• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.77-82
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• 1967

The normal lung volumes were determined and subdivided under sitting position in 48 middle school girls, 49 high school girls and 44 house wives. All subjects were free of pulmonary and vascular diseases. The vital capacity was measured by Mckessons spirometer and the residual volume was determined by Rahn's three breathing method. 1. The lung volumes (BTPS) of middle school girls determined were: $RV\;0.59{\pm}0.11l\;FRC\;1.45{\pm}2.22l\;VC\;2.68{\pm}0.29l$ 2. The lung volumes (BTPS) of high school girls determined were: $RV\;0.83{\pm}0.19l\;FRC\;1.9{\pm}0.25l\;VC\;3.15{\pm}0.24l$ 3. The lung volumes (BTPS) of house wives determind were: $RV\;0.95{\pm}0.61{\ell}\;FRC\;2.1{\pm}0.25{\ell}\;VC\;3.06{\pm}0.29l$ 4. The calculated residual ratio $(RV/TLC{\times}100)$ were: $17.7{\pm}2.57%$ in middle school girls and $20.6{\pm}3.65%$ in high school girls and $24.0{\pm}2.31%$ in house wives 5. The functional residual ratio $(FRC/TLC{\times}100)$ were: $43.7{\pm}5.98%$ in middle school girls and $48.8{\pm}4.41%4 in high school girls and $52.6{\pm}5.38%$ in house wives. 6. The correlation coefficients between vital capacity and total lung capacity were r=0.96 in middle school girls and r=0.986 in high school girls and r=0.856 in house wives. 7. The regression equations were obtained follows: $TLC(l) =1.105{\times}VC+0.304$ (in middle school girls) $TLC(l) =1.551{\times}VC-0.902$ (in high school girls) $TLC(l) =0.999{\times}VC+0.954$ (in house wives)

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.201-209
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• 2012

Apoptosis is a physiological programmed cell death process. Tubercle bacilli inhibit apoptosis of alveolar macrophages and phagolysosome fusion. We investigated whether the Bcl-2 family anti-apoptotic member, Bfl-1/A1, plays an important role in the anti-apoptotic process during mycobacterial infection. PMA-treated human monocytoid THP-1 cells were infected with mycobacteria (H37Rv, BCG, and K-strain) at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10 for 0, 1.5, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 48, or 72 h. In addition, PMA-treated THP-1 cells were pretreated with specific inhibitors for 45 min before stimulation with mycobacteria at an MOI of 10 for 4 h. After the indicated time, the cells were subject to reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis, and a Bfl-1/A1-specific Western blot was performed. In PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells, the expression level of Bfl-1/A1 mRNA was increased by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) H37Rv infection. The mRNA level of Bfl-1/A1 peaked 3 h after MTB infection, then declined gradually until 9 h. However, Bfl-1/A1 mRNA induction gradually re-increased from 24 h to 72 h after MTB infection. No difference in Bfl-1/A1 expression was detected following infection with MTB H37Rv, K-strain, or M. bovis BCG. These results were not dependent on mycobacterial virulence. Moreover, mRNA levels of other anti-apoptotic molecules (Mcl-1, Bcl-2, and Bcl-xL) were not increased after MTB H37Rv or K-strain infection. These results suggest that mycobacteria induce the innate immune host defense mechanisms that utilize Bfl-1/A1 molecules at early time points, regardless of virulence.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.2061-2066
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• 2011

A cycloid speed reducer is one of the rotational speed regulation devices of the machinery. A cycloid speed reducer has an advantage of transmitting high torque, but is known to be unsuitable for high speed rotation. However, it is almost impossible in an analytical method to find a use limit speed when installing such a speed reducer in a 200ton loading transporter. In this research the cycloid reducer was simulated to get its performance depending on friction energy loss in time domain by using by LS-DYNA. The maximum torque of the cycloid speed reducer is 3.5ton-m, so the comparison of analysis results between a case of 60rpm rotation and a case of 162rpm rotation with such a torque showed the following results. In the case of 60rpm rotation, the maximum stress appearing in the RV gear and the pin gear was 463MPa and 507MPa. Lost power due to friction was 50kW; In the case of 162rpm rotation, the maximum stress appearing in the RV gear and the pin gear was 550MPa and 538MPa. Lost power due to friction was 175kW, which was shown to be almost impossible to use.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.38 no.9 s.254
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• pp.633-636
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• 2005

Sixteen-day-old baby with severe Ebstein anomaly underwent emergency operation to relieve progressive hypoxia and congestive heart failure. Operative findings showed huge right atrium and atrialized right ventricle (aRV) with very small functional RV by distal displacemcent of tricuspid valve mechanism. We elected to perform modified Starness operation because biventricular repair was deemed unattainable. After pulmonary and tricuspid valves were primarily closed, aRV was obliterated with multiple sutures from RV apex to the base. Then a PTFE (Gore-Tex, USA) vascular graft was interposed between innominate artery and main pulmonary artery for systemic to pulmonary shunt. The patient was discharged uneventfully, and received bi-directional cavopulmonary shunt 6 months later.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.325-333
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• 2015

The ventilation systems composed three types of side vent (roll-up) 'SV', side vent+roof vent 'SV+RV', and side vent+roof fan 'SV+RF' with 7.5 m spacing, with specific set point temperatures for ventilation: SV ($35^{\circ}C$ open / $33^{\circ}C$ close), SV+RV or SV+RH ($35^{\circ}C$ open/$33^{\circ}C$ close for root ventilation and $37^{\circ}C$ open / $35^{\circ}C$ close for side vent). In the treatment of SV+RV, although the average daily maximum temperature inside the greenhouse temporarily increased by $38-40^{\circ}C$, thermal stress by high temperature did not occur and the disease incidence (%) of powdery mildew and downy mildew on the oriental melon were 25 - 75% lower than in the conventional SV treatment. In the SV treatment, the disease incidence (%) of powdery mildew and downy mildew were 1.4 - 7.7% and 4.2 - 15.9% for 'Deabakkul', and 20.3 - 22.8% and 2.8 - 11.3%, for 'Ildeungkkul'. The yield for one month was higher in the treatment of SV+RV than those in other treatments, with values of 2,105 kg/10a for 'Deabakkul' and 2,537 kg/10a for 'Ildeungkkul'. The simultaneous treatment with side vent and roof vent resulted in 16.2% higher yield (18.1% higher marketable yield) than that in the SV treatment for 'Deabakkul'.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.18-29
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• 2000

호흡기 바이러스 감염은 모든 연령층의 천식에 상당한 영향을 미치는 데 영아에서 RSV는 천명을 야기하고 대부분 일시적이나 재발성 일수도 있다. 어릴 때 바이러스 감염은 면역체계 형성에 영향를 미쳐 알러지와 천식의 위험을 완하할 수있다고 한다. 또한 소아와 성인 천식에서 RV같은 감기 바이러스는 천식의 급성 증상을 유발한다. 호흡기 바이러스 감염에 대한 면역반응이, 기관지로 부터 바이러스 제거 기능외에 기도수축과 호흡기 증상에 관여한다고 한다. 이러한 변화가 일어나는 기전은 호흡기 바이러스가 proinflammatory 사이토카인과 매개체 생성을 유도하는 능력과 연관성이 있는 것 같고 이들이 상하기도 호흡기 증상 및 기도반응 변화에 관여하는 것으로 생각된다. 호흡기 바이러스 감염에 대한 면역반응을 요약하면 바이러스 감염으로 상피세포, 내피세포, 과립백혈구가 활성화되며, 상피세포는 사이토카인, 키모카인, 매개체들을 분비하여 항 면역 반응를 주도하다. 이와 같은 상피세포와 다른 기관지 세포들의 조기 활성화로 내피 세포에 유착분자 표현을 증가시켜 백혈구 동원 증가 및 혈관 투과성을 증가시켜 부종과 분비물을 증가시킨다. 바이러스 또는 바이러스 유발 사이토카인에 의해 활성화된 과립 백혈구, 대식세포, T세포들도 기도염증 증가, 기도폐쇄를 야기하고 기도반응을 증가시킨다. 세포독성 임파구에 의한 바이러스 감염세포의 분해, TGF-$\beta$ IL-10 같은 사이토카인에 의해 부분적으로 염증억제, 기도 remoldeling에 의한 기도구조의 재생등이 바이러스 감염후 기관지 기능의 지속적 변화를 결정한다. 끝으로 천식환자에서 RV 감염의 병인에 관한 기본적 문제는 RV감염이 정상인에서는 경한 증상을 나타내는 데 천식환자에서는 왜 심한 임상증상을 나타내는지 아직 완전히 밝혀지지 않았다. 항 바이러스에 대한 면역반응이 천식환자에서 손상되었는지 또는 천식환자에서 RV감염에 의한 중증의 임상증상은 어떤 다른 세포가 관여하는지? 이들에 대한 답은 기도염증이 천식에서 어떻게 조절되는지 또한 바이러스 감염에 의한 악화된 증상을 어떻게 치료할 것인가에 대한 방향을 제시해줄 것이다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.71-77
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• 2017

Background: Cardiac computed tomography (CT) has emerged as an alternative to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for ventricular volumetry. However, the clinical use of cardiac CT requires external validation. Methods: Both cardiac CT and MRI were performed prior to pulmonary valve implantation (PVI) in 11 patients (median age, 19 years) who had undergone total correction of tetralogy of Fallot during infancy. The simplified contouring method (MRI) and semiautomatic 3-dimensional region-growing method (CT) were used to measure ventricular volumes. Results: All volumetric indices measured by CT and MRI generally correlated well with each other, except for the left ventricular end-systolic volume index (LV-ESVI), which showed the following correlations with the other indices: the right ventricular end-diastolic volume index (RV-EDVI) (r=0.88, p<0.001), the right ventricular end-systolic volume index (RV-ESVI) (r=0.84, p=0.001), the left ventricular end-diastolic volume index (LV-EDVI) (r=0.90, p=0.001), and the LV-ESVI (r=0.55, p=0.079). While the EDVIs measured by CT were significantly larger than those measured by MRI (median RV-EDVI: $197mL/m^2$ vs. $175mL/m^2$, p=0.008; median LV-EDVI: $94mL/m^2$ vs. $92mL/m^2$, p=0.026), no significant differences were found for the RV-ESVI or LV-ESVI. Conclusion: The EDVIs measured by cardiac CT were greater than those measured by MRI, whereas the ESVIs measured by CT and MRI were comparable. The volumetric characteristics of these 2 diagnostic modalities should be taken into account when indications for late PVI after tetralogy of Fallot repair are assessed.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 2014

Purpose: In this study, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of year-round respiratory viral infection in children with lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) and the relationship between respiratory viral infection and allergen sensitization in exacerbating asthma. Methods: We investigated the sources for acute LRTIs in children admitted to our hospital from May 2010 to April 2011. The 6 most common respiratory viruses were isolated from nasopharyngeal aspirate using multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in 309 children; respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus (AV), parainfluenza virus (PIV), influenza virus (IFV), human metapneumovirus (hMPV), rhinovirus (RV). Atopic sensitization was defined if more than 1 serum specific Immunoglobulin E level measured using UniCAP (Pharmacia) was over 0.35 IU/mL. Results: RSV was the most common pathogen of bronchiolitis in hospitalized children through the year. RV or IFV infection was more prevalent in asthma exacerbations compared to other LRTIs. AV and hMPV were more likely to cause pneumonia. RV and IFV were associated with asthma exacerbations in children with atopic sensitization, but not in nonatopic children. Conclusion: RV and IFV are associated with hospitalization for asthma exacerbation in children with atopic sensitization.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.78-85
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• 2014

LNG-RV has the additional equipments that enable to re-gastify liquefied LNG in LNG carrier. This vessel has Submerged Turret Loading(STL) system which transports gas through submarine terminal. When LNG-RV is operating at sea, the opening condition is formed by detaching STL equipment from a vessel. The primary objective of the current work is to estimate accurate speed loss for the opening condition of the LNG-RV employing numerical calculations and model tests. In the model tests, resistance and self-propulsion tests are carried out for the bare-hull and the opening condition without STL. In addition to these, flow visualization utilizing tuft is used to make the flow patterns visible, in order to get a qualitative or quantitative information for inner part in case of detaching the STL.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.165-171
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• 2002

Follicular fluid (FF) contains an oocyte maturation inhibitor with unknown chemical properties. This study was carried out to chemically define the factor(s) inhibiting cumulus cell denudation (CD) and first polar body formation (PBF). Porcine FF (PFF) was extracted with methanol and the extract was serially separated using gel filtration on Superose 12 and Superdex columns. A Superdex fraction was derived with PITC and analyzed with an amino acid analysis column. The results obtained are as follows; PFF had an activity inhibiting both CD and PBF of porcine primary oocytes. Superdex fractions RV2.11 prepared from PFF exhibited an activity inhibiting CD and PBF. By amino acid analysis, the fraction RV2.11 appeared to be proline having the same activity inhibiting CD and PBF. In conclusion, PFF had oocyte maturation inhibitors, of which proline should inhibit CD and PBF.