• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.287-293
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• 2009

In this study, red ginseng extract solutions were analyzed to set up the functional saponin content and quality optimization condition. The highest saponin content among the total red ginseng extracts was 64.6 mg / 100 ml which was extracted at $75^{\circ}C$ for 18 hours. In addition, the saponin content decreased according to the increased extraction temperature and time. The highest total content of $Rb_2$ and Re was 11.8 mg / 100 ml at $75^{\circ}C$ for 12 hours which decreased according to the increased extraction temperature and time. The prosapogenin content of red ginseng extract was increased at $75^{\circ}C$ and $85^{\circ}C$ while the content decreased at $95^{\circ}C$, in which the highest prosapogenin content was 34.9 mg / 100 ml at $85^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. The total sugar content and cloudness were increased according to the increased extraction time at $95^{\circ}C$, but pH and hue value were decreased according to the increased extracted time. The highest sweetness content was 4.0% which was found at $95^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours extract. Therefore, the most appropriate red ginseng extracting method was lower the temperature for saponin content at first time in combination with raise the temperature for taste at second time.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.616-622
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• 2006

This study was intended to analyze the contents of polyphenol compounds and vitamin C, and the inhibitory activities of xanthine oxidase and tyrosinase to measure physiological efface of various extract of Lespedeza bicolor. The vitamin C content was $26.42{\pm}0.08mg/100g$. The content of phenolic compounds included in the flesh L bicolor was $1.14{\pm}0.02mg/g$. The ethanol extract by reflux method and water extracts by the microwave-assisted method showed the highest content as 154.95 mg/g and 145.17 mg/g, respectively. The xanthine oxidase inhibitory tate of water extracts was the highest value of 87.85% at the concentration of 1,000 ug/mL. All kinds of extracts showed the highest inhibitory activity for the xanthine oxidase at the concentration of 1,000 ug/mL and a decreasing pattern of the inhibitory race over the concentration of 1,000 ug/mL. The tyrosinase inhibitory rate was increased with an increment of the extract concentrations, and the activity of ethanol extracts was the highest as 55.22% at the concentration of 3,000 ug/mL.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.15-19
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• 1988

In the process of re-checking the phase relations of the Pt-Sb system the previously reported Pt4+Sb phase did not occur. Instead, Pt34Sb7 phase with an average chemical composition (wt%) Pt 89.3, Sb 11.4, total 100.7, has been newly found to exist, and the formula Pt34Sb7 has been tentatively assigned to it, It is pale brownish grey to yellowish grey under refloecting microscope and non-bireflectant, VHN100=225 (206-243). X-ray powder patterns are (d(I/Io)): 2.318(100), 2.293(100), 2.110(30), 1.440(50), 1.390(15), 1.283(5), 1.203(70) and 1.192(40)$\AA$. They are indexable on the basis of tertragonal cell with $\alpha$=3.948(3), c=16.85(1)$\AA$. A question whether the tetragonal Pt34Sb7 is the new phase or a polymorph of the cubic Pt4+Sb phase remains unclear and awaits better X-ray diffraction, electron microprobe analysis and DTA for the Pt4+Sb phase. The Pt3Sb phase reported to be of tetragonal symmetry has been confirmed to exist. It is greyish yellow in air and in oil, very weakly bireflectant, and weakly anisotropic. VHN25=216 (183-240). Its X-ray powder data have been successively indexed on a tetragonal cell with $\alpha$=3.9455(7), c=16.959(5)$\AA$.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2000.02a
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• pp.146-146
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• 2000

We have studied the etching of Si(100)-2xl by Cl and Br, using scanning tunneling microscopy to obtain morphological information that can be related to reaction and desorption pathways. Clean surfaces were exposed to molecular halogens at room temperature to produce well-defined chemisorption structures for coverages in the range 0.2-1.0 ML. Heating to 750-750 K induced etching by thermal desorpton. Analysis of the halogen concentration before and after heating indicated that the rates of desorption for SICl2 or SiBr2 were greatest for intermediate coverages and that etching was suppressed as saturation was reached. Hence, desorption is not simply proportional to the concentration of species that can form adsorbed precursors SiX2(a). Instead, it is directly coupled to the creation of monomer vacancies adjacent to the SiX2 (a) unit because this increases the lifetime of the excited state and increases the likelihood of its desorption. Increasing the surface concentration of halogens reduces the rate of vacancy formation. We show that these rates are also affected by a re-dimerization process in the high temperature Br-stabilized Si(100)-3xl reconstruction that increases the likelihood of siBr2(a) formation and enhances its desorption. I will also discuss recent result for F etching on Si(100)-2xl.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.02a
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• pp.367-367
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• 2010

The adsorption configurations of S-proline on Ge(100) were studied using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and high-resolution core-level photoemission spectroscopy (HRCLPES). We identified three adsorption structures of S-proline on Ge(100) through analysis of the STM images, DFT calculations, and HRCLPES results: (i) an 'intrarow O - H dissociated and N dative bonded structure', (ii) an 'O - H dissociation structure', and (iii) an 'N dative bonded structure'. Moreover, because adsorption through the N atom of S-proline produces a new chiral center due to symmetry reduction by N dative bonding, the adsorption configurations have either (R,S) or (S,S) chirality, yielding an (R,S)-'intrarow O - H dissociated and N dative bonded structure' and an (R,S)-'N dative bonded structure', with a preference for reaction at the Re face. This work presents a novel method for generating stereoselective attachment using S-proline molecules adsorbed onto a Ge(100) surface.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.89-100
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• 1996

In this paper we investigate a limit theorem for a non-statioary d-parameter array of associated random variables applying the criterion of the tightness condition in Donsker, M[1951]. Our re-sults imply an extension to the nonstatioary case of Convergence of Probability Measure of billingsley. P[1986]. and analogous results for the d-dimensional associated random measure. These results are also applied to show a new limit theorem for Poisson cluster random mea-sures.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.267-274
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• 2015

This study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant activities and the quality characteristics of 70% ethanol extracts from onion peels with different extraction methods (autoclave extraction, AE; low temperature high pressure extraction, LTPE; reflux extraction, RE; and stirrer extraction, SE). The yields of AE, LTPE, RE and SE were 9.00%, 5.39%, 13.21% and 12.41%, respectively. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents in the AE were significantly higher than in the other extracts. The DPPH radical scavenging abilities with a concentration of 100 mg% (w/v) were : AE, 28.9%; RE, 26.07%; LTPE, 24.35%; and SE, 19.53%. The ABTS radical scavenging ability and the nitrite scavenging activity showed the same tendency as that of the DPPH radical scavenging ability. The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities of the LTPE and AE were higher than those of the RE and SE. The ${\alpha}$-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of the RE was higher than that of the extracts with other extraction methods. The nitrite scavenging activities with a concentration of 10 mg/mL were: AE. 33.97%; RE, 35.47%; LTPE, 21.86%; and SE, 21.71%. The ferrous ion chelating activity of the LTPE (54.73%) was significantly higher than that of the other extracts. These results suggest that AE is the superior method for the enhancement of anti-oxidant activity, and onion peel can be used as a natural antioxidant material for health foods and can be a good ingredient of functional foods.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.92-100
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• 2015

This study proposes measures to improve management performance of construction projects by re-designing the organizational structures of the Regional Construction Management Administrations of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. The re-designing measures are derived based on the three measures which were established by analyses on status of the Regional Construction Management Administrations, requirements from the current organizational structure, and domestic/overseas examples; the measures are: 1) organizational integration and scope expansion, 2) structural re-organization according to construction projects, and 3) building a knowledge management structure. In order to realize the re-designing measures, sixteen tasks are derived; a milestone is established according to importance, feasibility and lead-lag relationships of these tasks. If these tasks are to be carried out successfully, the management performance of the Regional Construction Management Administrations of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport will be expected to improve. Ultimately, the Regional Construction Management Administrations can reduce cost and improve the quality of public service by outsourcing the non-core competence tasks and by concentrating on the construction management for the new infrastructure projects.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.9
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• pp.1397-1406
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• 2019

Objective: Feed energy required for pigs is first prioritized to meet maintenance costs. Additional energy intake in excess of the energy requirement for maintenance is retained as protein and fat in the body, leading to weight gain. The objective of this study was to estimate the metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance ($ME_m$) by regressing body weight (BW) gain against metabolizable energy intake (MEI) in growing pigs. Methods: Thirty-six growing pigs ($26.3{\pm}1.7kg$) were allotted to 1 of 6 treatments with 6 replicates per treatment in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were 6 feeding levels which were calculated as 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100% of the estimated ad libitum MEI ($2,400kJ/kg\;BW^{0.60}\;d$). All pigs were individually housed in metabolism crates for 30 d and weighed every 5 d. Moreover, each pig from each treatment was placed in the open-circuit respiration chambers to measure heat production (HP) and energy retained as protein ($RE_p$) and fat ($RE_f$) every 5 d. Serum biochemical parameters of pigs were analyzed at the end of the experiment. Results: The average daily gain (ADG) and HP as well as the $RE_p$ and $RE_f$ linearly increased with increasing feed intake (p<0.010). ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate concentration of serum tended to increase with increasing feed intake (p = 0.080). The regression equations of MEI on ADG were MEI, $kJ/kg\;BW^{0.60}\;d=1.88{\times}ADG$, g/d+782 ($R^2=0.86$) and $ME_m$ was estimated at $782kJ/kg\;BW^{0.60}\;d$. Protein retention of growing pigs would be positive while REf would be negative at this feeding level via regression equations of $RE_p$ and $RE_f$ on MEI. Conclusion: The $ME_m$ was estimated at $782kJ/kg\;BW^{0.60}\;d$ in current experiment. Furthermore, growing pigs will deposit protein and oxidize fat if provided feed at the estimated maintenance level.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.283-293
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• 2011

With the purpose of improving ginsenoside content in adventitious root cultures of Korean wild ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer), the roots were treated with different dosages of ${\gamma}$-ray (5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 200 Gy). The growth of adventitious roots was inhibited at over 100 Gy. The irradiated adventitious roots showed significant variation in the morphological parameters and crude saponin content at 50 to100 Gy. Therefore, four mutant cell lines out of the propagation of 35 cell lines treated with 50 Gy and 100 Gy were selected on the basis of phenotypic morphology and crude saponin contents relative to the wild type control. The contents of 7 major ginsenosides ($Rg_1$, Re, $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, Rf, and Rd) were determined for cell lines 1 and 3 from 100 Gy and lines 2 and 4 from 50 Gy treatments. Cell line 2 showed more secondary roots, longer length and superior growth rate than the root controls in flasks and bioreactors. Cell line 1 showed larger average diameter and the growth rate in the bioreactor was comparable with that of the control but greater in the flask cultured roots. Cell lines 1 and 2, especially the former, showed much more ginsenoside contents than the control in flasks and bioreactors. Therefore, we chose cell line 1 for further study of ginsenoside contents. The crude saponin content of line 1 in flask and bioreactor cultures increased by 1.4 and 1.8-fold, respectively, compared to the control. Total contents of 7 ginsenoside types ($Rg_1$, Re, $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, Rf, and Rd) increased by 1.8 and 2.3-fold, respectively compared to the control. Crude saponin and ginsenoside contents in the bioreactor culture increased by about 1.4-fold compared to that the flask culture.