• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.149-155
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• 2013

The Korean Thyroid Association recommends fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) for nodules more than 0.5 cm in diameter. But nodules, smaller than 0.5 cm have been found in papillary carcinomas of the thyroid (PTC) at the health promotion center at SMC. We wanted to evaluate the ultrasonographic findings according to size of nodule in proven PTCs by FNAB, especially less than 0.5 cm. All nodules were classified into three groups by their longest diameter : less than 0.5 cm, more than 0.5 cm but less than 1 cm, and more than 1 cm. Sonographic findings suggesting malignancy were analyzed according to their size groups. Of 288 malignant nodules, 21.5 % (62/288) were less than 0.5 cm, 54.9 % (158/288) were more than 0.5 cm but less than 1 cm, 23.6 % (68/288) exceeded 1 cm. A taller-than-wide shape was observed in 90.3 % (56/62) of nodules less than 0.5 cm, and 48.5 % (33/68) of nodules exceeding 1 cm (p<0.001). There were no well-defined smooth nodules among nodules less than 0.5 cm, and spiculated or irregular margin nodules increased as the size increased (p=0.024). Nodules of size less than 0.5 cm did not showed hyper or isoechogenicity. Hypoechogenicity was greater than the marked hypoechogenicity in each group (p=0.034). Micro- or macro-calcifications were not founded in 77.4 % (48/62) of the nodule group sized less than 0.5 cm. From the small size of the group, micro- or macrocalcifications were observed 21.0 % (13/62), 48.1 % (76/158), 64.7 % (44/68), so the number of nodules containing micro- or macro-calcification increased as size increased (p<0.001). PTCs less than 0.5 cm in size on ultrasonography had taller than-wide shape, spiculated or irregular and ill-defined margins, and exhibited hypo and markedly hypoechogenicity, but microor macro-calcifications were not common. These ultrasonographic features of nodules less than 0.5 cm can be useful in reporting and guiding FNABs or follow-up exams.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.64-72
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• 1997

Purpose : The incidence of tuberculous meningitis in Korean children has been markedly decreased after 1980s, but this disease has still occurred with low rate. Therefore, it may be suspected that delayed diagnosis and treatment will be happened because of lacking of clinical experiences and indistinguishable other meningitis, so it is important to make early diagnosis and treatment of tuberculous meningitis concerning with the prognosis. In this aspect, we conducted study to concern and investigate sustainly about the diagnostic criteria, clinical characteristics, radiological findings, complications, and prognosis of typical or atypical tuberculous meningitis in children. Methods : Forty four children who were hospitalized and treated due to tuberculous meningitis in pediatric wards of Our Lady of Mercy Hospital, St. Holy Hospital, St. Vincent Hospital and Uijungbu St. Mary Hospital from January 1985 to June 1996 were included in this study. We reviewed medical records of these patients retrospectively. Results : 1) The tuberculous meningitis has occured continuosly since mid-1980s. The highest 2) The diagnosis was made by contact history of active tuberculous patients, positive tuberculin test, responses of antituberculous antibiotics and discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from CSF or other specimens. Among patients, 7 children(16%) were not vaccinated with BCG, and only 18 children(40%) were positive in tuberculin test. 3) The symptoms and signs of our patients on initial examinations were fever, vomiting, headache, lethargy, poor feeding, weight loss, neck stiffness, convulsion, abdominal pain and motor deficits. 4) The findings of initial CSF samples revealed leukocyte $239.5/mm^3$(mean) with lymphocyte predominant, elevated protein levels(mean;259.5mg%) and low sugar level(mean;40.7mg%). And the ratio of CSF/blood sugar was 0.407. But, atypical CSF findings were seen in 31.8% patients. 5) On brain imaging study, 34 out of 39 children had findings of hydrocephalus, basilar meningeal enhancement, infarction and subarachnoidal inflammations etc. On chest X-ray, the findings of miliary tuberculosis(34.1%), normal finding(29.5%), parenchymal infiltrations (11.4%) and calcifications(9.1%) were showed. 6) In neurological clinical stage, there were twenty-six children(59%) in stage 1, fourteen children(32%) in stage 2 and four children(9%) in stage 3. The late sequeles were encountered by 29.5% with mild and 4.6% with severe neurological injury. The most common neurological injury was quadriplegia and the mortality rate was 6.8%. 7) The SIADH was developed in 20 children(45.5%) after the 4th hospital day. Half of all SIADH patients were symptomatic. Conclusion : Tuberculosis meningitis is still an important extrapulmonary disease with high morbidity and mortality. Early diagnosis with clinical contact history of active tuberculosis and radiological imaging examinations and early treatments are essential in order to prevent and decrase the rate of late sequeles and death.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.91-98
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was performed to identify correlations between keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT) data from CT sections, and data on the KCOT clinical manifestation and resulting dental expenses. Materials and Methods: Following local Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval, a seven-years of retrospective study was performed regarding patients with KCOTs treated at the Seoul National University Dental Hospital. A total of 180 KCOT were included in this study. The following information was collected: age, gender, location and size of the lesion, radiological features, surgical treatment provided and dental expenses. Results: There was no significant association between the size of the KCOT and age, gender, and presenting preoperative symptoms. In both jaws, it was unusual to find KCOTs under 10 mm. The correlation between the number of teeth removed and the size of the KCOT in the tooth bearing area was statistically significant in the mandible, whereas in the maxilla, no significant relationship was found. Dental expenses compared with the size of the KCOT were found to be significant in both jaws. Conclusion: The size of KCOT was associated with a significant increase in dental expenses for both jaws and the number of teeth removed from the mandible. These findings emphasize the importance of routine examinations and early detection of lesions, which in turn helps preserving anatomical structures and reducing dental expenses.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.63-68
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• 2001

Purpose : To propose the diagnosis, 'hypertrophy of the anterior cruciate ligament(ACL)', and its clinical, radiological and pathological characteristics. Materials & Method : Since Dec. 1995, we have experienced 10 patients(12 knees) with hypertrophy of the ACL. There were 2 males and 8 females, and the age of the patients ranged from 35 to 67 years. Characteristics of clinical, radiological and pathological findings were analysed. Results : The chief complaint was insidious onset of dull pain on the knee which became worse with activity. The constant physical finding was painful limitation of full extension of the knee. Sagittal MR images showed diffuse swelling of the ACL, similar finding that could be seen in acute ACL tear. Arthroscopically, noted was a marked enlargement of the ACL causing notch impingement. Biopsies of the hypertrophied ACL showed increased collagenous tissue with variable degree of myxoid degeneration. With partial excision of the hypertrophied ACL with or without notchplasty, the symptoms improved in all. Conclusion : Hypertrophy of the ACL, a newly proposed diagnosis, should be considered be determining the cause of the painful knee, and further study should be done about its pathogenesis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.457-468
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate factors of perception by inpatients of the Medical Examination institutions about exposure to radioactivity at the time of radioactive examination, providing basic information for making educational materials aimed to change their perception. Most of those patients, 72.0% responded that CT was a type of radioactive examination bringing highest exposure to radiosensitivity. Most of the subjects, 63.5% said that a body part most vulnerable to exposure to radiosensitivity was the genital gland at the time of radiosensitivity examination. And most of the participants, or 29.0% responded that they obtained information about radiation from TVs or newspapers. Among the surveyed patients, men were higher in scores for factors of the perception of radiation such as recognition of radiation, harmfulness of radiation, psychological state at the time of radioactive examination, prevention of exposure to radioactivity and necessity of radiation that women were, with statistically significant differences between the two groups. These findings suggest that it is urgently needed to develop an education program which helps patients better perceive exposure to radioactivity and that radiologists should be very careful to reduce the does of that exposure. If patients better perceive radiation, they would be less anxious and less exposed to radioactivity when receiving the radioactive examination.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.3-11
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• 1984

The major findings of this investigation on radiographic works in 125 medical institutions around Seoul and Kyung-Ki area, from March 1983 to February 1984, are summarized as follows. 1. The number of references provided on radiographic techniques were 3 to 5 in general hospitals (52.1%), in hospitals (58.5%), and clinics (44.5%), and only the 10.4% of general hospitals had 11 or more. 2. The relatively high percentages of 75.0% of general hospitals and 68.3% of hospitals have established the standardized radiographic methods for regions examined, but most clinics (61.1%) have not. 3. As a log system for the radiographic request, the method of "routine study, or all the x-ray examinations are marked as 0 on a printed form" was most commonly used by general hospitals (62.5%) and hospitals (51.2%), and "the doctors employ their own methods" in most clinics (44.6%). 4. In the 85.4% of general hospitals, the 68.3% of hospitals and the 38.9% of clinics, the data such as diagnosis, clinic history, purpose of x-ray examination were recorded on a radiographic request at all times, or at least in part. 5. On a scale of hardness and easiness of order of doctors, the greatest response was "fairly easy to understand", and the 37.5% of general hospitals responded as "sometimes hard". 6. In determining the standards for radiographic factors, the general hospitals (62.5%) and hospitals (65.9%) adapted mostly "a departmental check list", and the clinics (61.1%) used mainly "a personal decision". 7. In using the immobilizing devices, angligner, and radiographic accessories, the Percentages were high in general hospitals and hospitals on the one hand, and were low in clinics on the other. 8. A consideration with regard to the devices for an improvement of examination of the same patients was totally ignored by the 50.0% of clinics, the 26.8% of hospitals and the 20.8% of general hospitals. 9. The causes of re-examination were due largely to patients (33.6%), and followed proportionately by incorrect exposure (22.8%), errors in positioning (22.0%), film processing faults (9.2%), conditions of x-ray equipments (8.8%), and quality of x-ray films (3.6%). 10. The conference on radiography was conducted regularly or irregularly by the 87.5% of general hospitals, the 56.1% of hospitals, and the 27.7% of clinics, and the meeting was proceeded only by radiologic technologists.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.321-331
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate factors of perception by inpatients of the radiology department about exposure to radioactivity at the time of radioactive examination, providing basic information for making educational materials aimed to change their perception. Most of those patients, 65.5% responded that CT was a type of radioactive examination bringing highest exposure to radiosensitivity. Most of the subjects, 56.1% said that a body part most vulnerable to exposure to radiosensitivity was the genital gland at the time of radiosensitivity examination. And most of the participants, or 26.3% responded that they obtained information about radiation from TVs or newspapers. Among the surveyed patients, men were higher in scores for factors of the perception of radiation such as recognition of radiation, harmfulness of radiation, psychological state at the time of radioactive examination, prevention of exposure to radioactivity and necessity of radiation that women were, with statistically significant differences between the two groups. These findings suggest that it is urgently needed to develop an education program which helps patients better perceive exposure to radioactivity and that radiologists should be very careful to reduce the does of that exposure. If patients better perceive radiation, they would be less anxious and less exposed to radioactivity when receiving the radioactive examination.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.95-107
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• 2017

This study is a research based on the non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design whose purpose is to examine the effects of music therapy on the anxiety of patients who take the Intravenous Urography test and their feeling of discomfort during the test. "The first hypothesis that the experimental group who receive music therapy will be lower in score for anxiety during the Intravenous UrographyI test than the control group who do not was supported because after the therapy, the experimental group was found significantly decreased in that score in comparison to the control group. "The second hypothesis that the experimental group who receive music therapy will be fewer in vital signs after the Intravenous Urography test than the control group who do not" was rejected in terms of both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. But the same hypothesis was partially supported because the two groups showed a significant difference in pulse rate after the test. "The third hypothesis that the experimental group who receive music therapy will be less in the feeling of subjective discomfort during the Intravenous Urography test than the control group who do not" was verified to find that the two groups were significantly different from each other in the feeling. Specifically, there was a significant difference between the two groups in only one sub-area of that These findings suggest that music therapy could be an alternative method which can effectively reduce the state anxiety of patients during the Intravenous Urography test.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.121-127
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• 2020

The era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution is increasingly demanding mathematical competencies for virtual reality (VR), artificial intelligence (AI) and the like. In this context, this study intended to identify the basic mathematical competency levels of university freshman students in radiology department and to provide basic data thereon. For this, the diagnostic assessment of basic learning competencies for the domain of mathematics was conducted from June 17, 2019 to June 28, 2019 among 78 freshman students of radiology department at S university and D university. As a result, the university students' overall basic mathematical competency levels were diagnosed to be excellent. However, their levels in the sectors of the geometry and vector and the probability and statistics were diagnosed to be moderate, with the mean scores of 2.61 points and 2.64 points, respectively, which were found to be lower than those of the other sections. As for basic mathematical competency levels according to genders, the levels of male students and female students were diagnosed to be excellent, with the mean scores of 17.48 points and 16.29 points, respectively, showing no statistically significant difference (p>0.05). Given the small number of subjects and regional restriction, there might be some limitations in the generalization of the findings of the present study to all university freshman students and all departments. The above results suggest that it is necessary to implement various programs such as student level-based special lectures for enhancing basic mathematical competencies relating to major in order to improve the basic mathematical competencies of freshman students in radiology department, and that it is necessary to increase the students' mathematical competencies by offering major math courses in the curriculum and applying teaching-learning methods matching students' levels.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.79-99
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• 2015

Participants of this study were students of radiology who were attending colleges or universities located in Daegu and Gyeongbuk. This researcher conducted a questionnaire survey of those students from Feb. 3rd to 21st, 2014. The findings of the study can be summarized as follows. 1. Concerning the knowledge of radiation exposure management, the respondents' scores were highest in two items, or 'Materials based on lead or concrete may shield X-rays' and 'The sexual gland is very sensitive to radiation' and lowest in the item which says' 'Occupational radiation exposure dose should not exceed 20mSv a year in average on a 5-year period basis'. 2. The participants' scores for the attitudes of radiation exposure management were higher in two items, or 'Health examination should be made regularly in relation to radiation exposure' and 'Those who work within the area of irradiation should wear protective clothes' and lowest in the item which says 'Radiation exposure dose should be regularly measured for the calibration of the radiation system'. 3. For the behaviors of radiation exposure management, the surveyed students showed highest scores in two items, or 'When irradiating the patient, the radiator should be behind the protective barrier(plate)' and 'It is needed to receive the education of radiation exposure management regularly' While, their score for a behavior described in the item saying 'Before using the radiation system, it is needed to check whether the machine works normally.