• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.89-103
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• 2014

This study analyzed the preference depending on street planting types and visual characteristics on Dongdaegu-ro located in Suseong-gu, Daegu Metropolitan City. The Single Row Roadside, Central Sidewalk Plantings, Double Row Parallel and Alternate Plantings were selected as the planting types. The plantings were divided at intervals of 4, 7 and 10 meters. A survey was conducted by dynamic simulation produced from pedestrian perspective. As a result, in single planting, the single central sidewalk planting with 4 meter-interval showed a high landscape preference 4.64. In addition, in double planting, the double alternate planting with 7 meter-interval showed the highest landscape preference 5.01. The factors that had the greatest effect on the landscape preference were 'comfortable' and 'beautiful'. It was considered that they should be preferentially taken into account in producing landscapes by planting. It was considered that they should be preferentially taken into account. It is also considered that this study will be used for objective data and planting plan for establishing the comfortable and high quality streetscape by quantitative evaluation of the visual characteristics and preference according to the street planting types.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.63 no.2
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• pp.161-168
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• 2020

It is known that different plant species have ability to deposit different amounts of particulate matter (PM) on their leaves and plants can absorb heavy metals in PM through their leaves. Heavy metals in PM can have toxic effect on human body and plants. Therefore, PM on different roadside trees at Chungbuk national University including box tree (Buxus koreana), yew (Taxus cuspidate), royal azalea (Rhododendron yedoense), and retusa fringetree (Chionanthus retusa) was quantified based on particle size (PM_>10 and PM_2.5-10). The metal concentration in PM accumulated on leaves was analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy. In this study, the mass of PM_>10 deposited on the surface of the tree leaves ranged from 6.11 to 32.7 ㎍/㎠, while the mass of PM_2.5-10 ranged from 0 to 14.8 ㎍/㎠. The royal azaleas with grooves and hair on the leaf surface retained PM particles for longer time, while the yews and box trees with wax on leaf surfaces accumulated more PM. The PM contained elements in crustal material such as Al, Ca, Mg, and Fe and heavy metals including Cu, Pb and Zn. The concentration of elements in crustal material was higher in the coarser size, while heavy metal concentration was relatively higher in the finer size fraction. The Mn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations of leaves and PM_2.5-10 were significantly correlated indicating that PM was taken up through tree leaves.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.15-31
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• 2022

The Green Purification Unit System (GPUS) is a green infrastructure facility applicable to the roadside to reduce particulate matter from road traffic. This study introduces two types of GPUS (type1 and type2) and assesses the performance and maintenance costs of each of them. The GPUS's performance analysis used the data collected in November 2021 after the installation of the GPUS type1 and type2 at the study site in Suwon. The changes in the particulate matter concentration near the GPUS were measured. The maintenance cost of GPUS type1 and type2 was assessed by calculating the initial installation cost and the management and repair cost after installation. The results of the performance analysis showed that the GPUS type1, which was manufactured by combining plants and electric dust collectors, had a superior particulate matter reduction performance. In particular, type1 produced a greater effect of particulate matter reduction in the time with a high concentration (50㎍/m³ or higher) of particulate matter due to the operation of electric dust collectors. GPUS type2, which was designed in the form of a plant wall without applying an electric dust collector, showed lower reduction performance than type1 but showed sufficiently improved performance compared to the existing band green area. Meanwhile, the GPUS type1 had three times higher costs for the initial installation than GPUS type2. In terms of costs for managing and repairing, it was evaluated that type1 would be slightly more costly than type2. Finally, this study discussed the applicability of two types of GPUS based on the result of the analysis of their particulate matter performance and maintenance cost at the same time. Since GPUS type2 has a cheaper cost than type1, it could be more economical. However, in the area suffering a high concentration of particulate matter, GPUS type1 would be more effective than type2. Therefore, the choice of GPUS types should rely on the status of particulate matter concentration in the area where GPUS is being installed.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.32-41
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• 2016

Particle-phase concentrations were measured at 10, 80, and 200 m from the roadside of a national highway near Seoul in January and May 2008. The highway has two lanes each way, with an average hourly traffic volume of 1,070 vehicles. In January 2008, $PM_{10}$ concentrations decreased from 10 to 80 m but increased at 200 m. Black carbon (BC) decreased only slightly with distance due to the influence of biomass burning and open burning from the surrounding areas. In May 2008, the effect of secondary formation on both $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ was significant due to high temperatures compared with January. Because on-road emissions had little effect on secondary formation for a short time, variations in $PM_{10}$ concentrations became smaller, and $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations increased with distance. The effects of fugitive dust on PM concentrations were greater in May than in January when the mean temperature was below freezing. In the composition variations, the amounts of primary ions, organic carbon (OC), and BC were larger in January, while those of secondary ions and others were larger in $PM_{10}$, as well as $PM_{2.5}$ in May.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.466-482
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• 2020

This study used 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in the ENVI-met program to investigate how particulate matters (PM) generated on roads disperse through adjacent urban neighborhoods according to the urban development pattern. An urban area centered on a six-lane road in the vicinity of Miryang City Hall in Gyeongnam Province was selected to simulate the effect of the green space and building height on the PM concentration. The ENVI-met model considered the presence of green space and different building heights (high/low) on both sides of the road to examine the dispersion of PM. The result showed that the area of high-rise buildings and green space had the lowest PM concentration dispersed to the adjacent area, followed by the area of high-rise buildings and no green space. In contrast, the PM concentration remained relatively high for low-rise buildings, regardless of the green space. The reason for the low PM concentration in the area with high-rise buildings was a strong building wind, which caused PM to disperse to the outside, lowering the PM concentration quickly. These results indicate that the PM can disperse faster, and the PM concentration remains low in the urban neighborhood. On the other hand, green space had no significant effect on reducing PM in the urban neighborhood. In particular, when there are low-rise buildings on both sides of the road, the green space has no effect on the PM concentration in the urban neighborhood. Since this study considered only the case of PM emitted from the road, future studies should investigate other factors to figure out the dispersion model of PM and conduct on-site experiments.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.389-400
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• 2009

In this research, we measured the number of lanes, distance, disposition of apartment that are affecting the road traffic noise to evaluate the current condition of G city's road traffic noise. We decide on a basis regarding an apartment price formation factor, and the apartment current price and the results that compared. To have a point scale, we set the maximum road traffic noise at a 8 lane road for 5 points, give 4 points for a 6 lane road, which has a $2.1{\sim}2.5\;dB(A)$ difference compared to a 8 lane road, give 3 points for a 4 lane road, which has a $5.2{\sim}5.5\;dB(A)$ difference compared to a 8 lane road, and set 2 points for a 2 lane road and lower. If we set the standard floor plan as horizontal and a living room facing the roadside, the horizontal and living room facing the opposite side of the road is 1 point because it differs by 14.1 dB(A), and the vertical is 3 points since the difference is 5.3 dB(A). If we make grades by the distance, making standard the fifth floor with little soundproof effect from apartment to road, we observe a measurement below 2.9 dB(A) at a distance of less than 10 m and 5 dB(A), decreased at a distance of 20 m. Therefore, 4 points were given for less than 10m, 3 points for $10{\sim}20\;m$, 2 points for more than 20 m as we can apply the effect of a decay distance of line sound source and the decrease in noise effects of more than 6 dB(A), 1 point for more than 40m, and 0 points for more that 80 m since it is negligible. 28 apartments got 0 points because there is no effect of road traffic noise from other apartments, and 50 apartments where only the road at one side effect them got $5{\sim}10$ points. 4 apartments (17-2, 6-3, 10-4, 3-3) received over 20 points. 15 cases showed a difference between developer price and resale price, and 11 cases (73%) among them showed the same trend (price increases with a low road traffic noise restriction factor point) with the point of road traffic noise restriction factor. 4 cases demonstrated the opposite trend, showing price increases with a high restriction factor point. Among the 4 cases, case numbers 2,6 and 9 appear to be more affected by the location factor (business district) than the road traffic noise restriction factor, and case number 1 appears to be affected by the building factor (openness and direction).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.15-31
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to figure out visual character and preference of roadscape for the main entrance road in Chongju. We took 9.6km which was from the Chongju interchange of Kyungbu expressway to Sangdang park and was thought to have a peculiar characteristics. This main entrance road was seperated into 4 parts according to arranging patterns of roadside trees and buildings. To investigate the visual characters, the sementic differential scale experiment was used. The visual characters, the sementic differential scale experiment was used. The visual preference was examined by analyzing visual volume of 4 factors. The results of the study based on these analyses were as below : 1. Factors that compose the visual characters of roadscape were classified by the emotional factor, the individual factor and the physical factor. These 3 factors showed a64.14% total variance. Among 3 factors the emotional factor which represented psychological reaction was appreciated to be the highest and the physical factor was assessed to be the lowest. 2. 24 items in total 14 adjectives showed the following ranking of mean values in sementic differential experiment : Road I -->RoadIII-->RoadII-->RoadIV. The mean values between Road I and RoadIV showed a significant difference, which can be explained to be a contrast between the natural factor and the artificial factor. 3. The mean value of the visual preference was the highest at Road I and the lowest at Road IV. While Road II and Road III showed 3.51 and 4.71, respectively. 4. The effect of 4 factors on visual preference was analyzed by regression as follows : Visual preference =1.2983+0.0627 + 0.0230+0.0203, R-Square=0.5

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.63-71
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• 2001

PM 2.5/ samples were measured at two sites, Hadan(suburban site) and Anrak (roadside site) in Busan area. PM 2.5/ sampling was performed for 24-hour intervals by the FH9.5 particulate sampler. Aerosol samples were collected on PTFE filter. A total of 60 particulate samples were collected, dad samples were measured for Particulate mass concentration, metallic elements (Cr, Mn, Ni. Cu. Se, Fe, Pb, and Zn) and waer-soluble elements (C $l^{[-10]}$ , N $O_{3}$$^{[-10]}$ ,S $O_{4}$$^{2-}$, N $H_{4}$$^{+}$, $Ca_{2}$$^{+}$, $Mg_{2}$$^{+}$ and $^{+}$.Mass concentration in Hadan ranged 24.23~57.12 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ and 60.22~72.12 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥m Yellow Sand Events. Major cations in Hadan and Anrak site is N $H_{4}$$^{+}$and N $a^{+}$ respectively. SO42$^{[-10]}$ was the abundant specie in the PM 2.5 fraction for Hadan site an dAnrak site. Hadan site showed igher concentration in S $O_{4}$$^{2.1}$ and N $H_{4}$ $^{+}$ In Anrak site the concentration of S $O_{4}$/sip 2-/and N $a^{+}$ was higher than other ions Prominent metallic elements were Fe and Pb in two sites. Principal component analysis showed that main source of PM 2.5 aerosol particles was non-metal related source which was resulted in relating elements as Cr, Ni, and Pb at Hadan site, Anrak site also has resulted PM2.5 aerosol paricles source, which was related its element like Zn, and Ni,. The SAS package analysis also showed that long-range transport effect at Hadan area due to Yellow Sand Event by the prevailing weaterlies.ling weaterlies.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.6 no.1 s.10
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• pp.40-46
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• 2002

In this paper, a microstrip array antenna is designed, fabricated and measured for ETCS(Electronic Toll Collection System). To reduce effect of external propagation environment, we use edge-cuffed element and to obtain wider axial ratio and increased bandwidth, we use the sequential rotation array method. Also to fulfill ETCS, roadside equipment are designed to be provide a radiation pattern which can accurately pinpoint the designated communication area without interference of another lanes. And we make and apply an absorber to the array antenna to reduce SLL(Side Lobe Level). From the measurement, we get that return-loss at center frequency is -20.675dB, axial ratio is 0.35dB and the gain is 20.26dBi. And we found that SLL is reduced.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.5115-5122
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• 2013

This paper has studied about the development and application of landslide collapse prediction real-time monitoring system based on USN to detect and measure the collapse of landslide. The rainfall measuring sensor, gap water pressure sensor, indicator displacement measuring sensor, index inclination sensor, water content sensor and image analysis sensor are selected and these are applied on the test bed. Each sensor's operation and performance for reliability verification is tested by the instrument which is installed in the field. As the result, u-IT based real-time landslide monitoring system which is developed by this research for landslide collapse detection could minimize life and property damages because it makes advance evacuation with collapse risk pre-estimate through real-time monitoring on roadside cut and bedrock slopes. This system is based on the results of this study demonstrate the effect escarpment plan are spread throughout.