• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.55-61
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• 2024

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of intranodal lymphangiography and thoracic duct embolization (TDE) for chyle leakage (CL) after thyroid surgery. Materials and Methods: Fourteen patients who underwent intranodal lymphangiography and TDE for CL after thyroid surgery were included in this retrospective study. Among the 14 patients, 13 underwent bilateral total thyroidectomy with neck dissection (central compartment neck dissection [CCND], n = 13; left modified radical neck dissection (MRND), n = 11; bilateral MRND, n = 2), and one patient underwent left hemithyroidectomy with CCND. Ten patients (76.9%) had high-output CL (> 500 mL/d). Before the procedure, surgical intervention was attempted in three patients (thoracic duct ligation, n = 1; lymphatic leakage site ligation, n = 2). Lymphangiographic findings, technical and clinical successes, and complications were analyzed. Technical success was defined as the successful embolization of the thoracic duct after access to the lymphatic duct via the transabdominal route. Clinical success was defined as the resolution of CL or surgical drain removal. Results: On lymphangiography, ethiodized oil leakage near the surgical bed was identified in 12 of 14 patients (85.7%). The technical success rate of TDE was 78.6% (11/14). Transabdominal antegrade access was not feasible due to the inability to visualize the identifiable cisterna chyli or a prominent lumbar lymphatic duct. Among patients who underwent a technically successful TDE, the clinical success rate was 90.1% (10/11). The median time from the procedure to drain removal was 3 days (with a range of 1-13 days) for the 13 patients who underwent surgical drainage. No CL recurrence was observed during the follow-up period (ranging from 2-44 months; median, 8 months). There were no complications, except for one case of chylothorax that developed after TDE. Conclusion: TDE appears to be a safe and effective minimally invasive treatment option for CL after thyroid surgery, with acceptable technical and clinical success rates.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.261-268
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• 2012

Objectives: The photocatalytic degradation of toluene in a batch mode photoreactor for the purpose of the hazardous waste treatment was investigated. Methods: Kinetic experiments using a low pressure mercury lamp (Lambda Scientific Pty Ltd, 50 Watt) emitting both UV and visible light were performed at $31^{\circ}C$ over toluene concentrations ranging from 10 to 50 mg/l in water with $50%TiO_2/6%WO_3$ (TW) concentration of 1 g/l at a pH of 6. Results: Kinetic studies showed that $50%TiO_2/6%WO_3$ (TW) photocatalyst was highly active in toluene degradation; we observed that 99% of the pollutant was degraded after six hours under visible irradiation; furthermore, we observed that adsorption onto TW catalyst was responsible for the decrease of toluene with pseudo-first order kinetics. It was also found that oxygen as a radical source in the sol medium played a significant role in affecting the photodegradation of toluene, especially with a two-fold elevation. This increase was achieved by a more than four-fold elevation of the photodegradation of toluene in the presence of acetone than without, presumably via an energy transfer mechanism. Conclusions: We concluded that photodegradation in acetone and oxygen molecules along with TW was an effective method for the removal of toluene from wastewater.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.303-310
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• 2010

Recently distinguished AOP means technology resolving organic compounds in water to harmless compounds such as $CO_2$ and $H_2O$ by creating OH radical ($OH{\cdot}$) with more powerful oxidation than general oxidants. It has merits which the 2nd pollution is not caused since it uses solar energy, sludge doesn't take place, it can be applied to high-density waste water and it oxidizes non-biodegradable organic compounds more easily. The purpose of the study was to examine about removable characteristics of phenol which was a non-biodegradable organic matter with UV/$O_3$/Catalyst processes which is one out of AOP and to present applicability of photocatalyst and the optimum conditions of treatment. The study regarded initial phenol concentration, initial pH, photocatalyst amount and flow as its conditions. As the results, the test had the highest removable efficiency (92%) when initial phenol concentration was 100 mg/L, initial pH 7, photocatalyst amount 6L and flow 1.5 mg/min. The removable efficiency was increased as much as initial phenol concentration was increased, when initial pH was 7 (neutrality), photocatalyst amount was increased and flow was increased. It was checked that the optimum HRT was 12 hours. Therefore, phenol is enough removable with UV/$O_3$/Catalyst process and its prospect in the future is expected.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.135-142
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• 2018

Recently, research on the processing of raw functional materials with the aim of improving various physiological activities has been conducted. In this study, we investigated the antioxidant activity of royal jelly (RJ) hydrolysates obtained from three commercial proteases. Enzyme-treated royal jelly (ERJ), in which the RJ hydrolysates were converted into easy-to-absorb shorter chain monomers through the removal of two known allergen proteins, showed no difference in the content of (E)-10-hydroxydec-2-enoicacid (10-HDA) or the freshness parameter and showed a significant increase in total free amino acid content. The antioxidant activity of ERJ was determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and chemical assays. The ERJ showed about 80% DPPH-radical scavenging activity at same concentration of ascorbic acid. The antioxidant effect of ERJ was confirmed to be due to reduction of intracellular reactive oxidative species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-treated macrophages. Moreover, ERJ significantly increased the activity of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the level of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, these antioxidant activities of ERJ were stronger than those of non-treated RJ. These findings indicate that ERJ has high potential as an antioxidant agent for use in human and animal diets.

• Geotechnical Engineering
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.123-134
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• 1998

To analyse the stability of a slope composed of waste material produced in a closed lead mine, numerical modeling has been carried out in two dimension using FLAC, finite difference program. The research was focused on the effect of the earthquake as well as a rise of water table upon slope stability. The numerical results have shown that the slope would not be safe against earthquake event and that the increase of pore pressure due to a rise of water table up to the ground level may result in a failure of the slope. On the basis of numerical analyses and site investigation, two sorts of measures have been taken. In short term, removal of a part of materials deposited on the top of the pile is required to increase immediately safety factor of the slope even a little. In ling term, it is necessary to repair drainage facilities and dam which covers waste material so that the slope is prevented from failure in a radical manner. It has been confirmed by numerical analyses that an improvenment of the stability can be in a great extent expected after such measures have been performed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.87-96
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• 1995

The Electron/Hole Pair is generated when the activation energy produced by ultraviolet ray illuminates to the semiconductor and OH- ion produced by water photocleavage reacts with positive Hole. As a results, OH radical acting as strong oxidant is generated and then Photocatalytic oxidation reaction occurs. The photocatalytic oxidation can oxidate the non-degradable and hazardous organic substances such as pesticides and aromatic materials easier, safer and shorter than conventional water treatment process. So in this study, many factors influencing the oxidation of chlorophenols, such as inorganic electrolytes addition, change of oxygen and nitrogen atmosphere, temperature, pH, oxygen concentration, chlorophenol concentration, were throughly examined. According to the experiments observations, it is founded that the rate of chlorophenol oxidation follows a first-order reaction and the modified Langmuir-Hinshelwood relationship. And the photocatalytic oxidation occurs only when activation energy acting as Electron/Hole generation, oxygen acting as electron acceptor to prevent Electron/Hole recombination, $TiO_2$ powder acting as photocatalyst are present. The effects of variation of dissolved oxygen concentration, temperature and inorganic electrolytes concentration on 2-chlorophenol oxidation are negligible. And the lower the organic concentration, the higher the oxidation efficiency becomes. Therefore, the photocatalytic oxidation is much effective to oxidation of hazardous substances at very low concentration. The oxidation is effective in the range of 0.1 g/L-10 g/L of $TiO_2$. Finally when the ultra-violet ray is illuminated to $TiO_2$, the surface characteristics of $TiO_2$ change and Adsorption/Desorption reaction on $TiO_2$ surface occurs.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.11
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• pp.1445-1450
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• 2000

Objectives : The Objective of this study was to analyze the prognostic factors affecting survival in the patients with glioblastomas. Methods : We retrospectively studied 55 consecutive patients with glioblastomas who were admitted to neurosurgery department from January 1988 to March 1998. Fifteen pateients were excluded from the analysis because of follow-up loss and surgical motality. There were 24 male and 16 female patients, with a mean age of 51 years. Surgery consisted of biopsy in 4(10.0%) patients, subtotal resection in 9(22.5%) patients and gross total resection in 27(67.5%) patients. Nine(22.5%) patients received second operation. Twenty-eight(70%) received postoperative radiation therapy. Various levels of radiation dose were used, 6,000 rad over 7 weeks in most cases. The variable factors were examined for their relationship with survival ; age at the time of diagnosis, gender, duration of neurological symptoms, preoperative neurological state(Karnofsky performance score), extent of surgical resection, location of tumor, reoperation, and postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Result : The mean survival time was 55 weeks, three(7.5%) of the 40 patients survived more than two years. Survival time with biopsy only cases was 24 weeks, for those with subtotal resection 43 weeks, and for those with gross total resection 67 weeks. A mean survival time from the time of reoperation was 42 weeks. Statistically significant survival factors in glioblastoma were extent of surgical resection, postoperative radiotherapy and reoperation. Summary : Results of our series support the views that the extent of surgery, reoperation and postoperative radiation are important prognostic factors. We also recommend radical tumor removal, postoperative radiotherapy and reoperation, if possible.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.965-970
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• 2009

Oleuropein content of olive leaf extracts (OLE; ethanol extract) was evaluated by high performance liquid chromatography analysis. Oleuropein contents were $4.21{\pm}0.57$, $3.92{\pm}0.43$, $0.32{\pm}0.03$, $5.76{\pm}0.32$, and $32.47{\pm}0.25$ mg/100 g for ethanol extract, and hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and butanol fraction, respectively. The removal of DPPH free radical increased in OLE and all 5 fractions of OLE in a concentration dependent manner. In order to investigate the antioxidant effect of OLE in vitro, 80%(v/v) ethanol OLE, $H_2O_2$, or combined treatment of 80%(v/v) ethanol OLE and $H_2O_2$ were applied on mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells. Cells were damaged by oxidative stress decreased their viability followed by increasing concentration of $H_2O_2$, but co-treatment of OLE and $H_2O_2$ showed an increase in cell growth about 20% compare to the cells treated with $H_2O_2$. OLE suppresses cytotoxicity induced by $H_2O_2$ in dose dependent manner. OLE treatment on MEF cells was also examined by analyzing cell cycle and apoptotic rate using flow cytometry. Apoptotic and necrotic cell accumulation was decreased in addition of OLE to $H_2O_2$ compare to the oxidative damaged cells. Taken together, these results demonstrated that OLE suppresses cytotoxicity induced by $H_2O_2$ and protect cells against oxidative stress on MEF cells.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.629-636
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• 2013

As a result of testing cream soup prepared by adding variable amounts of freeze-dried perilla leaves, the moisture content was lowest at 86.91 for the cream soup containing 20% perilla leaves, and the pH was highest at 7.26 for the control group. The brightness was highest at 78.08 for the control group not containing perilla leaves, and the redness was lowest at -12.73 for PS20. The redness increased significantly (p>0.001) with increasing amounts of perilla leaves. As the amount of perilla leaves increased, the viscosity of the cream soup decreased gradually. In terms of bacteria, no microorganism was found until day 1. The control group with 0% camellia leaves contained $4.5{\times}10^3$ CFU/mL on day 3 and all groups contained microorganisms on day 5. The control group showed the highest content of microorganisms at $3.1{\times}10^4$ CFU/mL; PS20 containing the largest amount of perilla leaves showed the lowest content of microorganisms on day 7 and on day 10. The DPPH free radical removal activity of cream soup increased significantly (p>0.001) with the increasing amount of perilla leaves. In the sensory test, the color was highest at 5.3 for PS15 containing 15% perilla leaves, and there was no significant difference compared to that of the 10% group. The group with the lowest color was PS20. The fragrance was also highest at 5.6 for PS15, and the taste and after-taste were highest for PS10 containing 10% perilla leaves. Overall, the preference was highest at 5.3 for PS15 and lowest at 3.6 for PS20, with the greatest content of perilla leaves. Considering these findings, the optimal content of perilla leaves in cream soup would be 10~15%. Adding more than 20% perilla leaves would make the soup less preferable to the control group not containing any perilla leaves.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.188-194
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• 2009

In this study, we evaluated the phytochemical compositions of the fruits of the pear cactus, mulberry, and Korean black raspberry to determine how they related to antioxidant capacity. Specifically, the total soluble polyphenol, flavonoid and anthocyanin contents were determined, and the phenolic compounds were evaluated by HPLC. In addition, the antioxidant capacity was evaluated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), SOD-like activity and nitrate scavenging activity. Korean black raspberry was found to have the highest level of phytochemicals, followed by mulberry and pear cactus (p<0.05). Furthermore, EPR revealed that Korean black raspberry extract (100 ${\mu}g$/mL) removed 78.6% of the superoxide radicals in a xanthin-xanthin oxidase. Additionally, when the removal of hydroxyl radicals was evaluated, the extract of pear cactus showed 50% scavenging activity at 1000 ${\mu}g$/mL. Korean black raspberry extract showed the highest SOD-like activity, which was 44% (p<0.05). Finally, the nitrate scavenging activity of both extracts of mulberry and Korean black raspberry were found to be 93%, while that of the pear cactus was 63% at pH 1.2 (p<0.05).