• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.283-293
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• 2011

With the purpose of improving ginsenoside content in adventitious root cultures of Korean wild ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer), the roots were treated with different dosages of ${\gamma}$-ray (5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 200 Gy). The growth of adventitious roots was inhibited at over 100 Gy. The irradiated adventitious roots showed significant variation in the morphological parameters and crude saponin content at 50 to100 Gy. Therefore, four mutant cell lines out of the propagation of 35 cell lines treated with 50 Gy and 100 Gy were selected on the basis of phenotypic morphology and crude saponin contents relative to the wild type control. The contents of 7 major ginsenosides ($Rg_1$, Re, $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, Rf, and Rd) were determined for cell lines 1 and 3 from 100 Gy and lines 2 and 4 from 50 Gy treatments. Cell line 2 showed more secondary roots, longer length and superior growth rate than the root controls in flasks and bioreactors. Cell line 1 showed larger average diameter and the growth rate in the bioreactor was comparable with that of the control but greater in the flask cultured roots. Cell lines 1 and 2, especially the former, showed much more ginsenoside contents than the control in flasks and bioreactors. Therefore, we chose cell line 1 for further study of ginsenoside contents. The crude saponin content of line 1 in flask and bioreactor cultures increased by 1.4 and 1.8-fold, respectively, compared to the control. Total contents of 7 ginsenoside types ($Rg_1$, Re, $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, Rf, and Rd) increased by 1.8 and 2.3-fold, respectively compared to the control. Crude saponin and ginsenoside contents in the bioreactor culture increased by about 1.4-fold compared to that the flask culture.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.299-305
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• 2010

In this study, the contents of ginsenoside were compared according to the red ginseng extract times to provide basic information for developing nutraceutical foods using red ginseng. The highest total ginsenoside contents of the main, lateral, and fine root extracts were 23.04, 65.68, and 295.92 mg/100 mL when extracted at $75^{\circ}C$ for 21, 18, and 12 hours, respectively. The total ginsenoside content showed a tendency to decrease as the extraction times were increased. The highest Rb1 and Rg1 contents of the main, lateral, and fine root extracts were 5.76, 28.39, and 117.83 mg/100 mL when extracted at $75^{\circ}C$ for 18, 15, and, 12 hours, respectively, and their highest Rb2 and Re contents were 5.76, 28.39, and 117.83 when extracted under the same conditions. The prosapogenin content of the red ginseng extract increased along with the extraction time. The highest total ginsenoside extraction ratios of the main, lateral, and fine root extracts of the red ginseng at $75^{\circ}C$ were 21.3, 21.1, and 67.1%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.480-485
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• 1989

Changes of color intensity and components during browning reaction of water extracts from white tail ginseng were investigated. Temperature dependence was described by the Arrhenius relationship with an activation energy of 16kcal/mole. Temperature sensitivities$(Q_{10}\;value)$ for water extracts of ginseng was 1.90 between $70^{\circ}C\;and\;80^{\circ}C$, 1.57 between $80^{\circ}C\;and\;90^{\circ}C$ and 1.46 between $90^{\circ}C\;and\;100^{\circ}C$. pH value of the solution treated at $90^{\circ}C\;and\;100^{\circ}C$ slightly increased with an increase in reaction time. Among ginseng saponins ginsenoside-Re was most unstable against heat-treatment, white diol group saponins were more stable against heat-treatment. Hydrogen donating activity (reducing activity for ${\alpha},\;{\alpha}'-diphenyl-{\beta}-picrylhydrazyl$) and 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid(DNS) positive substances of browning reaction products increased in proportion to the length of browning reaction time and temperature, whereas folin positive substances decreased by heat-denaturation of ginseng protein at initial reaction time and then increased thereafter.

• Journal of computational fluids engineering
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.100-109
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• 2011

Large eddy simulation(LES) of fully developed turbulent pipe flow has been performed to investigate the effect of Reynolds number on the flow field at $Re_{\tau}$=180, 395, 590 based on friction velocity and pipe radius. A dynamic subgrid-scale model for the turbulent subgrid-scale stresses was employed to close the governing equations. The mean flow properties, mean velocity profiles and turbulent intensities obtained from the present LES are in good agreement with the previous numerical and experimental results currently available. The Reynolds number effects were observed in the higher-order statistics(Skewness and Flatness factor). Furthermore, the budgets of the Reynolds stresses and turbulent kinetic energy were computed and analyzed to elucidate the effect of Reynolds number on the turbulent structures.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.623-628
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• 2000

The antioxidative effect of mugwort extracts was measured by DPPH and LDL with four different solutions (70% acetone, ethanol, hot water, cold water). Mugwort extracts contained 3.2% of polyphenol, 380 RE/l00 g of vitamin A, 16.2 mg/100 g of vitamin C, and 5.1 ${\alpha}$-TE/100 g of vitamin E. DPPH revealed the effect in the order of 70% acetone, hot water, ethanol, and cold water. In particular, 70% acetone showed outstandingly stronger activity than the control group. Also, when 10 ${\mu}\ell$ was added, the effect was well noticed. But the antioxidative activity was hardly seen at 15 ${\mu}\ell$. LDL exhibited the same order of strength in proportion to mugwort＇s concentration. Against the control group, the activity of 70% acetone was 7 times, hot water and ethanol 6 times, and cold water 2 times. This result is attributable to the antioxidative increase of polyphenol and antioxidative vitamins.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.14-18
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• 2000

We have investigated gain flattening of EDFA systems with or without a gain equalizer for WDM long-haul transmission using a re-circulating EDFA loop. Without a gain equalizer, gain variation as small as 2.9 dB was achieved over the 10-nm band of a 100 cascaded EDFA system by the inversion principle. With a gain equalizer based on all-fiber acousto-optic tunable filters, two different config-urations of EDFAs were tested. For a single-stage EDFA scheme, the 21-nm band has shown 3.8 dB of gain variation at 17.4 ∼ 20.3 dB of OSNRs after the 100the stage of EDFAs. For a dual-stage EDFA scheme, a wider bandwidth of 34 nm has shown 3.6-dB variation after 40 cascaded EDFAs.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2006.06a
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• pp.162-165
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• 2006

AZO (ZnO:Al) were fabricated by RF magnetron sputtering In $H_2/Ar(5%\;H_2)$ atmosphere, and structural, electrical and optical properties were investigated. The substrate temperatures were varied at RT, $100^{\circ}C,\;150^{\circ}C$ and$200^{\circ}C$. The resistivity of the films grown in $H_2/Ar(5%\;H_2)$ were reduced from $7.67{\times}10^{-4}{\Omega}\;cm$ to $5.95{\times}10^{-4}{\Omega}\;cm$ comparing that Ar (100%) and the transmittance of the ZnO:Al films in the visible range was 85%.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.250-257
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• 2023

The development of a spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of trimethoprim according to the reaction between O-phthalaldehyde (OPA) in highly alkaline media, and 2-mercaptoethanol (2ME) and this reaction gives fluorescent product measured at (458) nm when excited at (342) nm. The optimization of the analytical parameters that influence intensity was investigated. The intensity of fluorescence of the formed product was linearly related to the concentration of trimethoprim in the (100-1200) ng mL^-1 range. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were estimated to be (22.54) ng mL^-1 and (75.15) ng mL^-1 respectively. The utility of the proposed methods was successfully verified by analysis of trimethoprim in pure and real pharmaceutical preparations with high accuracy, the recovery percentages Re%, were found to be (100.5) % and (99.76) % for pure drug and pharmaceutical preparations respectively.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1-7
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• 2020

Amid growing interest in recycling around the world, the amount of waste is increasing despite the separate discharge efforts of each household, and it is difficult to find accurate data on recycling household waste. Also, recycling segregation is already settled in our daily lives, but we face a serious problem in which a significant portion of the recyclables collected are re-waste. In this study has been proposed a cash compensation system for recyclables, which is paid cash when the recyclables are washed clean and discharged. The cash compensation system proposed in this study could re-use 100% of the discharged recyclables, resulting in rewards for good deeds for individuals, greater returns for businesses and reduced disposal costs for local governments. In addition, it is expected that the government will be able to secure data related to the recycling of domestic waste, which will contribute to the management of recyclables at the national level.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SC
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• v.43 no.3 s.309
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• pp.51-59
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• 2006

In this paper, we propose an excellent ultrasonic transceiver system based on a QPSK modulation technique for underwater communication. The transmitter sends a still image at the level of 187dB re $1{\mu}Pa/V@1m$ through a power amplifier by driving an ultrasonic sensor. The receiver performs digital conversion at the 100kHz sampling frequency, demodulation and decoding process for the image sent from the transmitter through the underwater communication. We have shown that the processed image at the receiver is almost the same as the orignal one. The maximum detection distance of the system proposed in this paper is approximately 1.17km. To cope with the difficulties of transmission loss, this paper proposes, implements and analyzes important parameters of sensors and circuits used in the system. Most of the underwater communication has focused on the transmission of audio signal, but this paper suggests an efficient underwater communication system for still image transmission.