• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.495-505
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• 2002

A study was performed to develop as a screening tool the Simple Evaluation Questionnaire for Screening the Over-weight-type Dietary Pattern in 30 to 49 Year Old Adults. We used the data from the 30 to 49 year old subjects who participated in the three surveys - the health behavior survey, the dietary habit survey and the food intake survey - as the National Health and Nutrition Survey 1998. The 3,598 adults were classified into to two body fatness groups of normal (including underweight) and overweight (including obese) on the basis of their relative body weight (RBW) When comparing variables between the two groups, significant differences were found in gender, education, job, employment status, perceived health status, sadness / depression state, stress level, age, number of diseases, age when overweightedness started, maximum body weight, sleep length, drinking pattern (yes/no) , amount of alcoholic drinks, frequency of intoxication or drunkeness, amount of alcoholic drinks when drunk, intensity of exercise, frequency of exercise, exercise duration, skipped meals, small meals and drug supplements. In terms of food intake, there were significant differences in the daily food intake in terms of breakfast, dinner, daily kimchi and dairy products. In terms of mealtimes, we found differences in the amount of cooked rice at breakfast, kimchi at lunch, soup / kuk at dinner, fresh vegetables for snacks, fried foods for snacks between breakfast and lunch, and fruits /juices for snacks between lunch and dinner. After developing questions with indicators and analyzing the indicators by logistic regression analysis three times, we chose 10 questions for a simple evaluation of dietary patterns for the overweight-type category in order to give one point each. Among them we selected two questions to add one additional point and one question to add two additional points. The average scores of the overweight and normal groups, as shown by the developed questionnaire, were $5.97 \pm 2.36 \pm 7.36 \pm 2.21$, respectively. A score of seven points was selected as the cut-off point. We examined the sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of the questionnaire to the results of 67%, 59% and 62%, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.17-27
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate the recognition of body shape, the difference between self-evaluated obesity and obesity index of RBW, and attitude toward weight control of middle students. The questionnaires were completed by 195 male and 189 female students of liveing in Yongwol county. The average stature of the boys is 166.97$\pm$6.21cm, the girls is 158.13$\pm$5.83cm, and the average weight of the boys is 57.97$\pm$12.39kg, the girls is 52.88$\pm$8.35kg. 2. In the present body structure of them, the underweight structure is 6.0%, the normal weight structure is 87.2%, and the overweight structure is 6.7%. In the recognition of their own body structures, there are meaningful differences between boys and girls. 3. In the contentment degree of the present body structure of their own, the underweiht structure is much more satisfied with it.(p〈0.001) It shows a meaningful difference between boys and girls. 25.6% boys are satisfied with their own body structures, and 7.4% girls are satisfied with it.(p〈0.001) 4. In the interest degree about the weight's control, 87.1% is interested in it, it is lower in the underweight structure. 88.0% girls and 77.4% boys are interested in the weight's control. There is a meaningful difference between boys and girls, too.(p〈0.001) Each of the weight groups has differences in a experienced or experiencing for the weight's control. 5. The recognition degree of the present body structure showed the meaningful positive relation to the contentment degree of the present body structure and the weight's control.(p〈0.001)

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.191-200
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• 2020

Companies are seeking to maximize profits through exports and imports in the ultra-fast, ultra-high-speed modern society. It is only possible to sustain its survival if it targets the global market, not based on any specific region. The K-POP group is also targeting overseas markets in a manner similar to the various global strategies used when companies make inroads into foreign markets, including exports, contracts and direct investment. The K-POP group is engaged in various forms of activities, ranging from simple forms of performance (export) that are visited and staged by an invitation from a certain foreign country to series performances (license) by an invitation from a local promoter and tour performances using its capabilities. The K-POP group is seeking to go beyond the art of single-stage performances and make a systematic plan and make inroads into foreign countries in the form of direct investment suitable for each foreign country. The K-POP group made inroads into overseas markets in the form of simple performances from the late 1990s to 2005, when 'Korean Wave' was first introduced. Group H.O.T., etc. are typical examples. Since then, it has sought to enter overseas markets in the form of franchises by accepting overseas members by 2018, starting with Super Junior in 2005. Since then, the K-POP group in the form of joint investment attempted as group IZ*ONE in 2018 appeared, and a voice story came out in September 2018 when South Korea's JYP Entertainment and Tencent of China joined forces. Unlike K-POP Group, which has entered foreign markets with a global strategy based on the existing export method (H.O.T.), 'Boystory' is a representative group that is made with joint investment, which is a direct investment method. In February 2020, RBW released 'D1Verse,' a five-member group selected by Vietnam's reality show, as a joint investment-type group. This shows the possibility that domestic and foreign companies will release a group in the form of joint investment in order to pursue both globalization and localization.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.675-685
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• 2002

A study was performed to develop as a screening tool, the Simple Evaluation Questionnaire for screening Overweight Dietary Patterns in people in their 20's. We used the data from the 20 to 29 year old subjects who participated in the three surveys: the health behavior survey, the dietary habit survey and the food intake survey - as part of the National Health and Nutrition Survey of 1998. The 1,493 adults were classified into two body fatness groups, that of normal (including the underweight) , and the overweight (including the obese) on the basis of their relative body weight (RBW). When comparing general variables between the two groups, significant differences (11 variables) were found in gender, sadness/depression state, stress level, age, number of diseases, age when overweightedness started, maximum body weight, sleep length, presently a smoker, everyday smoking habits, number of alcoholic drinks in the past month, and the number of alcoholic drinks when dunk, as well as snacking frequency and fatty food consumption. There were significant differences between the two groups in the three variables of daily soup/kuk, pan fried fish/meat/poultry and cooked fish paste/ham/dried squid in terms of cooked food intake, and 11 variables of food size, cooked rice, stews, vegetables and kimchi at breakfast, panfried foods and beverage/teas at lunch, cooked rice and stews (liquid) at dinner, cooked fish paste/ham/dried squid at snacks and cooked fishpaste/ham/dried squid at snack between lunch and dinner. In terms of raw food intake, we observed significant differences (8 variables) in daily food intake and grains, grains/vegetables/fishes (shellfish) at breakfast, meat at lunch and milt at snack after dinner. After developing questions with indicators and analyzing the indicators by logistic regression analysis using 34 variables, including these 33, plus eating-out frequency, we chose 10 questions for the simple evaluation of dietary patterns for the overweight category, in order to give each one point each. Among them we assigned an additional point to one question and two points to another question. The average scores of the overweight and normal groups, as shown by the questionnaire developed, were 5.97 $\pm$ 2.36 and 7.36 $\pm$ 2.21, respectively. A score of seven points was selected as the cut-off point. We examined the sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of the questionnaire to the results of 49.3%,75.4% and 68.8%, respectively. The total score categorized as an overweight dietary pattern was 30.2%.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.227-239
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to compare weight control behaviour, eating habits and health-related life habits according to the obesity degree by body fat percentage (%Fat) among middle-aged women. The subjects were 170 middle-aged women who lived Gunsan City, and they were assigned to one of the following groups based on their %Fat; normal weight group (18% - < 28%), overweight group (28% - < 33%) and obesity group (over 33%). The height, body weight, %Fat, the circumference of waist and hip of them were measured. Eating habits and health-related life habits were evaluated based on questionnaires. The results were as follows. Their weight, %Fat, body mass index (BMI), relative body weight (RBW), waist, hip, and waist-hip ratio (WHR) were significantly higher in the obesity subjects when compared to the normal and overweight subjects. Self-perception for weight (p < 0.001), desire for weight control (p < 0.01), and reasons of weight control (p < 0.05) were different among three groups. The main skipped meal was breakfast (67.9%), reasons of skipping meals were different among three groups (p < 0.05), and main reasons were "lose one's appetite" and "have not enough time". Food habits score for each food was not significantly different among three groups, but eating the meal on thinking with food combination in normal group was higher than overweight and obesity group (p < 0.01). Correlation coefficients of food habits score and anthropometric measurements were that salty of food was negative and food habits scores were positive correlation for anthropometric measurements and obesity index (p < 0.05 - p < 0.001). Frequency of exercise and fitting exercise for body were different among three groups (p < 0.05). Obesity group was lower frequency of exercise than the other groups. Regular diet was positive correlation with food combination (p < 0.01), taking fish (p < 0.05), taking vegetables (p < 0.01), taking bean products (p < 0.01) and food habits score (p < 0.01), frequency of eating out and snacks were negative correlation with taking fruits and fishes. Therefore, proper nutritional education for middle-aged women in obesity group is recommended regular diet, good food habits and exercise. The middle-aged women must decrease the frequency of eating out, snack and the salty foods, and increase the fruits and vegetables. They must have healthy life styles for exercise, smoking, and drinking.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.97-110
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• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate the ity, food habits and eating behavior of the college students. The responses of 1,112 students(male 468, female 644) to the questionnaire were analyzed. The results were summarized as follows: The means of height, weight were $174.1{\pm}5.1cm$, $66.0{\pm}8.1kg$ for males, respectively and were $164.3{\pm}6.0cm$, $50.7{\pm}5.3kg$ for female, respectively. The means of relative body weight(RBW) were $99.1{\pm}11.6$ for males and $91.2{\pm}10.3$ for females. Body mass index(BMI) were $21.8{\pm}2.5$ for males and $19.3{\pm}2.0$ for females. The rate of underweight, normal and obese on the basis of BMI was 19.9%, 71.5%, 8.6% for males, respectively and 68.4%, 30.4%, 1.3% for females respectively. Among underweight subjects, 59.3% answered that they had normal weight. 37.5% of normal weight subjects regarded themselves more obese or less obese than their actual body shape. Food habit score(out of a possible 50 points) was 29.4 in male and 29.3 in female, the score of self boarding students was the lowest among groups. Self boarding students had lower scores than the home-living students on the regularity of meals, eating time, protein intake, vegetable intake, lipid intake and food balance. The average meal frequency of the students was 2.46 times a day. Breakfast was skipped most frequently. Self-boarding students missed breakfast more often than other groups. The main reason of skipping breakfast was due to lack of time. The type of favorite snack was cookies and ramyun and in terms of snack time, most of the students had snack between lunch and dinner or after dinner. The rates of smoking and alcohol drinking were 29.8%, 76.7%, respectively and 25% of subjects exercised regularly. The results of this study suggest that a comprehensive nutrition education program is needed for college student to improve their eating habits about skipping meal and to maintain their health.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.871-876
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• 2002

This study was conducted to verify the relation between relation between vegetarian diet and the serum lipid levels, blood sugar and blood pressure from October 1996 to February 1997. The vegetarians subjects were 245 Buddhist nuns (age:23～79 yrs) and control subjects consisted of 235 healthy female adults (age: 23～70 yrs) selected from the teachers, the nurses and the housekeepers living in Chinju Gyeongsang Nam-do. The contents included anthropometric measurement, questionnaires about eating behavior score and preference for taste and biochemical characteristics of the blood. The results were summarized as follows. The average duration of vegetarian diet of the vegetarians was 13.1 years. Vegetarians prefer to a pepper, a sweet and a acidic in the right order but that non-vegetarians prefer to a sweet, a acidic and pepper in the right order. Both groups of less than a decade and more than two decade of vegetarian diet prefer to a pepper, sweet, a acidic, a bitter, a salty and a lily, and a 10～20 yr group with vegetarian diet was fond of a pepper, a bitter, a acidic, a sweet, and a oily, in the right order. This seems to be ascribable to a difference in the health knowledge and interest. Vegetarians and non-vegetarians who said that they were fond of salty were 38.8% and 52.8%, medium was 33.9% and 33.6%, and not salty was 27.3% and 13.6%. Eating behavior score of vegetarians and non-vegetarians were 25.1 and 23.1 respectively. Eating behavior scores of vegetarians were significantly higher than those of non-vegetarians (p<0.05). Eating behavior scores of the group with more than a decade of vegetarian diet were significantly higher than those of the group with less than a decade of vegetarian diet. Levels of serum total-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and AI of the salty group were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of not salty group. Levels of serum triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, blood sugar had no significant relation with preference of salty. Blood pressure was not related with preference of salty, but that of those who prefer a salty tended to be high. This study also reveals that the preference of a salty was significant influence on serum total-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and AI, but the vegetarians did not prefer salty and have a good eating behavior. Consequently, vegetarian diet can be considerably effective in reducing the level of the risk factors of cardiovascular disease.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.350-356
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to verify the relation among vegetarian diet, physical activity and the risk factors of cardiovascular disease. Two hundred and forty five buddhist nuns (age : 23~79 yrs) were selected as vegetarians. For control subjects, 235 healthy female adults (age : 23~79 yrs) were selected. Study period was from October 1996 to February 1997. The contents are consist of food consumption survey, anthropometric measurement, amount of energy expenditure, physical activity and clinical examination. Results were summarized as follows : The average ages of vegetarians were $44.2{\pm}17.3\;yrs$ and those of non-vegetarians were $40.5{\pm}18.4\;yrs$. Average body mass indices (BMI) of vegetarians and non-vegetarians were $22.5{\pm}2.7\;and\;21.1{\pm}2.5$, WHRs were $0.9{\pm}0.1\;and\;0.8{\pm}0.1$, and the average duration of vegetarian diet of the vegetarians was 13.1{\pm}12.9 years. All the nutrient intakes of both groups were over RDA's except calcium and vitamin A intakes of non-vegetarians that were below RDA's Fiber and vitamin C intakes of the vegetarians were significantly higher than those of non-vegetarians (p<0.01). Average energy intakes of vegetarians and non-vegetarians were $2177.1{\pm}420.6\;kcal/day\;and\;2103.2{\pm}534.9\;kcal/day$, total daily energy expenditure were $1789.9{\pm}325.8\;kcal/day\;and\;1703.8{\pm}344.8\;kcal/day$, those by physical activity were $507.8{\pm}360.9\;kcal/day\;and\;400.0{\pm}247.8\;kcal/day$. Serum lipid level, blood sugar, systolic blood pressure of vegetarians were significantly lower than those of non-vegetarians, but ratio of HDL-cholesterol/total-cholesterol was higher than those of non-vegetarians. Levels of total serum cholesterol of vegetarians and non-vegetarians were 161.4{\pm}33.3 mg/dL and 189.6{\pm}33.6mg/dL, HDL-cholesterol were $48.2{\pm}11.4\;mg/dL\;and\;50.8{\pm}12.2\;mg/dL$, LDL-cholesterol were $86.6{\pm}26.9\;mg/dL\;and\;111.1{\pm}17.0\;mg/dL$, atherogenic indice(AI) were $2.4{\pm}0.6\;and\;2.9{\pm}0.7$, fasting blood sugar were $90.8{\pm}14.3\;mg/dL\;and\;103.6{\pm}24.6\;mg/dL$, systolic blood pressure were $107.5{\pm}14.9\;mmHg\;and\;119.3{\pm}15.3\;mmHg$. Energy expenditure by physical activity was negatively correlated with levels of serum total-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol and atherogenic indice(AI). Therefore, physical activity and vegetarian diet effectively helped reduce blood lipids related to cardiovascular disease.