• 대한치과재료학회지
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.257-274
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• 2018

본 논문에서는 순수 티타늄(cp-Ti) 임플란트를 SLA (Sandblasting with Large grit and Acid) 처리할 때 산-처리 용액의 유형, 산-처리 온도 및 산-처리 시간 등이 티타늄 표면에 주는 영향을 평가하고자 하였다. 원판형의 cp-Ti 시편을 준비하여 표면을 인산칼슘계 세라믹 분말로 RBM (Resorbable Blast Media) 처리하였다. 산-처리 용액으로 염산을 30 vol%로 고정하고 황산의 농도를 10, 20, 30, 35 vol%로 증가시키며 혼합한 용액에 증류수를 추가하여 4종의 산-처리 용액을 준비하였다. 실험군은 4종의 산-처리 용액, 3 종의 처리온도 및 3 종의 처리시간 등 36 가지로 분류하여 실험군당 4개의 시편을 산-처리하였다. 산-처리 전 후 시편 무게를 전자저울로 측정하여 무게 감소비율을 계산하였고, 공초점주사전자현미경으로 표면거칠기를 측정하였다. X-선 회절분석기(XRD)로 XRD 패턴을 측정하였고, 주사전자현미경으로 표면 형상을 관찰하였으며, 에너지 분산형 분석기(EDX)와 광전자분광법(XPS)로 표면성분을 분석하였다. 무게 감소비율과 표면거칠기 측정값은 Tukey-multiple comparison test (p = 0.05)로 통계 분석하여 다음의 결과를 얻었다. 산-처리에 따른 티타늄 시편의 무게 감소는 황산의 농도 및 산-처리 용액의 온도가 높을수록 유의하게 증가하였다. 산-처리한 티타늄의 표면 거칠기는 산-처리 조건(황산 농도, 온도, 시간)에 일정한 영향을 받지 않았다. XRD 분석에서 산-처리한 모든 시편에서 티타늄(${\alpha}-Ti$)과 수소화 티타늄($TiH_2$) 결정상이 관찰되었고, XPS 분석으로 티타늄 표면에 얇은 n산화 티타늄 층이 형성된 것을 알 수 있었다. $90^{\circ}C$ 산-용액에서 처리할 경우 티타늄 표면이 과도하게 용해될 수 있으므로 주의하여야 한다.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.514-523
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• 2006

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of several implant surface treatments to the bone formation, by placing Machined implants, 75${\mu}m$ Calcium phosphate-blasted implants and $Al_2O_3$-blasted and acid-etched implants in rabbit tibia through histomorphometric study. Two animals of each group were sacrificed at 2, 4, 8 weeks. The specimens containing the implants were dehydrated and embedded into hard methylmethacrylate plastic. Thereafter, the sections were ground to 50${\mu}m$. The specimens were stained with Villanueva bone stain for a light microscopic study. The results were as follows; 1. When the surface roughness of three different implants was measured by Surfcorder, the Ra of the Machined group, the RBM group and the SLA group was 0.16${\mu}m$, 0.44${\mu}m$, and 1.08${\mu}m$. 2. When examining the surfaces of the implants in the scanning microscope, Machined implant has the smooth surface with a few scratches, RBM implant has the rough surface with curled ridges and valleys, and SLA implant has the rough surface structures such as sharp protruding parts and micropits measuring 1-2${\mu}m$ in diameter. 3. After 2 weeks of implantation, the percentage of bone-to-implant contact of the Machined group, the RBM group and the SLA group was 26.86%, 35.40% and 45.99%. However, its differences between each group decreased during the healing periods. 4. After 2 weeks of implantation, the percentage of bone area inside the threads of the Machined group, the RBM group and the SLA group were 21.55%, 30.43% and 41.18%. However, its difference of bone area between machined group and surface treatment groups was maintained but the difference within the surface treatment groups decreased during the healing periods. In summary, the amount of bone formation in RBM and SLA group was greater than Machined group in early healing stage. These results suggest that RBM and SLA implants can reduce the healing period for osseointegration and may be suitable for early function.

• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.197-210
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• 2000

Surface roughness is one of implant surface topography and it's found that surface roughness characterizations, such as surface energy, oxide layer thickness and its chemical composition, are closely correlated if the roughness is changed. Several studies showed the importance of analyzing surface structure so the surface structure of thread implant was analyzed to measure the implant quality exactly. In this study, surface roughness of 4 implants - MK $II^{(R)}$(Nobel Biocare), $RBM^{(R)}$(Life-Core, USA), $Osseotite^{(R)}$(3i, USA), $TPS^{(R)}$(Life-Core, USA) - were measured using $Accura^{(R)}$ and 40 implants were installed into 4 sets of ten bovine ribs based on the parameters from the measurements. From this test, the following conclusions for the initial stability were drawn by measuring and comparing RFA, Periotest Value (PTV), Removal Torgue Value (RTV). 1. $R_a$ value in surface roughness measurement was increasing by the order of $MKII^{(R)}$, $Osseotite^{(R)}$, $RBM^{(R)}$, $TPS^{(R)}$ and $R_q$ value was the same order. 2. $R_q$ value in each section was observed to increase by the order of $MKII^{(R)}$, $Osseotite^{(R)}$, $RBM^{(R)}$, $TPS^{(R)}$ in top and $MKII^{(R)}$, $RBM^{(R)}$, $Osseotite^{(R)}$, $TPS^{(R)}$ in mid-section but the value of $MKII^{(R)}$ bottom was the lowest, followed by $Osseotite^{(R)}$, $RBM^{(R)}$ and $TPS^{(R)}$. 3. RFA increased by the order of $RBM^{(R)}$(7042Hz), $MKII^{(R)}$(7047Hz), $Osseotite^{(R)}$(7076Hz), $TPS^{(R)}$(7168Hz) and there was no significance between each group. 4. PTV was increasing by the order of $MKII^{(R)}$(-1.62), $TPS^{(R)}$(-1.92), $Osseotite^{(R)}$ & $RBM^{(R)}$(-2.08) and there was no significance, either. 5. Removal torque in RTV measurement showed the increasing order of $MKII^{(R)}(5.31kgf{\cdot}cm)$, $Oeeotite^{(R)}(5.71kgf{\cdot}cm)$, $TPS^{(R)}(5.92kgf{\cdot}cm)$ and $RBM^{(R)}(7.24kgf{\cdot}cm)$ and there was no significance among groups. Above observations explains that surface roughness does not make any impact on the initial stability of implants installation.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.325-340
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the artificial dental plaque by Streptococcus mutans on 4 different implant surfaces. In this study, the specimens were divided into 4 groups according to implant surface treatment. Uncoated implant group(n=5) which has an uncoated, smooth surfaced implant(Osstem, Korea), SLA implant group(n=5) which has an sandblasted large grit and acid-etched surface implant(Bicon, USA). Oxidized implant group(n=5) which has an oxidized surfaced implant (Osstem, Korea), and RBM implant group(n=5) which has resorbable blasting media(RBM) surfaced implant(Osstem, Korea). Acquired pellicle by human saliva and dental plaque by Streptococcus mutans were made on each implant surface. To analyze the plaque condition on implants surfaces, cell count and optical density were taken as a microbiologic method, and SEM(Scanning Electronic Microscope) findings was also taken for evaluation of surface condition. The following results were obtained. 1. Cell counting results of artificial dental plaque were Uncoated group($658.0{\pm}102.0$), RBM group($878.0{\pm}170.0$), SLA group ($946.0{\pm}42.0$), Oxidized group($992.0{\pm}40.0$), and there was difference between Oxidized group and Uncoated implant group(p<0.05). In case of modified cell counting results by v/w% were RBM group($197.8{\pm}45.2$), Oxidized group($207.04{\pm}8.34$), Uncoated group($261.6{\pm}40.6$), SLA group($315.4{\pm}14.0$), and there was difference between RBM group and SLA group(p<0.05). 2. Optical density results of artificial dental plaque after ultrasonic treatment was that there was difference among groups, and optical density of RBM group was higher than that of Uncoated group(p<0.05). In case of modified optical density results by v/w%, there was difference among groups, and the modified optical density of Uncoated group and SLA group was higher than those of Oxidized group and RBM group(P>0.05). 3. SEM findings of artificial dental plaque on the surfaces of implant as follows; there were artificial dental plaque on the surfaces of all test implants. Streptococcus mutans and by-product were observed at 10,000 times magnified condition on all test implants. Adhesion area of artificial dental plaque was about 1/2 of total surface after 24 hours incubate at $37^{\circ}C$. These results showed that there were differences among implant surfaces on the growth of Streptococcus mutans, and bacteria and by-product were covered about 1/2 area of total implant surfaces at 24 hours incubate at $37^{\circ}C$.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.606-616
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• 2006

Purpose: This experiment examined the effect of different surface treatment on the osseointegration and stability of implants. Material and methods: In this study, 40 each of machined, SLA and RBM implants, which are the most commonly used implants, were implanted into the tibia of 20 normal rabbits using $OsseoCare^{TM}$. The rabbits were sacrificed after 1 week, 4 weeks, 8 weeks and 12 weeks for implant stability analysis, removal torque analysis, histologic and histomorphometric analysis. Result : ISQ showed significant difference between Machined and RBM at first week and at 4 weeks. There was significant difference between Machined and both SLA and RBM(p<0.05) but after 8 weeks there were no significant difference between each group. In the removal torque, RBM showd significantly higher values than SLA and Machined surface at 1st week. At 4th and 12th week, there was significant difference between Machined and SLA, RBM(p<0.05). In the bone to implant contact variable, there was no significant difference between each surface treatment method. In the Machined surface group, there was no significant difference between each time interval. but in SLA group, there were significant differences between the 1st week and 12th week and in RBM group, there were significant differences between the 1st week and 8th, 12th week and between 4th and 12th week(p<0.05). The bone area showed significantly higher values in SLA and RBM compared to Machined surface 1st and 8th week and significantly higher values in SLA than Machined surface at the 4th week(p<0.05). Conclusion: The roughened surface of implants showed positive effect in the early stages of implantation and assisted in bone formation After the bone formation stage, there was no statistical difference between Machined and roughened surface groups. In dental implantation, where initial stability is critical to the success of implants, the use of roughened surface implants should assist in reducing the healing period after implantation.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.585-597
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• 2007

The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of Tetracycline-HCI and Saline on the change of implant surface microstructure and surface roughness according to application time. Implants with resorbable blasting media surface were utilized. Before test all 13 implants were measured surface roughness. Among them, 6 implants were rubbed with 50mg/ml Tetracycline-HCl solution and other 6 implants with saline for $\frac{1}{2}$min., 1min., $1\frac{1}{2}$min., 2min., $2\frac{1}{2}$min and 3min. Then, specimens were processed for scanning electron microscopic observation and surface roughness after test. The results of this study were as follows. 1. Control group showed a few irregular, rough, uneven surface with crater-like depression. 2. The test group with Tetracycline-HCl conditioning showed an altered surface when Tetracycline-HCl was applied for 30secs, and showed a various surface alteration as application times go on. 3. The test group with Saline conditioning showed no significant surface differences and surface roughness. 4. The significant increase of Ra value was showed when Tetracycline-HCl was applied for 30secs. In conclusion, the 50mg/ml Tetracycline-HCl must not be applied for the RBM surface implant for surface treatment.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.71-84
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• 2007

Statement of problem: Implant surface characteristics plays an important role in clinical success and many studies have been made for improvement of success by changing surface roughness. Purpose: Appropriate increase of surface roughness increases the activity of osteoblast and enhance contact and retention between bone and implant. Material and method- Machined, SLA and RBM surface implants, which are the most commonly used implants were implanted into the tibia of rabbits and after 1 week, 4 weeks, 8 weeks and 12 weeks there were histologic and histomorphometric analysis and study for bone gradient and change of Ca/P ratio using EDS(Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscope). Results: Comparison of bone-implant contact showed no significant difference among each implant. In comparison of bone area rates, SLA showed higher value with significant difference at 1 week and 4 weeks, and SLA and RBM at 8 weeks than Machined implant (p<0.05). In analysis of bone constituents with EDS, titanium was specifically detected in new bones and the rates were constant by surface treatment method or period. In case of Ca/P ratio, according to surface treatment method, each group showed significant difference. Lots of old bone fragments produced during implantation remained on the rough surface of RBM implant surface and each group showed histological finding with active synthesis of collagen fibers until 12 weeks. In transmission electronic microscopic examination of sample slice after elapse of twelve weeks, tens nm of borderline (lamina limitans like dense line)was seen to contact the bone, on the interface between bone and implant. Conclusion: SLA and RBM implant with rough surface shows better histomorphometrical result and the trend of prolonged bone formation and maturation in comparison with Machined implant. In addition, implant with rough surface seems to be helpful in early stage bone formation due to remaining of old bone fragments produced in implantation. From the results above, it is considered to be better to use implant with rough surface in implantation.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.309-320
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• 2007

Purpose: This study was to evaluate the removal effect on artificial plaque from RBM treated implant surfaces that are exposed due to peri-implantitis. Materials and methods: Artificial plaque with Streptococcus mutans and acquired pellicle adhered to RBM treated implant discs. Study materials divided into one control and six test groups. In test groups, physical and chemical methods used to remove plaques. Prophyflex, Professional Mechanical Tooth Cleaning (PMTC) and interdental brush as mechanical treatments and 0.1% Chlorhexidine, Citric acid, HCl tetracycline as a chemical treatment were used. To analyses the study, disc weight was measured for remaining plaque quantities and SEM(Scanning Electronic Microscope) findings was taken for evaluation of surfaces. Results: 1. In weight changes, there was significant difference between each treatment group and the control group (p<0.05). Therefore all treatment methods using this study have good ability for remove plaques. 2. In weight changes, there was no significant difference between mechanical and chemical group, and there were no significant differences between each groups (p>0.05). 3. SEM findings after mechanical treatment disclosed as follows; Prophyflex group looked like sound implant surface, and there were some paste on implant surface at PMTC group, and there were some artificial plaque at interdental brush group. 4. SEM findings after chemical treatment disclosed as follows; there were some dark lesions which were supposed as the product from Streptococcus mutans at Chlorhexidine, Citric acid and HCl tetracycline groups. Conclusion: All six methods using in this study have good ability to remove artificial plaque on RBM treated implant. According to SEM findings, prophyflex is a superior method for removing of dental plaque among test groups.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.46-54
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was performed in order to compare the osseointegration of 4 different surfaced implants in the dog's tibia which has thick dense cortical bone and loose marrow space. Materials & methods: Four mongrel dogs and four different surface types of implants, smooth surfaced AVANA implants, RBM surfaced AVANA implants, HA-coated Steri-Oss implants and SLA Bicon implants, were used in this study. The animals were divided into 4 groups on the basis of implant surface characteristics: Control group, RBM group, HA group, and SLA group. Three implants of each group were installed into the metaphysis of tibia of adult dogs. The animals were sacrificed at 8 weeks after implantation. The undecalcified specimens were prepared for histological examination and histomorphometric analysis of implant-bone contact ratios. Results: Radiographically and histologically good osseointegration of implant was observed in the dense cortical bone, but poor osseointegration was observed in the marrow space. Histologically more bone apposition to implant surface was found in rough surfaced groups than the smooth surfaced, Control group. In histomorphometric findings of cortical bone the average bone-implant contact ratios of HA group (95.4%, p<0.01), RBM group (87.1%, p<0.05), and SLA group (86.0%, p<0.05) were significantly higher than that of Control group (75.9%). In marrow space the average bone-implant contact ratios of HA group (76.1%, p<0.01) and SLA group (45.4%, p<0.05) were significantly higher than that of Control group (29.6%). The ratio of RBM group was higher than that of Control group but there was no significantly difference between RBM group and Control group. Conclusion: These results suggest that the rough surfaced implants can obtain the better osseointegration than the smooth surfaced implant in the cortical and marrow space and that HA-coated implants can obtain the best osseointegration in the marrow space among them.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.705-716
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• 2006

The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of tetracycline-HCl on the change of implant surface microstructure according to application time. Implant with pure titanium machined surface, GBA surface and RBM surface were utilized. Implant surface was rubbed with 50mg/ml tetracycline-HCl solution for ${\frac{1}{2}}$min. 1min. $1{\frac{1}{2}}$min. 2min. and $2{\frac{1}{2}}$min. respectively in the test group. Then, specimens were processed for scanning electron microscopic observation. The results of this study were as follow. 1. Both test and control group showed a few shallow grooves and ridges in pure titanium machined surface implants. There were not significant differences between two group. 2. In GBA surfaces, control group exhibit many porous depression, and each depression were divided by strict border. Experimental group applied with tetracycline-HCl for 2min. were similar with control group. But when applied for $2{\frac{1}{2}}$min. surface alteration and border breakdown started, resulting enlargement of the porous depression. 3. In REM surface, control group exhibit rough, uneven surface with crater-like depression can be found. The surface alteration started when tetracycline-HCl was applied for 30sec. resulting breakdown of the crater-like depression. Depression became larger as applying time increased.