• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.235-250
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• 2016

In Korea, 70% of the annual rainfall falls in summer, and the number of days of extreme rainfall (over 200 mm) is increasing over time. Because rainfall is the most important trigger of landslides, it is necessary to decide a rainfall threshold for landslide warning and to develop a landslide warning model. This study selected 12 study areas that contained landslides with exactly known triggering times and locations, and also rainfall data. The feasibility of applying a Rainfall Triggering Index (RTI) to Korea is analyzed, and three RTI models that consider different time units for rainfall intensity are compared. The analyses show that the 60-minute RTI model failed to predict landslides in three of the study areas, while both the 30- and 10-minute RTI models gave successful predictions for all of the study areas. Each RTI model showed different mean response times to landslide warning: 4.04 hours in the 60-minute RTI model, 6.08 hours in the 30-minute RTI model, and 9.15 hours in the 10-minute RTI model. Longer response times to landslides were possible using models that considered rainfall intensity for shorter periods of time. Considering the large variations in rainfall intensity that may occur within short periods in Korea, it is possible to increase the accuracy of prediction, and thereby improve the early warning of landslides, using a RTI model that considers rainfall intensity for periods of less than 1 hour.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.191-196
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• 2008

This study is a case study for application of the RTI warning model to Korea which was previously developed to predict landslide potential and occurrence time during a rainfall event. The rainfall triggering index (RTI) is defined as the product of the rainfall intensity I (mm/hr) and the effective accumulated rainfall $R_t$ (mm). This index is used to evaluate the landslide and debris-flow occurrence potential at time t during a rainfall event. The upper critical value ($RTI_{UC}$) of RTI and the lower critical value ($RTI_{LC}$) of RTI can be determined by historical rainfall data of a certain area. When the rainfall intensity exceeds the upper critical value, there are high potential to occur land-slides. The analysis result can predict landslide occurrence time of an area during a rainfall event as well as land-slide potential. The result can also be used as an important data to issue early-warning of landslides. In order to apply the RTI warning model to Korea this study analyzed rainfall data and landslides data in Inje county, Gangwon province, Korea from July 13 to July 19, 2006. According to the analysis result, the rainfall intensity exceeded the upper critical value 23 hours ago, 11 hours ago, and 9 hours ago from 11:00 in the morning, July 16. Therefore, landslide warnings would be issued three times for people evacuation for avoiding or reducing hurts and dam-ages from landslides in mountainous areas of Inje.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.749-752
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• 2003

The HLA is defined by three components: (1) Rules, (2) the HLA Interface Specification, and (3) the Object Model Template(OMT). The RTI(Run-Time Infrastructure) software implements the interface specification. It provides services in a manner that is comparable to the way a distributed operating system provides services to applications. A way to test whether is suitable for a standard, and all service was implemented is tested through two phases of processes to verify the RTI which proposed in DMSO. In this paper, we discuss Level One Test Procedures and a method. Confirms whether RTI was implemented in Interface Specification according to Level One Test Procedures appropriately through a test. Develops Test Suite for every each step to test whether a correct command and the expected results are occur.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.79-83
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• 2015

The Response to Intervention(RTI) approaches is the method to help students who are at risk for learning difficulties in advance and provide an appropriate level of intervention. In this article, the characteristics of model RTI were reviewed for students with achievement of below basic proficiency level. We considered RTI as supporting system to document students' progress and its applicability for the general educational setting in Korean school. The tier of RTI make it possible the evidence based individual instruction and counseling, differentiated step-by step approach for students with achievement of below basic proficiency level. In conclusion, RTI can be used as educational tools for dealing with improvement of academic subjects learning, behavioral and emotional problem for students with achievement of below basic proficiency level. For building high quality implementing for RTI it is needed the collaboration of teachers, counselors and learning consultants and related educators.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.9D no.6
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• pp.1137-1144
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• 2002

Possibility of federation improvement requires flexibility and adaptability of member federates. Moreover, to develop and convert a non-HLA(High Level Architecture) compliant model as a HLA federate and allow this federate to be integrated with a changeable federation, more time and efforts will be necessary. In this research, I proposed a method to design and implement a ROM (RTI Object Model) Framework as a solution to this problem. ROM completely separates RTI (Run-Time Infrastructure) programming and simulation programming therefore providing epochal efficiencies in cost and productivity to the development a HLA federate that supports a changeable FOM. That is, ROM contains two layers : 1) a management layer that manages RTI services between the RTI and the federate and 2) a Foundation Class layer that actually updates/reflects objects and interactions. These two layers allow federate developers to use more generalized HLA services and automates the iterative, low-level RTI programming process.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2002.10d
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• pp.64-66
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• 2002

HLA(High Level Architecture)를 기반으로 한 시뮬레이션들은 분산 환경에서 수행되는 특징을 갖는다. 이러한 시뮬레이션들은 지난 몇 년 동안 계속해서 그 규모가 커지고, 복잡해지고 있다. 이런 분산 시뮬레이션을 실행시킬 때 페더레이트(federate)들의 오동작으로 네트워크의 혼잡을 유발하는 등의 문제점이 생길 수 있다. 이러한 문제점을 효율적으로 해결하기 위해서는 이와 같은 분산 시뮬레이션을 관리 할 수 있는 수단이 필요하게 되었다. HLA 개발자들은 페더레이션(federation)의 내부를 알기 위해서 객체 모델을 개발했고, 이것을 Management Object Model(MOM) 이라고 한다. HLA MOM은 페더레이션을 모니터링과 컨트롤하며 관리 할 수 있게 한다. HLA RTI는 페더레이트간에 효율적으로 정보를 교환하게 하는 분산 운영 시스템이며 MOM을 통해서 RTI의 운영정보에 접근하고, 수행을 통제 할 수 있는 방법을 제공하고 있다. MOM을 이용할 경우 RTI 운영 정보들은 기존의 RTI 서비스를 이용해서 전달될 수 있으며, 이런 특성으로 인해 시스템 관리를 목적으로 하는 어플리케이션을 용이하게 구현 할 수 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 HLA MOM을 이용한 페더레이션을 관리 하는 FMS(federation Management System)을 개발하고자 한다.

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.139-146
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• 2009

Recently, software industry regarding national defense increases system development of distributed simulation system of M&S based to overcome limit of resource and expense. It is one of key technologies for offering of mutual validation among objects and reuse of objects which are discussed for developing these systems. RTI, implementation of HLA interface specification as software providing these technologies uses Federation Object Model for exchanging information with joined federates in the federation and each federate has a characteristic that is supposed to have identical FOM in the federation. This paper presents a characteristic of Base Object Model, SISO standardization for improving reuse and interoperability of Federation Object Model applied simulation network manager based HLA/RTI and suggests method of designing the structure of simulation network manager through the modularity of Federation Object Model.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society for Simulation Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.85-89
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• 2002

Development of distributed simulation environment must be required in order to simulate the distributed models regionally and inter-operate with running simulations individually, Simulation based on DEVS formalism is difficult to simulate the distributed models. DEVS formalism is modeling methodology. To specify model, this formalism separates behavior and structure, therefore it is able to design complex model easily. HLA is standard framework of distribute simulation environment, It is defined to facilitate the interoperability and the reusability. RTI (Run Time Infrastructure) is software that provides common service to simulation systems and implementation of the HLA Interface Specification. Method of implementation is that modules cooperating with RTI are added to simulator on DEVS simulation environment. On the DEVS simulation environment (DEVS-Obj -C) that already developed, Highest class of abstract simulator uses service that RTI provide, then This environment is able to change DEVS model into Federate and run distribute simulation that inter-operates with the RTI. Because this distributed simulation environment includes convenience of modeling that obtains through the DEVS formalism and accompanies HLA standard, this environment make it possible to simulate with_ complex systems and heterogeneous simulations

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2015

In this paper, the multi-resolution simulation of standard linkage architecture is consists of the engineering-level (QUEST), engagement-level (SADM), the mission-level (EADSIM). It was developed the engineering-level model using battle experiment integrated development environment in the battle experimental engineering system. The engagement level model was developed using the SADM and the mission-level model was developed using EADSIM. The standard linkage architecture is designed and implemented in order to interlocking model of multiple layers. Each different simulation programs in a distributed environment was designed by HLA interface specifications for satisfying interworking. Also the integrated interoperation gateway was developed for relaying the each different simulation programs. The effective naval weapon system for measure of effectiveness develops using to improve the fidelity of the model between the various layers through multi-resolution interoperation simulation. According to the operator requirement is quickly battlefield environment can be constructed. The other simulation program that being designed through standards linkage architecture can linkage easily and efficiently.

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.41-50
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• 2003

HLA (High Level Architecture) is the object, time, and interface standard that proposed for distribution simulation in the US Department of Defense. The HLA is defined by three components: Rules, the HLA Interface Specification, and the Object Model Template (OMT). The RTI (Run-Time Infrastructure) software implements the interface specification. It provides services to simulation applications. To test whether a RTI software is suitable for the standard and all service was implemented is performed through two phases of processes proposed by DMSO. In this paper, we implement Level One Test Procedures of DMSO and apply to NetCust's RTI software. The experimental results are discussed.