schisandrae, are combined into the principal and assistant herbal medicine, respectively. For property invigoration, two herbal medicines with the cool property, Colla Corii Asini and Radix Ophiopogonis, are combined into adjuvant herbal medicines. There are likewise two methods to invigorate the spleen, including taste and property invigoration according to the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicines. They each mean the sweet taste and the warm property invigorate the spleen. Therefore, it is important to use sweet herbal medicines for taste invigoration and warm ones for property invigoration. Both sweet and warm herbal medicines, Radix Ginseng and Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae, are combined into adjuvant herbal medicines. Lastly, there are two methods to purge the heart, which include taste and property purgation according to the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicines. Taste purgation means to purge the heart with sweet taste and property purgation to purge the heart with cold property. Therefore, it is important to use sweet herbal medicines for taste purgation and cold ones for property purgation. Both sweet and cold herbal medicines, Colla Corii Asini and Radix Ophiopogonis, were combined to purge the heart and invigorate the lung. In addition, Radix Glycyrrhizae Praeparata is added as a dispatcher herbal medicine, harmonizing all the other herbal medicines comprising the formula. Conclusions : First, to treat asthenic syndrome of the lung, the methods of invigorating the lung and the spleen and purging the heart should be used according to the five elements doctrine. Secondly, herbal medicines appropriate for those treatment methods should be chosen according to the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicine and thirdly, the combination of those herbal medicines should be carried out according to the theory for principal herbal medicine, assistant herbal medicine, adjuvant herbal medicine, and dispatcher herbal medicine. As a good example, Hyeongok's Bopyeo-tang is combined according to the above theories. In conclusion, this formula was created by applying the theory of properties and tastes of herbal medicines.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1137.2-1245
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• 2001

The ${\gamma}$-irradiated medicinal herbs were examined the genotoxicological safety to consider the possibility of application of the irradiation technology for hygienic purpose. The three medicinal herbs -Glycyrrhigae Radix, Aurantii nobilis Pericarpium and Bupleuri Radix- were irradiated with ${\gamma}$ -rays at the practical dosage of 10 kGy. The hot water extracts of the irradiated herbs were examined in two short-term in vitro tests: (1) Ames test in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100, (2) Micronucleus test in cultured Chinese hamster ovary(CHO) cells. In the Salmonella reversion assays both with and without metabolic activation, the number of revertant colonies was not increased with each extract from the irradiated herbs, compared with negative controls. No significant difference in formation of the colonies was observed between non-irradiated and 10 kGy-irradiated herbs. These results indicated that no mutagenicity of the irradiated herbs was detected. In the micronucleus tests in cultured CHO cells, the incidences of micronucleus were not increased with irradiated herbs, and no significant difference in the incidences was observed between non-irradiated and irradiated herbs. These results indicated that no cytogenetic toxicity of the irradiated herbs was detected. The results of the two in vitro tests suggest that the irradiated herbs do not show mutagenic effects and cytogenetic toxicity. Further tests of in vivo genotoxicity and chronic toxicity are needed to determine the safety of the herbs irradiated with ${\gamma}$ -rays at practical doses.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.453-459
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• 2018

This study was performed to investigate the contamination levels of heavy metals (such as lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury) and aflatoxin (such as $B_1$, $B_2$, $G_1$ and $G_2$) in commercial herbs for food and medicine. The concentrations of the heavy metals were measured by the ICP-MS and a mercury analyzer. The aflatoxins were analyzed by a HPLC-florescence coupled with photochemical derivatization. The detection ranges of the lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury were found to be 0.006~4.088 mg/kg, 0.002~2.150 mg/kg, ND~0.610 mg/kg and ND~0.0139 mg/kg respectively. Among the total samples, the 3 samples (2.6%) were not suitable for the specification of cadmium by the MFDS (Ministry of Food and Drug Safety). The 13 samples of the total 117 samples were aflatoxin positive (11.1%). The amount of aflatoxin $G_1$ was $0.7834{\mu}g/kg$ in the Puerariae Radix and aflatoxin $G_2$ were $0.3517{\mu}g/kg$, $0.4881{\mu}g/kg$ in two samples of the Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, respectively. The aflatoxins $B_2$ and $G_1$ were simultaneously detected in the 10 Angelicae Gigantis Radix. The detection ranges of aflatoxins $B_2$ and $G_1$ were $0.2324{\sim}1.0358{\mu}g/kg$ and $0.7552{\sim}1.6545{\mu}g/kg$ respectively in Angelicae Gigantis Radix. The results of the current study suggest that continuous monitoring is needed for the proactive management of commercial herbs for food and medicine safety.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.100-118
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• 2018

Objectives The purpose of this study is to analyze some of the TCM (traditional Chinese medicine) clinical research literatures about pediatric night crying in order to learn clinical application of Korean medicine treatment for pediatric night crying. Methods We searched clinical trial literatures about TCM treatment of pediatric night crying from the CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) (January 2000 to June 2018). We analyzed the literature in regards to the treatment methods and the results. Results Among the 459 searched studies, 13 randomized controlled trials and 41 case studies were selected and analyzed. In most of the studies, the effectiveness of TCM in treating patients was significantly high, so we confirmed the effectiveness of TCM on pediatric night crying. The most commonly used pattern differentiations (辨證) were Spirit damage due to fright and fear (驚恐傷神), Spleen deficiency and cold (脾虛寒) and Heart fire heat (心火熱). Methods of treatment include herbal medicines (internal medicine and external application), massage therapy (Tuina methods), acupuncture and other treatments (bloodletting). The most commonly used herb medicines were Cicadidae Periostracum (蟬?), Poria Cocos (茯?), Glycyrrhizae Radix (甘草), Uncariae Ramulus et Uncus (釣鉤藤), Junci Medulla (燈心草), Fossilia Ossis Mastodi (龍骨), Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba (白朮), Cinnabaris (朱砂), and Coptidis Rhizoma (黃連). The most commonly used massage methods were Clearing Liver Channel (淸肝經), Clearing Heart Channel (淸心經), Kneading $Xi{\check{a}}oti{\bar{a}}nx{\bar{i}}n$ (?小天心), Supplementing Spleen Channel (補脾經), Clearing $Ti{\bar{a}}nh{\acute{e}}shu{\check{i}}$ (淸天河水), and Rubbing Abdomen (摩腹). Conclusions Based on the results of clinical studies from China, the use of Korean medicine for the treatment of pediatric night crying has been shown to be effective in relieving symptoms. Based on the results of this study, it is possible to widen the scope of Korean medicine by additionally reviewing clinical and experimental studies on pediatric night crying.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.22-42
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• 1990

Sabaiksan has been prescribed to treat various allergic diseases in herbal medicine which were induced by various vasoactive amine released from the mast cells. The constituents of Sabaiksan are Mori Cortex Radices(MCR), Lycii Cortex Radicis(LCR) and Glycyrrhizae Radix(GR). Recently, simple models of compound 48/80 induced anaphylactic shock and cutaneous reaction in vivo were developed to test various agents employed in the field of allergy and toxicology research. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of Sabaiksan on compound 48/80 induced anaphylactic stock, cutaneous reaction and mesenteric mast cell degranulation rate in ICR mice, and on compound 48/80 induced peritoneal mast cell degranulation and histamine release in vitro. Groups of ICR mice were intraperitoneally pretreated with $100{\mu}{\ell}$ of saline, $MCR(2g/m{\ell}),\;LCR(2g/m{\ell}),\;GR(g/m{\ell})$ or Sabaiksan itself(MCR+LCR+GR) at 24, 12 and 1 hour before compound 48/80 solution ($10{\mu}{\ell}/gm$ B. W) were peritoneally given into them, and then mortality within 72 hours after the compound 48/80 injection, and mesenteric mast cell degranulation rate at 15 minutes after compound 48/80 injection were calculated. In vitro experiment, $400{\mu}{\ell}$ of rat peritoneal mast cell suspension$(10^6cell/m{\ell})$ were pretreated with $50{\mu}{\ell}$ of saline, $MCR(2g/m{\ell}),\;LCR(2g/m{\ell}),\;GR(g/m{\ell})$ or Sabaiksan itself at room temperature for 30 minutes, and then $50{\mu}{\ell}$ of compound 48/80 solution $(100{\mu}g/m{\ell})$ were added into it. 30 minutes after the addition of compound 48/80 solution, histamine release assay in the supernatant of peritoneal mast cell suspension were performed employing radioisotope enzymatic assay and morphologic changes of mast cells in each regular time point were photographed. Compared with controls, compound 48/80 induced anaphylactic shock was significantly inhibited by MCR and GR pretreatment into the ICR mice. Significant inhibition of compound 48/80 induced cutaneous reaction, mesenteric mast cell degranulation rate in vivo and histamine release from the rat peritoneal mast cells in vitro was observed only in MCR pretreated group. From the above results, it is suggested that MCR component of Sabaiksan may playa key role to suppress mast cell function since it has been applied to various allergic diseases.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.401-414
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• 2014

In an attempt to evaluate licorice quality based on its biological activity, we grafted an on-line high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) bioassay method into the previously established HPLC analysis method. The common antioxidant peaks in licorices of various origin were observed through an on-line HPLC/DPPH system leading to a decrease in absorbance at 517 nm for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Among them, the licorice from Youngju possessed the highest activity. Therefore, three active standard compounds from the dehydroglyasperin C, dehydroglyasperin D, and isoangustone A, were isolated and elucidated by medium pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC) and instrumental analysis such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), respectively. On-line HPLC/ABTS analysis method with the simultaneous determination of three standard compounds and their radical scavenging activity was established for the quality evaluation of licorices. 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radicals (ABTS) which is stable and effective was used in replace of DPPH. The radical scavenging activity of three standards is compared with that of Trolox, known as antioxidant, showing a negative peak with a decrease in absorbance at 734 nm for ABTS. This on-line HPLC/ABTS analysis method was validated for specificity, linearity, precision and accuracy in compliance with international conference on harmonization (ICH) guideline.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.51-55
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• 2013

Licorice, Glycyrrhizae radix, is one of the oldest and most frequently used botanicals in the oriental medicine. Our previous study showed that dehydrolyasperin C (DGC) isolated from licorice had antioxidant activity and induced phase 2 detoxifying enzymes in mouse hepatoma cells. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of exposure time to DGC on quinone reductase (QR), one of the anticarcinogenic biomarkers, and antioxidant potential of plasma using animal model. ICR mice were divided into 7 groups, in which mice in each group were injected with DGC (5 mg/kg b.w.) for 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 hours respectively. Following the treatment the organs including liver, kidney, lung, stomach, large intestine, small and large intestines were collected and subjected to QR activity assay, western blotting, and FRAP assay. Exposure to DGC caused a significant induction of QR activity in stomach and large intestine of mice. Ferric reducing activity of plasma, a typical biomarker for antioxidative potentialshowed that DGC improved antioxidant potential in mice. However, no significant effect of DGC was observed in the other organs.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.174-181
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• 1991

These experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of glycyrrhizin(GL) and glycyrrhetinic acid(GA) on histamine synthesis, lymphocyte blastogenesis in C57BL/6J mice splenocytes, IL-1 production, $Ca^{2+}$ uptake by macrophage-like P388D$_{1}$ cells and plaque forming cell assay against SRBC. Histamine contents, lymphocyte blastogenesis, IL-1 activity, $Ca^{2+}$ uptake and plaque forming cell were determined by enzyme isotope method, [sup 3/H]-thymidine incorporation, C3H/HeJ mouse thymocytes proliferation, the addition of 5 $\mu$Ci/ml $^{45}$Ca$^{2+}$ to P388D$_{1}$, cell suspension and assay to sheep red blood cell, respectively. Cytotoxicity, which was expressed as 50% mortality, was occurred by the addition of GL(10$^{-3}$M) and GA(10$^{-4}$M). Histamine production in mouse spleen cell culture was significantly increased by the addition of 0.25 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml of Con A, after 48 hour incubation. Con A dependent T-lymphocyte proliferation was also enhanced by the addition of 0.25 .mu.g/ml of Con A. The effects of GL on histamine contents and T-lymphocyte proliferation were significantly decreased at high dose (10$^{-5}$M), while IL-1 activity was remarkably suppressed by 10$^{-8}$~10$^{-4}$M of GL. $Ca^{2+}$ uptake was not changed, but antibody production was increased by GL(10 mg/kg). GA inhibited histamine contents at 10$^{-9}$~10$^{-7}$ and depressed Con A (0.25 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml) dependent T-lymphocyte proliferation at 10$^{-7}$~10$^{-5}$M of GA, but increased suboptimal dose (Con A 0.1 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml) at 10$^{-9}$~10$^{-7}$M of GA. IL-1 activity was suppressed by 10$^{-8}$~10$^{-4}$M of GA and $Ca^{2+}$ uptake was enhanced by 10$^{-9}$~10$^{-6}$ of GA, but antibody production was not changed by GA. From the above results, it is suggested that GL and GA have immuno-regulatory action. GL decreased cell-mediated immune response, and increased humoral immune response at high dose. On the other hand, low dose of GA enhanced cell-mediated immune response, while high doses of GA decreased humoral immune reaction.