• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제48권1호
• /
• pp.40-51
• /
• 2024

Background: Ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3 shows promising tumor-suppressive effects in ovarian cancer via inhibiting NF-kB signaling. This study aimed to explore the downstream tumor suppressive mechanisms of ginsenoside Rg3 via this signaling pathway. Materials and methods: A systematical screening was applied to examine the expression profile of 41 kinesin family member genes in ovarian cancer. The regulatory effect of ginsenoside Rg3 on KIF20A expression was studied. In addition, we explored interacting proteins of KIF20A and their molecular regulations in ovarian cancer. RNA-seq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) was used for bioinformatic analysis. Epithelial ovarian cancer cell lines SKOV3 and A2780 were used as in vitro and in vivo cell models. Commercial human ovarian cancer tissue arrays were used for immunohistochemistry staining. Results: KIF20A is a biomarker of poor prognosis among the kinesin genes. It promotes ovarian cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Ginsenoside Rg3 can suppress the transcription of KIF20A. GST pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation (IP) assays confirmed that KIF20A physically interacts with BTRC (β-TrCP1), a substrate recognition subunit for SCF^β-TrCP E3 ubiquitin ligase. In vitro ubiquitination and cycloheximide (CHX) chase assays showed that via interacting with BTRC, KIF20A reduces BTRC-mediated CDC25A poly-ubiquitination and enhances its stability. Ginsenoside Rg3 treatment partly abrogates KIF20A overexpression-induced CDC25A upregulation. Conclusion: This study revealed a novel anti-tumor mechanism of ginsenoside Rg3. It can inhibit KIF20A transcription and promote CDC25A proteasomal degradation in epithelial ovarian cancer.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제44권3호
• /
• pp.490-495
• /
• 2020

Background: Ginsenoside Rk1, a saponin component isolated from heat-processed Panax ginseng Meyer, has been implicated in the regulation of antitumor and anti-inflammatory activities. Although our previous studies have demonstrated that ginsenoside Rg3 significantly attenuated the activation of NMDA receptors (NMDARs) in hippocampal neurons, the effects of ginsenosides Rg5 and Rk1, which are derived from heat-mediated dehydration of ginsenoside Rg3, on neuronal NMDARs have not yet been elucidated. Methods: We examined the regulation of NMDARs by ginsenosides Rg5 and Rk1 in cultured rat hippocampal neurons using fura-2-based calcium imaging and whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. Results: The results from our investigation showed that ginsenosides Rg3 and Rg5 inhibited NMDARs with similar potencies. However, ginsenoside Rk1 inhibited NMDARs most effectively among the five compounds (Rg3, Rg5, Rk1, Rg5/Rk1 mixture, and protopanaxadiol) tested in cultured hippocampal neurons. Its inhibition is independent of the NMDA- and glycine-binding sites, and its action seems to involve in an interaction with the polyamine-binding site of the NMDAR channel complex. Conclusion: Taken together, our results suggest that ginsenoside Rk1 might be a novel component contributable to the development of ginseng-based therapeutic treatments for neurodegenerative diseases.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제43권3호
• /
• pp.431-441
• /
• 2019

Background: The efficacy of ginseng, the representative product of Korea, and its chemical effects have been well investigated. The ginsenoside RG3 has been reported to exhibit apoptotic, anticancer, and antidepressant-like effects. Methods: In this report, the putative effect of RG3 on several cellular function including cell survival, differentiation, development and aging process were evaluated by monitoring each specific marker. Also, mitochondrial morphology and function were investigated in ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated normal human dermal fibroblast cells. Results: RG3 treatment increased the expression of extracellular matrix proteins, growth-associated immediate-early genes, and cell proliferation genes in UV-irradiated normal human dermal fibroblast cells. And, RG3 also resulted in enhanced expression of antioxidant proteins such as nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 and heme oxygenase-1. In addition, RG3 affects the morphology of UV-induced mitochondria and plays a role in protecting mitochondrial dysfunction. Conclusioin: RG3 restores mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and membrane potential via its antioxidant effects in skin cells damaged by UV irradiation, leading to an increase in proteins linked with the extracellular matrix, cell proliferation, and antioxidant activity.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제47권3호
• /
• pp.429-439
• /
• 2023

Background: The incidence and clinical importance of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged. However, effective therapeutic strategies for NAFLD have yet to be found. Panax ginseng (P. ginseng) is a traditional herb in Eastern Asia with therapeutic effects in many chronic disorders. However, the precise effects of ginseng extract on NAFLD are currently unknown. In present study, the therapeutic effects of Rg3-enriched red ginseng extract (Rg3-RGE) on the progression of NAFLD were explored. Methods: Twelve-week-old C57BL/6 male mice were fed a chow or western diet supplemented with high sugar water solution with or without Rg3-RGE. Histopathology, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, serum biochemistry, western blot analysis, and quantitative RT-PCR were used for in vivo experiment. Conditionally immortalized human glomerular endothelial cell (CiGEnC) and primary liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) were used for in vitro experiments. Results: Eight weeks of Rg3-RGE treatment significantly attenuated the inflammatory lesions of NAFLD. Furthermore, Rg3-RGE inhibited the inflammatory infiltrate in liver parenchyma and the expression of adhesive molecules to LSECs. Moreover, the Rg3-RGE exhibited similar patterns on the in vitro assays. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that Rg3-RGE treatment ameliorates NAFLD progression by inhibiting chemotaxis activities in LSECs.

• 산업식품공학
• /
• 제21권3호
• /
• pp.225-232
• /
• 2017

본 연구에서는 홍삼분말 입자크기 $10.00{\mu}m$ 이하의 홍삼분말과 $100.00{\mu}m$ 이상의 홍삼분말 간의 이화학적 특성 및 추출 효율성분 함량을 비교분석하였으며, 분산안정성을 기반으로 가공공정에서 적합한 홍삼분말 입자크기를 조사하였다. 본 연구에 사용된 홍삼분말은 $158.00{\mu}m$, $8.45{\mu}m$, $6.33{\mu}m$ 의 입도크기를 가졌으며, 각각 RG A, RG B, RG C로 표현하였다. 본 연구에서는 홍삼분말(2.6%, w/v)을 증류수에 분산시킨 홍삼용액을 4주 동안 저장 온도 $4^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$, $40^{\circ}C$에 각각 보관하였으며, 이에 따른 갈색도 및 지방산패도 변화를 확인하였다. 갈색도는 홍삼분말 입자크기와 관계없이 저장온도 및 시간에 따라 갈색도 값이 감소하였으며, 지방산패도(TBA)의 값은 저장온도에 상관없이 4주 동안 유의적으로 증가하였으나 홍삼분말의 지방함량이 낮아 지방산패도 값은 0.1 미만의 낮은 값을 보였다. 분산 안정성을 나타내는 backscatterting 값은 홍삼분말을 이용한 제품 가공시 적합한 입자크기를 알아보기 위하여 측정하였으며, RG A는 RG B 및 RG C와 다르게 분산직후 바로 침전이 되어 용기의 바닥부분에서 높은 backscattering 값을 보였다. RG B는 분산 10시간 이전까지 RG C보다 낮은 TSI 값을 보였으며, 10시간 이후 RG C와 같은 분산안정성을 보였다. RG A, RG B, RG C의 DPPH 및 ABTS 자유 라디칼 소거능의 $IC_{50}$ 값들은 각각 2.74-3.34 mg/mL, 2.77-2.95 mg/mL으로 홍삼분말 입자크기에 따른 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 일반적으로 홍삼분말의 입자크기 감소는 표면적 증가로 이어져 유효성분 추출 효율성이 증가하지만, 본 실험에서 RG A, RG B, RG C 간의 유효성분 추출에 큰 차이를 보이지 않은 것은 미세한 입자가 열수추출 과정 중 입자간 뭉침현상이 발생하여 표면적 증가와 관련있는 것으로 고려된다. 홍삼분말의 ginsenoside 총 함량은 24.28 mg/g 및 24.53 mg/g로 입자크기에 따른 유의적 차이를 보이지 않았으나, ginsenoside $Rg_1$, Re, $Rh_2$ 함량은 RG C가 RG A보다 유의적으로 높은 값을 가졌다. 따라서 홍삼분말 입자크기는 갈색도, 지방산패도, 항산화 효과에 큰 영향을 미치지 않지만 미세한 입자크기를 가진 홍삼분말이 분산안정성이 좋아 홍삼분말을 이용한 홍삼제품 가공공정에 보다 적합할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국조경학회지
• /
• 제24권2호
• /
• pp.13-24
• /
• 1996

The purpose of this study is to suggest optimum level of the Ratio of Greenery within the frame of vision in the interior landscape design through the analysis of visual character and preference of the interior landscape. The concept of the RG was defined as the ratio of projected area of plants higher than 1.2M against background wall from eye level. 5 photography of Interior landscape space -- 10,20,30,40 and 50% of the RG-- were constructed by computer graphic techinques. Likert scale and semantic differential scale were used to analyse visual character and preference of the interior landscape space. The analysis results are as follows : 1. Factors that compose of the image of the interior landscape have been found to be the "evaluation ", "complexity". The mean value of semantic differential scale showed a significant difference according to RG. When the RG was 20~30%, "Harmony" and "stability" was strongly recognized than the other factors and the interior landscape made the interior space natural and intimate. But at the RG 40!50%, users felt "stuffy" and "too complex" by many plants, so it was not efficient the Interior Landscape. 2. The visual preference was significantly different according to RG. The mean value of the visual preference was increased as the RG was higher, it was the highest at the RG 30%. But over the RG 30%, the preference level was declined. 3. Based on these results, this study suggests that the optimum level of RG in the Interior Landscape is 30%.at the optimum level of RG in the Interior Landscape is 30%.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제40권3호
• /
• pp.300-303
• /
• 2016

The result of USRG-12 indicated that ultrasonication-processed ($100^{\circ}C$, 12 h) red ginseng extracts had the highest amount of ginsenosides Rg3 (0.803%), Rg5 (0.167%), and Rk1 (0.175%).

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제42권3호
• /
• pp.352-355
• /
• 2018

In this study, we precisely showed how the Rg3-enriched red ginseng extract (Rg3-RGE) lowers glucose, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels in $LDL^{-/-}$ mice. Aspartate aminotransferase/serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase), alanine aminotransferase /serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase, and steatohepatitis were found to be reduced, and atheroma formation was inhibited by Rg3-enriched red ginseng extract.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제43권4호
• /
• pp.550-561
• /
• 2019

Background: Gastric ulcer (GU) is a common gastrointestinal disease that can be induced by many factors. Finding an effective treatment method that contains fewer side effects is important. 20 (S)-ginsenoside Rg3 is a kind of protopanaxadiol and has shown superior antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects in many studies, especially cancer studies. In this study, we examined the treatment efficacy of 20 (S)-ginsenoside Rg3 on GU. Methods: Three kinds of GU models, including an alcohol GU model, a pylorus-ligated GU model, and an acetic acid GU model, were used. Mouse endothelin-1 (ET-1) and nitric oxide (NO) levels in blood and epidermal growth factor (EGF), superoxide dismutase, and NO levels in gastric mucosa were evaluated. Hematoxylin and eosin staining of gastric mucosa and immunohistochemical staining of ET-1, inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2), and epidermal growth factor receptors were studied. Ulcer index (UI) scores and UI ratios were also analyzed to demonstrate the GU conditions in different groups. Furthermore, Glide XP from $Schr{\ddot{o}}dinger$ was used for molecular docking to clarify the interactions between 20 (S)-ginsenoside Rg3 and EGF and NOS2. Results: 20 (S)-ginsenoside Rg3 significantly decreased the UI scores and UI ratios in all the three GU models, and it demonstrated antiulcer effects by decreasing the ET-1 and NOS2 levels and increasing the NO, superoxide dismutase, EGF, and epidermal growth factor receptor levels. In addition, high-dose 20 (S)-ginsenoside Rg3 showed satisfactory gastric mucosa protection effects. Conclusion: 20 (S)-ginsenoside Rg3 can inhibit the formation of GU and may be a potential therapeutic agent for GU.

• 미생물학회지
• /
• 제54권4호
• /
• pp.436-441
• /
• 2018

인삼은 우수한 약리 활성 작용을 보이는 전통적인 약초이다. 본 연구에는 프로바이오틱스 Lactobacillus helveticus KII13과 Pediococcus pentosaceus KID7 균주를 진세노사이드(ginsenoside) 함량을 증가시키기 위해 조 인삼 추출물을 발효시켜 진세노사이드를 형질전환 시키는데 사용되었다. 발효삼 추출물의 TLC(Thin-layer chromatography) 분석 결과, 5일간의 발효 후 주요 사포닌인 진세노사이드 Rg3, Rh1 및 Rh2로 변환되는 것으로 나타났다. HPLC 분석을 수행하여 주요 및 미량 진 세노사이드를 정량화하였다. 3일째에는 Rg3가 나타나고, 5일째에는 Rh2 및 Rh1이 나타난다. L. helveticus KII13과 P. pentosaceus KID7의 공동 배양은 주요 진세노사이드(Rb1과 Rg1)를 미량 진세노사이드(Rg3, Rh2, Rh1)로 전환시키는 것을 학인하였다.