• Applied Microscopy
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.257-266
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• 2001

To investigate the process of spermoigenesis and glycogen effect during the spermatogenesis of Rana catesbeiana, the morphological characteristics of the testes were examined by light and transmission electron microscopy. Spermiogenesis of R. catesbeiana was divided into three stages on the basis of the features of the nucleus and the cytoplasm organelles. Except for the primary spermatogonia, the phases from the spermatocytogenesis to the spermatids before spermiation phase were surrounded by spermatocyst. Especially , the glycogen particles were not observed until in the stage of spermatocytogenesis, but from the early spermatids to the maturation phase were observed in the nucleus, acrosome and cytoplasm of the spermatids. The present result suggests that the glycogen may play an important role in the sperm maturation, and as a source of the energy in the wave-movement of sperm tail.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.74-79
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• 2015

This study investigated the tongue movement during prey capture by Rana nigromaculata and the location of the frenulum linguae, which effects tongue movement. The tongue of R. nigromaculata are elliptical at the anterior and concave U-shaped at the posterior. The location of the frenulum linguae of R. nigromaculata is located at the front of the submentalis. This is due to the location of the frenulum linguae, which has significantly effects the movement and the expandability of the tongue. In terms of mobility, the tongue of R. nigromaculata and the expandability of the frenulum linguae allow the tongue to increase in length two or more times compared to immobile tongue in the other species. The time required until the swallowing movement after looking at and capturing the prey was 0.692000 seconds. Filming prey capture with a high speed camera showed that the rear part of the U-shaped tongue captures the prey with an appearance of stretching out longer to the front of tongue and turning in a reverse direction to bring the prey to the mouth.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 1969

Electron microscopy on the skin of young frogs, Rana temporaria, has been carried out with particular reference to cellular attachment sites. For the first time now several technical developments allow a more detailed visualization of the fine structure within the cellular attachment sites as well as making it possible to show the ultra-structural morphology of the junctional complexes, and to demonstrate that the desmosomes are regularly distributed aroand each skin cell, especially in the S. granulosum. The relations of these findings to these of previous investigations concerning the functional, organization of the junctional complexes and to the findings in skin cancer from a cellular adhesion view point have been briefly discussed.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.129-143
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• 1990

In the present paper, the distribution, relative frequences and cell types of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the frog (Rana dybowskii) during the hibernating and the active phase were examined by light and electron microscopy. The results obtained are summarized as follow: The reactive cells for Grimelius were frequently found in the gastrointestinal tract, whereas the reactive cells for Hellman-$Hellerstr{\hat{o}}m$ were found numerous in the fundus and pylorus of stomach, a few in the duodenum and lower small intestine, and very few in the rectum during both phases. No reactive cells for Masson-Fontana were found in the gastrointestinal tract during both phases. Elecron microscopically, 4 types of endocrine cells in the fundus of the stomach, 3 types in the pylorus of the stomach and duodenum, and 1 type in the lower small intestine and rectum, respectively, were identified during the hibernating phase. In the active phase, 3 types of endocrine cell in the fundus of the stomach, 2 types in the pylorus of the stomach and duodenum, and 1 type in the lower small intestine and rectum were observed, respectively. In the hibernating phase, more cytoplasmic granules and various types of endocrine cells were generally found than in the active phase.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.97-102
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• 1999

In order to investigate the regional distribution and relative frequency of the serotonin-, somatostatin- and motilin-immunoreactive cells in the gastrointestinal tract GIT) of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) with developmental stages, group of bullfrogs subdivided into the tadpole with hindlegs, metamorphosed bullfrog with tail, 2 wk after metamorphosed bullfrog and adult bullfrog, were stained by immunohistochemical methods (PAP methods). Multifarious changes of the regional distribution and relative frequency of the gastrointestinal endocrine cells were observed as developmental stages but motilin-immunoreactive cell ere not detected in this study. Serotonin-immunoreactive cells were detected from 2 wk after metamorphosed bullfrog in the whole GIT. The positive cells were predominant in the pylorus regions. In the adult bullfrog, these cells increased in fundus. On the other hand, somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were observed from the tadpole with hindlegs in the stomach regions. In the metamorphosed bullfrog with tail, they were found in the whole GIT except for the ileum, and increased with developmental stages except for rectum. In the rectum, these cells were not detected after that period. Our results show that most of the immunoreactive cells appear from completed metamorphosed periods when the histological structure of GIT is completely differentiated.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.199-203
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• 2005

We studied the effectiveness of mating call playbacks on call monitoring of three-striped pond frogs (Rana nigromaculata). Playback experiments were conducted between 2100 to 0030 at 15 sites located at Chungwon, Chungbuk, and Yeongi, Chungnam, in May 2005. We recorded call responses of 25 males to two different call playbacks, (i) single mating calls from a single male and (ii) chorus mating calls from five males, by randomly presenting the calls with a 15 min-gap between the two playbacks. We compared the number of response calls of the focal males for three min before, during, and after the playbacks. Five of 25 males were silent before stimulus presentation, but all the males emitted calls after the playbacks. The number of calls in response to single playback calls significantly differed among the three playback periods, where males gave more calls during the playback than before or after the playbacks. In addition, subject males presented significantly more calls to single call playbacks than to chorus call playbacks. The results of this study suggest that playback using repeated single mating calls is effective in call monitoring of R. nigromaculata males.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 2000

Horizontal starch gel electrophoresis for 29 populations (n=543) of the wrinkled frog, Rana rugosa, from Korea and Japan was peformed to assess the degree of genic variation and genetic diversity, and to understand the biogeographic pattern of distribution and speciation. A sum of 22 presumptive loci was screened from 17 enzymes and general proteins. Four loci, Aco, Est-3, Me-2, and Pgm, demonstrated high levels of polymorphism. The degree of average genetic variation of R. rugosa was P=22.7% (9.1-40.9%), Ho=0.086 (0.048-0.165) and He=0.090 (0.042-0.168). In the south-eastern region of the Korean peninsula (Chongsong, Yongchon, Ulsan, Kyongju, Pohang, yongdok and Ulchin), a few unique alleles in the Mpi locus were detected and their biogeographic implications were considered. The degree of genetic differentiation among the Korean populations was moderate (S=0.900), whereas the degree of genetic diversity between Korean and Japanese populations was notably high (S=0.687, D=0.293). This result corresponds with the data obtained by the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequence (Lee et al., 1999) suggesting that the Korean and Japanese R. rugosa might have evolved a specific level of genetic differentiation since their geographic isolation.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.96-105
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• 1995

본 연구는 옴개구리(Rana rugosa)의 생식주기를 파악하고 이들 난자들의 체외 성숙조건을 구하기 위하여 수행하였다 개구리들의 gonadosomatic index(G51)는 4월에서 8월사이에는 비교적 낮았고 9월에서 이듬해 3월까지는 높았다 여포들의 성장은 주로 6월에서 9월 사이에 이루어지는데 난소내에서도 여포들의 성장 속도는 일부 다른 것으로 나타났다. 야외 관찰에서 이 개구리들은 서식지의 온도에 따라 4월에서 7월 사이에 산란을 한다는 것과 10월에서 이듬해 3월까지 동면을 한다는 것을 말았다. 산란기에 취한 여포 난자들은 생체외 배양에서 progesterone에 성숙반응(germinal vesicle breakdown(GVBD))을 일으키지 않았다. 그러나 protein klnase C(PKC)의 촉진제인 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate(TPA) 혹은 Na+/K+ ATPase의 저해제인 ouabain을 progesterone과 동시에 처리했을 때에는 성숙반응을 일으켰다(각각 86%와 80%). TPA 로 핵붕괴를 일으킨 난자의 세포질을 미성숙 난자에 주입하면 미성숙 난자의 핵붕괴를 유도하였으며 성숙된 다른 종의 난자들의 세포질도 이와 같은 효과를 나타내었다. TPA의 성숙유도 효과는 5분의 노출 기간으로도 충분하였으며 PKC의 저해제인 H-7을 처리하면 그 효과가 없어졌다 이러한 결과들은 옴개구리의 난자는 호르몬에 성숙반응을 일으킨지 않으나 PKC 활성화 이후 단계는 정상이라는 것을 의미한다.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.260-267
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• 2012

Calling behavior is often used to infer breeding patterns in anurans. We studied the seasonal and diel calling activities of anuran species in a wetland in central Korea to determine the calling season and to evaluate the effects of abiotic factors on male calling. Acoustic monitoring was used in which frog calls were recorded for a full day, once a week, throughout an entire year. Using acoustic monitoring, we identified three frog species in the study site. Males of Rana dybowskii called in late winter and early spring; we thus classified this species as a winter/spring caller. The results of binary logistic regression showed that temperature, relative humidity, and 1-day lag rainfall were significant factors for male calling in R. dybowskii. Temperature and relative humidity were important factors for the calling activity of R. nigromaculata, whereas 24-h rainfall and 1-day lag rainfall were not significant. Thus, we determined R. nigromaculata to be a summer caller independent of weather. In Hyla japonica, relative humidity, 24-h rainfall, and 1- day lag rainfall were significant for male calling, suggesting that this species is a summer caller dependent on local rain.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 1974

This study was performed in order to know the histochemical changes of mucosubstances in mucous glands under normal and dry conditions. The frogs, Rana nigromaculata Hallowell, were collected near Seoul area in mid-August. The experimental group was retained under dry conditions for 12, 24, 30 and 36 hrs to make a comparison to normal group. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Mucosubstances in mucous glands of the frog skin contain neutral mucin and sulfated and non-sulfated mucins. Mucosubstances in the cells of the gland neck are neutral mucin, while the gland body is composed of neutral, sulfated and non-sulfated mucins. 2. Mucosubstances in mucous gland of the frog skin decreased distinctively under dry conditions, as is evident from the hitochemical properties, te neutral mucins were influenced more clearly than acid mucins. 3. Histochemical compositions of the mucosubstances in the cell of the mucous gland (the gland neck and the gland body) were not changed. 4. The phenomena were considered as a general adaptation syndrome to keep homeostasis.