• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.174-179
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• 2005

배경: 대부분의 악성종양에 있어 그 치료성적을 평가하는 가장 유용한 방법으로 가장 많이 사용되는 매개변수는 전체 5년 생존율이다. 그러나 근치적 절제술이 시행된 위암환자에 있어 재발의 대부분은 수술 후 3년 이내에 일어나므로 3년 무병 생존이 5년 전체 생존의 의미를 대치할 수 있는가를 알아보고자 한다. 대상 및 방법: 근치적 위절제술을 받고 추적이 가능한 656예에서 생존 함수로 산출한 각각의 생존확률을 이용한 단순 회귀분석에서 3년 무병 생존이 5년 전체 생존을 대치할 수 있는지를 파악하였다. 결과: 추적 기간동안 175예에서 재발이 확인되었고, 재발시기별 누적빈도는 수술 후 1년이 81예(46%), 3년이 156예(89%), 5년이 170예(97%)였다. 3년 무병 생존확률과 5년 전체 생존확률 사이의 회귀 분석결과 상관성은 r=0.87, 설명력은 $R^2=0.76$, 회귀 방정식은 5년 전체 생존확률=0.18+($0.80{\times}3$년 무병 생존확률)을 나타냈다. 복막파종, 혈행성 전이, 국소 재발의 경우 상관성과 설명력은 각각 $r=0.89\;(R^2=0.80),\;r=0.88\;(R^2=0.78),\;r=0.86\;(R^2=0.73)$으로 모두 높은 상관관계가 있음을 나타냈다. 결론: 위암환자의 근치적 위절제술 후 3년 무병 생존 확률은 5년 전체 생존확률에 대한 높은 상관성 및 설명력을 보였다. 위암의 치료성적을 평가하는 방법으로 5년 전체 생존 대신에 3년 무병 생존을 이용한다면 기간을 단축(2년)하여 평가하고 결론을 얻고 또한 보고할 수 있는 이득이 있겠다.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.521-529
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was to measure the degree of job stress and job satisfaction and the relationship between job stress and job satisfaction of 119 relief squads. Methods: The subjects were 170 members of 119 relief squads in the Fire Department of D City, and data were collected from 1 April to 20 April, 2006 through a survey using a questionnaire composed of questions on general characteristics (11 items), job stress (6 items) and job satisfaction (20 items). Collected data were analyzed through frequency, percentage, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson's correlation using the SPSS program. Results: The average item score for job stress was 2.77. Role sharing with peers was highest as 3.05. There were significant differences in the degree of job stress according to religion, working period and applying motive. The average item score for job satisfaction was 2.93. Group conflict was highest as 3.18. There were significant difference in the degree of job satisfaction according to religion, working period and applying motive. There were significant differences in the negative correlation between role-sharing with peers among the job stress factors and decision-making factor (r=.53), group conflict factor (r=.58), role implementation factor (r=.63) and personal social-culture factor (r=.53) among the job satisfaction factors. Also, there were significant differences in the negative correlation between co-workers among the job stress factors and decision-making factor (r=.607), group conflict factor (r=.51) and personal social-culture factor (r=.45) among the job satisfaction factors. Conclusion: It is important to develop various methods of job stress management to increase job satisfaction in 119 relief squads.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.163-170
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• 2009

In order to evaluate high-temperature oxidation behavior of the advanced alloy cladding under LOCA conditions, isothermal oxidation tests in steam were performed with cladding specimens prepared from high burnup PWR fuel rods that were irradiated up to 79 MWd/kg. Cladding materials were $M5^{(R)}$ and $ZIRLO^{TM}$, which are Nb-containing alloys. Ring-shaped specimens were isothermally oxidized in flowing steam at temperatures from 1173 to 1473 K for the duration between 120 and 4000s. Oxidation rates were evaluated from measured oxide layer thickness and weight gain. A protective effect of the preformed corrosion layer is seen for the shorter time range at the lower temperatures. The influence of pre-hydriding is not significant for the examined range. Alloy composition change generally has small influence on oxidation in the examined temperature range, though $M5^{(R)}$ shows an obviously smaller oxidation constant at 1273 K. Consequently, the oxidation rates of the high burnup $M5^{(R)}$ and $ZIRLO^{TM}$ cladding are comparable or lower than that of unirradiated Zircaloy-4 cladding.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.511-517
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• 1992

Ethanol was utilized by mixed rumen microbes, but addition of pentachlorophenol (25 mg/l), a methanogen inhibitor, suppressed the utilization of ethanol. Carbon monoxide (50% of the gas phase), a hydrogenase inhibitor, more strongly suppressed the utilization of ethanol, propanol, and butanol. These results suggest that the major ethanol utilizers are $H_2$ producers. Ethanol utilization was depressed at low pH (below 6.0). Since methanogens were shown to be relatively resistant to low pH, it appears that ethanol utilizers are particularly sensitive to low pH. Ruminococcus albus and R. flavefaciens in mono-culture produced ethanol from carbohydrate (glucose and cellobiose), even when a high level (170 mM) of ethanol was present. Ethanol was not utilized even in the absence of carbohydrate, but the co-culture of these bacteria with methanogens resulted in the utilization of ethanol, i.e., when $H_2$ was rapidly converted to $CH_4$, R. albus and R. flavefaciens utilized ethanol. These results suggest that ethanol is utilized when the electrons liberated by the oxidation of ethanol are rapidly removed, and ready electron disposal in ethanol-utilizing, $H_2$-producing bacteria is accomplished by the interspecies transfer of $H_2$.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.132-144
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• 2016

This study reviewed previous researches about the competence selection of foodservice firms, and shows firm's performance model through the results. The study classified factors according to core competence, differentiation strategy, and management performance. Out of 400 survey responses from by the firm's executive and employees who had worked for over three years at the headquarters (sales, financial, marketing/plan, R & D, etc.), a total of 302 questionnaires were used for the final analysis due to missing values and biased responses (response rate: 75.5%). As the results of analyzing final research model of this study, it appeared that ${\chi}^2(df=170)=384.88$, ${\chi}^2/df=2.26$, GFI=0.90, NFI=0.92, CFI=0.95, RMSEA=0.07. The results indicated that the CEO leadership, organizational culture, and human resource competencies are a driving force in all aspects of competitive advantage differentiation strategies. In addition, the R & D innovation, service, and marketing differentiation strategies are positively related to performance. The results validate the fact that foodservice firms could reinforce strategic decisions through a variety core competencies and achieve continuous performance through competitive strategies.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.328-332
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• 2003

Ceramics of xCaTiO$_3$-(1-x)Li$_{0.5}$Nd$_{0.5}$TiO$_3$(xCT-(1-x)LNT) series have been prepared by the mixed oxide route. Powders were calcined at 110$0^{\circ}C$ ; cylindrical specimens were fired at temperatures in the range 1300-150$0^{\circ}C$. Sintered products were typically 90-95% dense. The microstructures were dominated by angular grains typically 1.3${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ to 3.5 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in size. Twinning in the microstructures was analysed using Electron Back Scattered Diffraction (EBSD). Microwave dielectric properties of xCT-(1-x)LNT at 2.1 GHz ($\varepsilon$$_{r}$, Qxf, and $\tau$r) were 170,3800 GHz and 744 ppm/$^{\circ}C$ for pure CaTiO$_3$ and 80,2000 GHz and -240 ppm/$^{\circ}C$ for LNT. The $\tau$r decreases almost linearly from 744 for pure CaTiO$_3$ to -240 for pure LNT.LNT.T.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.385-391
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• 2017

Our study analyzed the carcass properties of 170 Korean native pigs in relation to carcass weight and back-fat thickness to provide general data for the production and distribution of high quality pig meat. The 70-74 kg group showed highest yield (73.41%). The ${\geq}80kg$ group showed the highest thickest back-fat (24.13 mm) (p<0.05). The ${\geq}80kg$ group showed the best quality grade (1.00). Back-fat thickness showed significant differences in the weight among groups (p<0.05). The ${\geq}25mm$ group showed the highest carcass weight (75.93 kg). The thickest back-fat group (${\geq}25mm$) showed the highest yield (73.03%). There were significant differences in back-fat thickness among groups (p<0.05), and the ${\geq}25mm$ group showed the highest thickness back-fat (27.60 mm). We found a strong positive correlation between carcass weight and back-fat thickness (r=0.346) as well as meat quality grade (r=0.739). Backfat thickness had a relatively strong positive correlation with meat quality grade (r=0.444). Therefore, there are required to manage the breeding through selection of excellent native species for increasing their carcass weight and enhance meat quality.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권9호
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• pp.4451-4456
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• 2016

Background: In this study, we examined epidemiological aspects of dynamic changes in incidences of laryngeal cancer in male and female populations in Kazakhstan. Materials and Methods: Primary data were for registered patients with malignant laryngeal tumors in the whole country during the period of 1999-2014. Evaluation of changes in laryngeal cancer incidence in the population of Kazakhstan was performed using component analysis. Results: It was determined that the number of patients with laryngeal cancer in the whole country is decreasing although with conflicting impacts of different factors. Despite population growth (all - ${\Delta}_P=+66.1%$, men - ${\Delta}_P=+70.9%$ and women - ${\Delta}_P=+46.4%$), and aging (all - ${\Delta}_A=+45.1%$, men - ${\Delta}_A=+54.3$ and women - ${\Delta}_A=+22.2$), the reduction in risk of developing the disease (all - ${\Delta}_R=-165.6%$, men - ${\Delta}_R=-170.9%$ and women - ${\Delta}_R=-141.0%$) was overwhelming. Conclusions: This investigation was the first epidemiological study of dynamics of laryngeal cancer by component analysis in population of Kazakhstan. Implementation of the results of the study is recommended in management of anti-cancer activities for laryngeal cancer.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.165-170
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• 1999

Asymmetric recognition of chiral alcohol by fluorenone derivatives with chiral substituents through intermolecular hydrogen bonding interaction in the singlet excited state was attempted. 1-((1S, 2R, 5S)-(+)-Menthyloxycarbonyl)aminofluoren-9-one (1-MAF) and 1-((1S, 2R, 5S)-(+)-menthyloxycarbonyl)oxyfluoren-9-one (1-MOF) were synthesized and their photophysical behaviors were characterized by the measurement of absorption and fluorescence spectra, as well as the quantum yield and the lifetime of fluorescence. The excited singlet states of 1-MAF and 1-MOF were revealed to have characteristics similar to those of fluorenone, though the intramolecular CT nature was fairly suppressed as compared with 3- and 4-substituted aminofluorenones. Fluorescences of 1-MAF and 1-MOF in acetonitrile were quenched by the addition of alcohols. Differences in fluorescence quenching efficiency were hardly observe for rather small chiral alcohols such as (R)-(-)- or (S)-(+)-2-butanol, while bulky alcohols such as menthol and isopinocampheol showed chiral recognition effects in their fluorescence quenching of 1-MAF in either acetonitrile or butyronitrile.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.247-254
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• 1987

Serum immunoglobulin(Ig)A, IgG, IgM, levels were measured in 99 coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) patients and 12 healthy coal workers and 9 non-miners to compare with each group by the radiological categories, its complications and working period in coal mine. Serum were measured by nephelometry, The findings were as follows: 1) Serum IgA levels were significantly different between three groups of CWP patient, healthy coal worker and non-miner ($mean{\pm}standard$ deviation: $226.4{\pm}87.7,\;221.3{\pm}45.1,\;170.1{\pm}65.7$ respectively). 2) There were no significant differences of Ig levels among radiological categories of CWP. 3) There were no significant differences of Ig levels among simple pneumoconiosis and its complicated disorders. 4) The three Ig levels were slightly increased in the group of mining years less than 20 years (IgA: r=0.1869, p<0.10 IgG: r=0.2902, p<0.05 IgM: r=0.2889, p<0.05).