• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.1-24
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• 2020

The current research brings the spotlight onto customer Gapjil toward service employees. In an attempt to understand what brings Gapjil, the present article investigates the intertwined effects of perceived economic mobility (PEM), self-other referent priming (SORP), and temporal focus on Gapjil. Study 1 shows that PEM increases Gapjil among self-referent primed people, but not among other-referent primed people. Study 2 examining the role of temporal focus (present vs. future) reveals that the effect found in study 1 is replicated in the present focus, but the effect is reversed in the future focus. We explain this dynamic pattern of the 3-way interaction effect with a relative gratification and a motivation to attune the self to the perceived norm of the high class. We also discuss how to create a social atmosphere to lessen Gapjil in public and corporate communication strategies.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.230-241
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of power sources of department store and fashion company, and salesperson's job consciousness on job satisfaction in the middle management system of department store. Questionnaire data from 193 salespeople in the middle management of department store were analyzed by reliability analysis, factor analysis, correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis, hierarchical regression analysis. The results of this study were as follows: First, coercive power, informational and expert power, and referent power of department store had significant effects on job satisfaction. The coercive power of department store had a negative influence on job satisfaction, while informational and expert power, and referent power of department store had a positive influence on job satisfaction. Second, referent power, expert power, reward power, coercive power of fashion company had a positive influence on job satisfaction. Third, referent power of department store had a greater influence on job satisfaction than other power sources. Fourth, job commitment and pride, prospect awareness had a positive influence on job satisfaction, while professional self-awareness had no effect on job satisfaction.

• 한국노년학
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.751-763
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• 2016

In this article, we conducted a literature review about cognitive aging and social-psychological factors that influence cognitive function in old age. As getting older, cognitive function was mostly seen as declining, even though the effect of aging is differential across domains of cognitive ability. The negative view about cognitive aging might be reflecting social-psychological factors such as age stereotypes. Age stereotypes vary among different cultures, but appear to be negative in general. Negative age stereotypes are related to lower level of memory performances. Older adults who were experimentally presented with positive age stereotypes exhibited better memory performances than those with negative age stereotypes. Self-referent belief, appraisals of one's own cognitive abilities, could also affect actual performance in cognitive tasks. Older adults showed lower self-referent belief than younger adults, and it might explain memory decline in old age. Theoretical explanation and implication about the relationship between social-psychological factors and cognitive abilities were discussed.

• Language and Information
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.111-125
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• 2016

In this paper I argue that the subject in a Korean kes-cleft construction denotes the discourse referent that stands for the entity that satisfies the description of the cleft clause. This denotation thereby can be understood as a meta-linguistic referent which refers to the linguistic expression for a presupposed entity. In support of this claim, it is shown an anaphoric expression kekes also can be analyzed as a meta-linguistic referent. This analysis can explain why the subject and the predicate of a kes-cleft in Korean allow animacy crash.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.279-307
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• 1990

The present research inverstigates the nature of contextual effects on pronoun reference resolution during text comprehesion.Through three experiments,this research examines how various contextuall informations influence on reference resolution and interact with syntactic variables.In experiment 1,the local context was controlled by biasing the pronoun-sentence context towards a certain preceding referent.The lexical decision time and the forced choice time for the correct referent were measured.The results showed that the local contexts have clear effect on reference resolution.The effects of syntactic ambiguity were also observed though the local context was biased towards a certain referent noun.In experiment 2,the global context effect was examined by introducing the text-thematic context in a preceding sentence while keeping the following pronoun-sentence context neutral.The results showed that the global thematic context bias towards a subject or object in a preceding sentence entails a faster response time than the thematically neutral context.In experiment 3,another aspects of context effects were inverstigated by manipulating the consistency of the preceding thematic context with the following pronoun-sentence context.The results showed that the lexical decision responses and forced referent choice responses were faster when the prethematic context and the post-anaphoric context match than when they mismatch.In sum,the overall results of three experiments of this research indicates that context has a clear effect on pronoun reference resolution during text comprehension.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Language and Information Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.522-530
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• 2007

This article investigates the use of distal demonstrative Hitlo in Taiwanese Southern Min (TSM) from a discourse-pragmatic perspective. The analysis is based on a 5-hour corpus of spoken data, including daily conversations, radio interviews, TV drama series, and some random examples. A total of 172 tokens of Hitlos are identified in the data. They can be divided into six categories according to their functions: firstly, exophoric usage, those Hitlos which refer to an object non-linguistically which can be identified in the immediate situation; secondly, endophoric usage, those which refer to an element textually; thirdly, referent introducing function, those which can be used to introduce a new but identifiable referent into the conversation (the referent usually has topical importance); fourthly, hedging expression, those which serve as a marker of imprecision; fifthly, a condition introducing marker, those which function as an indicator of the coming of a conditional sentence; finally, pause fillers, those which help speakers to manage speech turn or indicate the mental states In addition, an interactive function which Hitlo is found to serve will be discussed. Moreover, a grammaticalizational process involving semantic bleaching which Hitlo is probably undergoing is revealed in general. Finally, a filled demonstrative principle, stating that it may be a universal phenomenon to use demonstratives as filled pause will be proposed.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.563-592
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• 2018

In this research, it was examined whether the importance of value of self(i.e., self-referenced values) and the perceived importance of values of average Koreans(i.e., culture-referenced values) differ according to social class. In Study 1, differences in the importance of self-referenced values according to the social class of 1,140 adults aged over 19 years old were examined using Korean data from the World Values Survey. Findings showed that higher social class was associated with higher levels of Hedonism (which belongs to the individualistic value domain) and Benevolence, and lower levels of Tradition (which belongs to the collectivistic value domain) and Universalism. In Study 2, culture-referent questionnaires were added to examine the differences in self-referenced values and culture-referenced values according to social class. Findings showed that higher social class was associated with greater importance attached to individualistic value domain (namely, Power and Achievement), and as a result of Study 1, less importance attached to Benevolence towards the self. On the contrary, for culture-referent ratings, higher social class was associated with lower perceptions of the importance of individualistic value domain (namely, Self-direction and Hedonism) and greater importance attached to Tradition (which belongs to the collectivistic value domain) for average Koreans. These results suggest that the importance of self-referenced values and culture-referenced values differ by social class. The need for social class research taking into account culture and the importance of the culture-referent ratings is highlighted. Future directions for research are discussed.

• Language and Information
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.79-92
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• 2011

Some terms related to "meaning" in semantics are reviewed, particularly those used in Lyons' famous semantics book Semantics 1 and Semantics 2 (Cambridge University Press, 1977). Since Lyons' book is so comprehensive that the semantic terms used in that book cover almost every important notions/terms used in contemporary semantics. With relevant interpretation of the terms, we suggest most appropriate Korean translations, trying to give different translations for different English terms. Terms covered include: 'signify, signification; reference/refer/referent, sense; denotation/denote, connotation/connote; extension, intension; implication/imply, implicature/implicate, entailment/entail; designate, demonstrate/demonstrative'.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.91-110
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• 2013

Due to the intense competition and low switching cost, to find out which factors will significantly impact on user's continuance intention is very important for mobile instant messaging (IM) practitioners. In this study, we adopted network externalities and perceived service quality as independent variables based on the definition of mobile IM service. Network externalities also include direct externalities (referent network size) and indirect externalities (perceived complementarity). The result of this study shows that referent network size has a critical influence on perceived usefulness and perceived complementarity has a critical influence on perceived enjoyment; perceived service quality, as we expected, has significantly impact on not only customer's satisfaction but also perceived usefulness and perceived enjoyment. Meanwhile, both perceived usefulness and perceived enjoyment have directly critical influences on customer's continuance intention.

• Language and Information
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.51-66
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• 1999

This paper argues that the de se reading is a composite of the corresponding de re one plus the presupposition that there exists a strong epistemic relation between the object of attitude, linguistically realized as an anaphor, and the attitude-bearer, the referent of the anaphor's antecedent. Close examination of the relation between the attitudes de se and anaphora reveals that the notion de se, as currently understood, should be generalized to explain the choice of anaphors. A taxonomy of anaphors in terms of a general notion like presupposition provides further empirical support for the approach taken here.