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Prediction of stress intensity factor range for API 5L grade X65 steel by using GPR and MPMR

  • Murthy, A. Ramachandra;Vishnuvardhan, S.;Saravanan, M.;Gandhi, P.
    • Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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    • v.81 no.5
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    • pp.565-574
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    • 2022
  • The infrastructures such as offshore, bridges, power plant, oil and gas piping and aircraft operate in a harsh environment during their service life. Structural integrity of engineering components used in these industries is paramount for the reliability and economics of operation. Two regression models based on the concept of Gaussian process regression (GPR) and Minimax probability machine regression (MPMR) were developed to predict stress intensity factor range (𝚫K). Both GPR and MPMR are in the frame work of probability distribution. Models were developed by using the fatigue crack growth data in MATLAB by appropriately modifying the tools. Fatigue crack growth experiments were carried out on Eccentrically-loaded Single Edge notch Tension (ESE(T)) specimens made of API 5L X65 Grade steel in inert and corrosive environments (2.0% and 3.5% NaCl). The experiments were carried out under constant amplitude cyclic loading with a stress ratio of 0.1 and 5.0 Hz frequency (inert environment), 0.5 Hz frequency (corrosive environment). Crack growth rate (da/dN) and stress intensity factor range (𝚫K) values were evaluated at incremental values of loading cycle and crack length. About 70 to 75% of the data has been used for training and the remaining for validation of the models. It is observed that the predicted SIF range is in good agreement with the corresponding experimental observations. Further, the performance of the models was assessed with several statistical parameters, namely, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Coefficient of Efficiency (E), Root Mean Square Error to Observation's Standard Deviation Ratio (RSR), Normalized Mean Bias Error (NMBE), Performance Index (ρ) and Variance Account Factor (VAF).

A Monte Carlo Simulation and 1D Hydraulic Model-Based Approach for Estimating River Discharge at the Confluence using Artificial Multi-Segmented Rating Curves (K-RIVER와 Monte Carlo 방법을 이용한 홍수기 간접유량 추정 기법)

  • 강한솔;김연수;노준우;허영택;변지선;안현욱
    • Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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    • 2023.05a
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    • pp.483-483
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    • 2023
  • 2020년 8월 섬진강 유역에서 100년 빈도 이상의 대홍수가 발생함에 따라 제방이 붕괴되거나 하천 범람이 발생하는 피해가 발생하였다. 8월 홍수를 대상으로 섬진강 본류 남원(신덕리) 수위국에서 기존의 수위-유량 관계 곡선식(이하 Rating curve)의 최대 적용 가능 수위는 2.53m 이지만, 해당 기간 첨두 수위는 10m 이상을 기록하였다. 이러한 대홍수의 경우 기왕의 관측데이터가 없을 뿐만 아니라 기존의 Rating curve를 외삽하여 활용하는 것에도 한계가 있어 간접적으로 유량을 산정할 수 있는 기법이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 이와 같이 유량측정이 어려운 지점을 대상으로 주어진 유량에 대하여 수위를 재현할 수 있는 K-water에서 개발된 K-River모형(1차원 하천수리해석모형)과 Monte Carlo 시뮬레이션 기법을 활용하여 간접적으로 유량을 산정할 수 있는 기법을 개발하였다. 개발된 방법론은 고수위 구간에 대한 Rating curve의 불확실성으로 인하여 본류와 지류의 유입량 추정이 어려웠던 섬진강 요천 합류부에 적용하였다. 대상구간은 본류(섬진강) 26km 및 지류(요천) 15km로 구성되어 있으며, 본류와 지류의 상류인 수위국 남원(신덕리) 관측소와 남원(동림교) 관측소에는 각각 기존의 Rating curve가 존재한다. 불확실성이 높은 Rating curve의 고수위 구간에 대한 매개변수를 조정하여 다수의 Rating curve를 생성하고, 이를 기반으로 관측수위를 다수의 상류 시계열 유량자료(경계조건)로 환산하였다. 다음으로 이 유량자료를 기반으로 앙상블 모의를 수행 후 대상구간의 중간지점에 위치한 수위국(고달(고달교) 관측소, 송동(요천대교) 관측소, 곡성(금곡교) 관측소)에서 수위재현성(NSE, RSR등 활용)을 평가하여 최적 샘플 추출을 추출하였다. 추출된 샘플로부터 상류 경계지점의 적정 Rating curve 선정과 각 지점에서의 시계열 수위 및 유량을 역으로 추정하였다. 이를 통해 실제 유량측정결과 없이도 간접적으로 신뢰도 높은 유량 자료를 확보할 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었으며, 향후 수자원의 효율적 관리 및 홍수관리를 위하여 효율적으로 활용이 가능할 것으로 생각된다.

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Indirect discharge estimation using K-River and Monte Carlo simulation at the Confluence of the Seomjin River and Yocheon (K-River와 Monte Carlo Simulation을 이용한 섬진강 요천 합류부의 간접유량 산정)

  • Kang, Han Sol;Kim, Yeon Su;Noh, Joon Woo;Byeon, Ji-Seon;An, Hyun Uk
    • Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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    • 2022.05a
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    • pp.113-113
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    • 2022
  • 기후 변화에 따른 집중호우의 증가로 유례없는 홍수가 발생하기도 한다. 홍수 대비를 위한 수리구조물 설계 및 홍수 예측을 위해서는 기초자료인 유량 자료가 중요하며, 이는 Rating-curve를이용하여 산정하는 것이 일반적이다. 하지만, 이를 기왕의 데이터가 부족한 지역과 적용수위 이상에 대해 적용하는 것에 한계가 있다. 2020년 8월 섬진강에 발생한 홍수는 홍수량의 추정이 어려울 뿐 아니라 기존의 Rating curve를 활용하여 홍수량을 추정하는데 한계가 있다. 섬진강 하천정비기본계획(2021)에 따르면 섬진강 남원(신덕리) 관측소는 100년 빈도 홍수량이 7,470m3/s인 반면, 선형 보간을 통한 Rating curve 외삽 결과 약 23,000m3/s로 많은 차이 나는 것을 확인할 수 있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 외삽의 불확실성과 직접 측량에 어려움이 있는 홍수기 유량 추정을 위해 수리학적 해석 방법을 이용한 간접유량 산정기법을 제시하였다. 수치해석모형을 이용하여 홍수사상을 재현하고, 이를 역으로 이용하여 관측 수위와 근접한 계산 결과를 보인 입력 자료로부터 대상 지역의 유량을 간접적으로 산정하였다. 상류단 유량자료의 생성을 위하여 Rating curve의 변수에 대하여 무작위 조합을 생성하였고, K-River(1차원 수리해석 모형)를 이용하여 MCS(Monte Carlo Simulation)를 수행하였다. 계산된 수위와 관측 수위간 수위 재현성 평가(NSE, RSR)를 통해 최적 결과를 나타낸 Rating Curve의 변수들로부터 경계조건의 Rating Curve를 산정하였다. 방법론의 검증을 위해 요천 합류부에 적용하였으며, 그 결과 기존 곡선식의 외삽에 따른 유량 자료의 수위 재현성과 비교하여 개선된 것을 확인하였다. 이를 활용하여 수자원 유량 자료의 신뢰도 개선에 활용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

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Long-term runoff prediction of Gyeongan-cheon watershed using statistically forecasted weather information (통계적 기상예측정보를 이용한 경안천 유출량 장기 전망)

  • Kim, Chul-Gyum;Lee, Jeongwoo;Lee, Jeong Eun;Kim, Hyeonjun
    • Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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    • 2022.05a
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    • pp.413-413
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    • 2022
  • 본 연구에서는 통계적 방법으로 도출된 장기 기상예측정보를 이용하여 유역에서의 유출량 전망 가능성을 검토하였다. 먼저 한강권역의 월 강수량과 기온에 대해 글로벌 기후지수와의 원격상관성을 기반으로 다중회귀모형 기반의 통계적 예측모형을 구성하여 미래기간(1~12개월)에 대한 월 단위 기상예측정보를 도출하였다. 월 단위로 도출된 강수량과 기온은 통계적 상세화 기법을 통해 한강권역 주요 ASOS 관측소 지점별로 일 단위 강수량과 기온자료로 변환하였으며, 상세화된 일 자료를 유역모형인 SWAT의 입력자료로 활용하여 경안천 유역의 미래기간에 대한 유출량을 도출하였다. 유출량 예측성을 평가하기 위하여 과거기간(2003~2021년)을 대상으로 관측유출량과 예측기상정보로부터 산출된 예측유출량을 비교하였다. 각 월별로 예측된 유출량의 중앙값과 관측값의 적합도를 분석한 결과, PBIAS는 -5.2~-2.7%, RSR은 0.79~0.91, NSE는 0.34~0.38, r은 0.59~0.62로 강수량 및 기온의 예측성에 비해 낮게 나타났다. 전 기간에 대해 월별로 분석한 예측결과에 대한 3분위 확률은 5월, 6월, 7월, 9월, 11월은 평균 42.8%로 예측성이 충분한 것으로 나타났으나, 나머지 월에서의 평균 예측성은 17.3%로 매우 낮게 나타났다. 상세화된 기상정보를 이용하여 유역모델링을 통해 산정한 유출량에 대한 전망 결과는 기상예측결과에 비해 상대적으로 예측성이 낮은 것으로 분석되었다. 이는 관측값 자체에서 나타날 수 있는 불확실성에 기인할 수도 있으며, 유출량에 지배적인 영향을 주는 강수량의 예측성에 대한 문제가 유역 모델링 과정에서 증폭되어 나타나는 문제일 수도 있다. 또한 지점별 일 자료로 상세화되는 과정에서의 불확실성, 우리나라 여름철 유출량 변동성 등 여러 가지 요인이 복합적으로 영향을 주어 나타나는 것으로 생각된다. 향후 다양한 대상유역에 대한 검토와 기상예측모형의 보완, 상세화 과정에서의 불확실성 해소 등을 통해 예측성을 개선할 계획이다.

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Monthly temperature forecasting using large-scale climate teleconnections and multiple regression models (대규모 기후 원격상관성 및 다중회귀모형을 이용한 월 평균기온 예측)

  • Kim, Chul-Gyum;Lee, Jeongwoo;Lee, Jeong Eun;Kim, Nam Won;Kim, Hyeonjun
    • Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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    • v.54 no.9
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    • pp.731-745
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    • 2021
  • In this study, the monthly temperature of the Han River basin was predicted by statistical multiple regression models that use global climate indices and weather data of the target region as predictors. The optimal predictors were selected through teleconnection analysis between the monthly temperature and the preceding patterns of each climate index, and forecast models capable of predicting up to 12 months in advance were constructed by combining the selected predictors and cross-validating the past period. Fore each target month, 1000 optimized models were derived and forecast ranges were presented. As a result of analyzing the predictability of monthly temperature from January 1992 to December 2020, PBIAS was -1.4 to -0.7%, RSR was 0.15 to 0.16, NSE was 0.98, and r was 0.99, indicating a high goodness-of-fit. The probability of each monthly observation being included in the forecast range was about 64.4% on average, and by month, the predictability was relatively high in September, December, February, and January, and low in April, August, and March. The predicted range and median were in good agreement with the observations, except for some periods when temperature was dramatically lower or higher than in normal years. The quantitative temperature forecast information derived from this study will be useful not only for forecasting changes in temperature in the future period (1 to 12 months in advance), but also in predicting changes in the hydro-ecological environment, including evapotranspiration highly correlated with temperature.

Evaluation of reference value of anti-Glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody for cerebrospinal fluid (뇌척수액에서 항 Glutamic acid decarboxylase 항체검사의 참고치 설정)

  • Park, Min-Ho;Shin, Sun-Young;Youn, Tae-Seok;Shin, Hi-Jung;Noh, Gyeong-Woon
    • The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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    • v.21 no.2
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    • pp.28-30
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    • 2017
  • Purpose Anti-Glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody test (GAD Ab) has been used as a predictor of type 1 diabetes. GAD Ab has also been shown to be highly potent in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with suspected diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Recently, it has been known that clinical significance of GAD Ab using CSF is useful for the neurological disorders. However, the reference value of anti-GAD Ab has been provided only for serum. In this experiment, we estimated the reference value of anti-GAD antibody for CSF in neurological patients. Materials and Methods A total of 211 neurological patients were enrolled. Serum and CSF were analyzed by radioimmunoassay (RIA) using commercial RIA anti-GAD Ab kit (RSR, London, United Kingdom). Normal saline was used as the normal CSF control because CSF is most similar to 0.9% normal saline. Results The mean value of normal CSF control was 1.97 U/mL, and two standard deviations (2SD) was 1.44 U/mL. Based on this data, the expected reference range of CSF could be estimated from 0.54 U/mL to 3.40 U/mL Conclusion The reference range of normal CSF control using normal saline obtained with Hoffmann's method. However, there will be a need to validate the CSF reference values using human normal CSF.

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Detection of Radiation Induced Markers in Oranges Imported from the United States of America (미국산 오렌지의 Radiation Induced Marker 검색)

  • 조덕조;권중호
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.32 no.1
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    • pp.1-7
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    • 2003
  • Radiation induced markers were investigated for the detection of irradiated oranges imported from America. In the DNA comet assay, the non-irradiated and irradiated samples showed the comets with long tails in both seed and flesh. Though this tendency was maintained for 6 weeks, identification of non-irradiated or irradiated samples was impossible. In the thermoluminescence (TL) measurement, the non-irradiated samples revealed a glow curve with low intensity at about 28$0^{\circ}C$, while the irradiated samples showed with higher intensity at around 18$0^{\circ}C$. There were no remarkable changes in detection properties for 6 weeks after irradiation. The TL ratio of area for TL$_1$ glow curve to TL$_2$ was below 0.1 for the non-irradiated samples and 0.5 or more for the irradiated ones during storage. In the electron spin resonance (RSR) measurement, irradiated oranges showed an unspecific central signal in all parts (seed, flesh and peel), so the detection for radiation treatment of oranges was impossible. Based on the results, DNA comet assay and ESR were not useful for the detection, but TL was appropriate to search radiation induced markers of oranges during storage period. The detectable period during storage is confirmed by sensory evaluation.

The Analysis of the Value of the Thyroid Autoantibody Measured by Radioimmunoassay (방사면역측정법에 의한 갑상선 자가항체 측정의 기본적 및 임상적 검토)

  • Chung, Jae-Hoon;Lee, Myung-Shik;Cho, Bo-Youn;Lee, Hong-Kyu;Koh, Chang-Soon;Mim, Hun-Ki;Lee, Mun-Ho
    • The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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    • v.21 no.2
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    • pp.133-141
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    • 1987
  • To evaluate the values of the thyroid autoantibody measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and compare it with hemagglutination method (HA) in the normal and the thyroid disease, data were obtained from total 618 persons; 236 healthy persons, 217 patients with Graves' disease (including 113 patients with undertreated Graves' disease), 100 Hashimoto's disease, 31 thyroid nodule, and 34 simple goiter. RSR kit made in England was used and could be detected to at least 3 U/ml. The positive rates of normal group were antimicrosomal antibody (AMA) 31.8%, antithyroglobulin antibody (ATA) 44.5% by RIA and there was no considerable change in sex and age distribution. In Graves' disease, the positive rates of AMA and ATA were 90.4, 76.9% by RIA, 85, 39% by HA. In Hashimoto's disease, 94,91 % by RIA, and 87,48% by HA, respectively. The autoantibody titer by RIA in thyroid autoimmune disease as well as in normal group was more senisitive than that by HA, especially in ATA. There were linear relationships between the titer of RIA and that of HA in AMA of Graves' disease and AMA and ATA of Hashimoto's disease. There was no relationship among thyroid autoantibody, free $T_4$ index, TBII, and TSH. The titers of AMA and ATA were found to decrease in patients with Graves' disease during the course of antithyroid drug therapy. Of the 236 normal subjects, thirty-seven (15.7%) had concentrations of above 7.5 U/ml in AMA, forty. four (18.6%) above 9 U/ml in ATA. These values were considered as the upper limit for the normal range. In Graves' disease, 82.7, 53.8% were above 7.5, 9 U/ml, respectively; In Hashimoto's disease, 82, 79% were positive. We conclude that RIA was more sensitve than HA in measuring the thyoird autoantibody, but we will study further more for determining the normal range and its interpretation.

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Monitoring of Atmospheric Aerosol using GMS-5 Satellite Remote Sensing Data (GMS-5 인공위성 원격탐사 자료를 이용한 대기 에어러솔 모니터링)

  • Lee, Kwon Ho;Kim, Jeong Eun;Kim, Young Jun;Suh, Aesuk;Ahn, Myung Hwan
    • Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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    • v.5 no.2
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    • pp.1-15
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    • 2002
  • Atmospheric aerosols interact with sunlight and affect the global radiation balance that can cause climate change through direct and indirect radiative forcing. Because of the spatial and temporal uncertainty of aerosols in atmosphere, aerosol characteristics are not considered through GCMs (General Circulation Model). Therefor it is important physical and optical characteristics should be evaluated to assess climate change and radiative effect by atmospheric aerosols. In this study GMS-5 satellite data and surface measurement data were analyzed using a radiative transfer model for the Yellow Sand event of April 7~8, 2000 in order to investigate the atmospheric radiative effects of Yellow Sand aerosols, MODTRAN3 simulation results enable to inform the relation between satellite channel albedo and aerosol optical thickness(AOT). From this relation AOT was retreived from GMS-5 visible channel. The variance observations of satellite images enable remote sensing of the Yellow Sand particles. Back trajectory analysis was performed to track the air mass from the Gobi desert passing through Korean peninsular with high AOT value measured by ground based measurement. The comparison GMS-5 AOT to ground measured RSR aerosol optical depth(AOD) show that for Yellow Sand aerosols, the albedo measured over ocean surfaces can be used to obtain the aerosol optical thickness using appropriate aerosol model within an error of about 10%. In addition, LIDAR network measurements and backward trajectory model showed characteristics and appearance of Yellow Sand during Yellow Sand events. These data will be good supporting for monitoring of Yellow Sand aerosols.

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