• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.17-31
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• 1974

Today, over seventy five percent of nursing in Korea provide a psychiatric experience in the basic curriculum. The psychiatric affiliation presents numerous major problems of adjustment to the student. The Importance of positive attitude toward the nursing care of psychiatric patients is recognized by the nursing profession. I have fined out the unfavorable attitude of non collegiate nursing students toward psychiatric nursing affiliation by previous research. This study was undertaken in response to a felt need to explore the use of several devices which might yield information about attitudes toward psychiatric nursing as a basis for future planning of the program offered at a selected hospital. This study is designed to meet the following objectives; (1) In order to find out the expressed attitudes of fifty·three collegiate nursing students toward their psychiatric affiliation. (2) To compare responses given by selected group of collegiate and non collegiate nursing students to same questionnaire (3) To determine the relationship between the attitudes of nursing students toward psychiatric nursing and the type of instructions where experience was obtained. A questionnaire, a Korean translation of the "Psychiatric Nursing Attitude Questionnaire" by Moldered Elizabeth fletcher, was administered to fifty-three collegiate nursing students who had completed a four-week psychiatric affiliation in a S hospital psychiatric ward during May 7, 1973 to Dec. 16, 1973. - The questionnaire of 100 statements was administered in the following way; (1) Part Ⅰ, Preconceptions, was, given in individual conferences with each subject, during the first few days of their affiliation, and again during the final week of affiliation. The responses to Part I were oral. (2) Part Ⅱ, Expectations, Part Ⅲ, Personal Relations, Part Ⅳ, Personal Feelings, and Part V, Attitudes and Activities of Patients were given to all of the subjects in a group meeting during the second week of the affiliation, and again, during the fourth week at the termination of the affiliation. Responses to Parts Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ·, and V, were written. Each of the 100 statements of the questionnaire was considered to be either Positive or Negative. A favorable response was assigned the positive value of 1 and an unfavorable response was assigned the Negative value of O. The coefficient of correlation was computed between the two sets of scores for the fifty-three nursing students, The mean score, the standard deviation, and the differences in the means on each of the five parts of the questionnaire were computed and the relationships calculated by at-test. The results of the study were as follows; 1. There was no significant correlation between the two sets of the scores for the fifty-three nursing students during the four-week psychiatric affiliation. (r= 0.36) 2. There was no significant difference in the mean scores between the first and final tests for any of the questionnaire. 3. The Part Ⅰ, Preconceptions, data indicated collegiate nursing students have positive attitudes in preconceptions than non collegiate nursing students and preconceptions toward the psychiatric affiliation which affect their psychiatric nursing experience. 4. The Part Ⅱ, Expectations, data indicated more appropriate expectations of collegiate nursing students related to pre psychiatric affiliation orientation and sufficient theory learning than non-collegiate nursing students. 5. The Part Ⅲ, Personal relations, data indicated some students have negative attitudes in personal relations with normal people in respect to psychological security and social responsibilities. 6. The Part Ⅳ, Personal feelings, data indicated nursing students have psychological insecurity & inappropriateness. 7. The Part V, Attitudes and activities of patients, data indicated collegiate nursing students have more positive attitudes to the psychotic behavior of certain situations due to sufficient theory learning. 8. The data indicated collegiate·nursing students have more positive attitude than non-collegiate nursing students. 5. The Part Ⅲ, Personal relations, data indicated some students have negative attitudes in personal relations with normal people in respect to psychological security and social responsibilities. 6. The Part Ⅳ, Personal feelings, data indicated nursing students have psychological insecurity & inappropriateness. 7. The Part V, Attitudes and activities of patients, data indicated collegiate nursing students have more positive attitudes to the psychotic behavior of certain situations due to sufficient theory learning. 8. The data indicated collegiate·nursing students have more positive attitude than non-collegiate nursing students through psychiatric affiliation.

• Clean Technology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.379-389
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• 2012

Environmental issues are being paid more attention due to income growth, urban overcrowding, and population growth in Korea. Among the various environmental problems, odor damage is the one of the serious factors. To take example for food waste combination treatment in Su-young wastewater treatment plant in Busan, many complaints occurred because this plant locate around residential areas. The purpose of this work is not only to analyze odorous elements and their contributions but also to evaluate odor quotient (OQ), sum of odor quotient (SOQ), and treatment efficiency of bio-filter. The results of dilution sensory test of complex odor, grinder, leachate, hopper indicated higher order complex odors happen in July and August. The main odorous elements consisted of hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, methly mercaptan and acetaldehyde, which were analyzed by instrumental detection method, and methyl mercaptan was exceeded over 3,571 times of threshold. In addition, result of contribution of odor was methyl mercaptan (49.95 to 59.08%), hydrogen sulfide (20.43 to 29.27%), trimethylamine (8.82 to 13.42%) and acetaldehyde (9.17 to 11.35%). Other facilities were compared with the contribution of the odor using OQ and SOQ during the process. Sulfur compounds, acetaldehyde, and trimethylamine are high contribution of odor using OQ as well as odor intensity of grinding process is highest. As a result, sulfur compounds (e.g., methyl mercaptan and hydrogen sulfide) are highest for OQ and SOQ of grinding process is highest as 7,067. The removal efficiency of deodorization equipment was more than 90.00% in ammonia and amines, but the average efficiency of sulfur compounds was 53.51%. Thus, this facility is more higher contribution of acetaldehyde and trimethylamine than other treatment facilities. And food waste treatment in environmental area needs to consider appropriate capacity and refers to other bio-filter operating conditions.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.1256-1262
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• 1997

Background : Leukocyte-endothelial adhesion molecules have been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory disease. ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin are cell surface adhesion molecule on vascular endothelial cells. They are up-regulated by inflammatory cytokines and regulate the adhesion and migration of leukocytes across the endothelium. Tuberculosis, a granulomatous disorder is an infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The clinical manifestations of tuberculosis are dependent on the cellular immune response to tubercule bacilli. Circulating adhesion molecules are probably formed by cleavage and release into the circulation of the extracellular domain of the membrane bound form. The elevated levels of circulating adhesion molecules have been reported in numerous disease state. To evaluate their role as markers of disease activity in tuberculosis, we measured a sE-selectin, sVCAM-1 and sICAM-1 levels in the serum with severities of mild, moderate and far advanced pulmonary tuberculosis. Methods : The control and test groups were divided as follows. Group I : control(n=5), Group II : patients with mild pulmonary tuberculosis(n=12), Group III : pateints with moderate pulmonary tuberculosis(n=20), Group IV : patients with far advanced pulmonary tuberculosis(n=19). Serum sICAM-1, sVCAM-1 and sE-selectin were measured by ELISA kit Results : Serum soluble adhesion molecules are elevated in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, Circulating ICAM-1 levels were significantly elevated in patients with moderate and far advanced pulmonary tuberculosis when compared with control group. When compared with control group, serum sVCAM-1 levels showed significant elevation in patients with mild, moderate and far advanced pulmonary tuberculosis. Serum sE-selectin levels were significantly elevated in patients with far advanced pulmonary tuberculosis when compared with control group. Conclusion : These results suggest that sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, and sE-selectin may be invloved in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. And, particularly, sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 may be useful markers of the disease activity.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.45-57
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• 1996

A serious disease in a family influences the entire family member given the fact that the members closely interact with each other. Especially in terms of pediatric nursing, study on family gains importance as the need to care of families whose children with developmental disabilities and chronic disease This study was done based on The Resiliency Model of Family Adjustment and Adaptation(McCubbin, 1991) is intended to examine the stress of parents whose children suffer from cleft lip or /and cleft palate. It also helps them to cope with the stress and analyze the relationship between the stress and coping This study used Family Inventory of Life Events and Changes (FILE) and Coping Health Inventory for Parents(CHIP) for measuring family stress and coping. The two instruments are revised to fit the social and cultural environment of Korean culture. Data collection was done from April 18, 1996 to May 18, 1996 at 8 University medical centers located in Seoul. Those who answered questionnaires were 84 parents whose children have cleft lip or /and cleft palate. SPSS PC+ was used to analyze the data collotted. Programs used for data analysis were t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient. The study is summarized as follows .1. The average score of family stress is 10.46(percentage of the full score 24.90) and 'finance and business strains'(3.25), and 'intrafamily strains'(2.65) ranked the highest. The average score of family's coping is 1.93, which is close to the answer of' moderately helpful' and they are measured to put their utmost efforts to' intergration and cooperation of family and optimistic definition on the situation'. 2. There is no significant statistical correlation between the family stress and coping. 3. Mothers show more stress than fathers in the parts of 'illness and family care strains' and 'losses'(t〓-2.34, t〓-2.32, p<.05). 4. Fathers show more willingness to cope with the stress than mothers do in the parts of' seeking social support','self-esteem','emotional comfort' 5. Mothers are more stress than fathers in the parts of family stress and its coping with it by usual traits(t〓-2.78, p<.05). Parents with religion are measured to cope more willingly than those who are not 6. Income of a family shows positive correlationship with family coping (r〓.28, p<.05). The study shows that gender difference is significant variable in studying on family stress and coping. Mothers get more stress than fathers, which has much to do with the fact that they are in charge of raising children and keeping houseworks. Accordingly, managing family crisis and its survival can be induced by giving support for the mothers, studying fathers including the rest of the family members and giving nursing care and arbitration ; religious background is also considered to be one of the important factors in family stress , judging from the relationship between family income and family's coping, caring given to suffering children is needed on societal levels. The above considerations bring up the need to have a longitudinal study of children with congenital anomaly including cleft lip or /and cleft palate and their families about family stress and coping. Resiliency programs on family system and their effectiveness and the relationship between the enlarged families with social and cultural values reflecting Korean tradition are also needed to be studied.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.67-77
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• 2010

Purpose: The aims of this study are to evaluate psychological impact and quality of life according to the cancer diagnosis and mutation status in Korean families with BRCA mutations. Materials and Methods: Seventeen affected carriers (AC), 16 unaffected carriers (UC) and 13 healthy non carriers (NC) from 13 BRCA mutation families were included in the study. Outcomes were compared with regard to depression (Beck Depression Inventory), anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, STAI), optimism (Reevaluation of the Life Orientation test, LOT-R), knowledge of hereditary ovarian cancer, and quality of life (QoL) (SF-36v2 Health Survey, physical component score [PCS], mental component score [MCS]) among three groups. Result: Level of depression, optimism, and PCS were similar in AC, UC, and NC. Anxiety score was elevated in all three groups. MCS was significantly low in AC than in UC and NC (P=0.009, P=0.017). Knowledge of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer was high in AC than NC (P=0.001). MCS was significantly related to whether patient was affected by cancer (P=0.043) and has occupation (P=0.008) or not in multivariable analysis. Conclusion: From this cross sectional study, psychological adverse effect was not related to the carrier status of BRCA mutation. Elevated anxiety in BRCA family members was observed but, independent to affection and the type of genetic mutation. AC showed low mental QoL. Further effort to understand psychological impact and QoL of genetic testing in BRCA family members is required for follow-up in clinical aspects.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.87-98
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• 2008

Purpose : This study was designed to figure out the necessity of continuing basic CPR education for the higher grade students of elementary school. The assessment contents were knowledge, practice ability, precision level of CPR skills and continuation of the educational efficiency. Methods : Twenty two students of 4th and 5th grade of elementary school in K city in Chungcheongnam-do were recruited for this study. The study method was a control group of non-synchronized design. A preliminary study was done on October 27 in 2006. The main study was performed from February 14 to May 11 in 2007. The researcher adopted the method of Kyung-hui, Kang (1998) such as awareness, attitude and knowledge in control group, emergency medical technician test protocol, Anne/SkillReporter$^{(R)}$ in case of the basic CPR knowledge. Four times of measures were done in shortly after practicing CPR, 4 weeks after the education, 8 weeks after the education, and 12 weeks after the education. By using SPSS/PC+ (version 12.0), the researcher analyzed the collected data based on frequency, percentage, repeated measurement, ANOVA (analysis of variance), and sidak (multiple comparison - sidak). Results : 1) The confidence of people in the control group in terms of practicing CPR showed a statistically meaningful difference (t = 10.230, p = .000) before/after CPR education. Therefore, hypothesis No.1-1 was accepted. 2) The educational necessity of people in the control group showed no statistically meaningful difference (t = -1.695, p = 0.105) before/after CPR education. Therefore, hypothesis No.1-2 was rejected. 3) The knowledge points of people in the control group showed a statistically meaningful difference (t = -7.731, p = .000) before/after CPR education. Therefore, hypothesis No.2 was accepted. 4) The confidence of people in the control group in terms of practicing CRP showed no meaningful difference (F = 2.789, p = 0.072) as time passed. Therefore, hypothesis No.3 was rejected. 5) The knowledge of people in the control group showed a meaningful difference (F = 9.090, p = .000) as time passed. Therefore, hypothesis No.4 was accepted. 6) The capability of people in the control group in terms of practicing CPR showed a statistically meaningful difference (F = 42.795, p = .000) as time passed. Therefore, hypothesis No.5 was accepted. 7) The precision level of CPR skill of people in the control group showed a statistically meaningful difference (F = 25.198, p = .000) as time passed. Therefore, hypothesis No.6-1 was accepted. 8) The precision level of chest compression skill of people in the control group showed a statistically meaningful difference (F = 5.188, p = .003). Therefore, hypothesis No.6-2 was accepted. Conclusion : In a nutshell, CPR education for the 4th and 5th graders of elementary schools had an influence on their confidence in practicing CPR and on their knowledge. This study showed that as time passed. the educational effect declined in terms of knowledge point, capability of practicing CPR, and the precision level of CRP skill. The results of the study could be postulated into the fact that re-education within 8 weeks after the first education was essential to retaining the educational effect. Therefore, we need to vitalize the CPR education for elementary school students repeatedly on a regular basis in order to continue the educational effect after they were grown-ups and to make them play their roles as a first aider.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.298-303
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• 1981

A study was conducted to find out the varietal difference in some important agronomic characters in response to different seeding time in barely from 1975 to 1976 at Chikugo Agric. Expt. Station in Japan. Thirteen varieties which are diverse in growth period were used. Nine seeding time were tried. Seedling emergence, primary tillering, and formation of flower primodia were delayed in proportion to the seeding time. And also heading and maturing time showed the same tendency. This tendency appeared more conspicuous in the late maturing varieties. Therefore, days to heading and maturing duration were inversely shortened by the delay of seeding time and by earliness of variety. Number of spikes as well as culm length and spike length was reduced in the late seeding. Grain yield was reduced in all varieties by late seeding, easpecially with late maturing varieties. In this test, widely adaptable variety to late seeding time was not found, but earliness and high tillering in growth habit appeared more favorable to yield increase.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.58-66
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• 2015

This study was conducted to evaluate control efficacy of a fermented food 'Cheonggukjang' against cucumber powdery mildew caused by Sphaerotheca fuliginea in greenhouse. Sterilized Daepung beans were inoculated with the rice straw as natural inoculum and then incubated for 72 hrs at $42^{\circ}C$ in the household cheonggkjang maker. After 72 hrs of cheonggukjang fermentation, white zymogens were grown on the surface of a sterile Daepung beans. The pH of the 72 hrs fermented soybean was not significantly changed and electrical conductivity was found to increase by about 2 times than before fermentation. The population density of soybean zymogen showed a peak of growth at 60 hrs after fermentation and the concentration of zymogen was $8.2{\times}10^7cfu/ml$. Soybean zymogen form of the colony was divided into three kinds of bacteria and a white and a large colony (WL) was predominant bacteria among those up to 60 hrs of fermentation. To control the cucumber powdery mildew, diluted solutions of cheonggukjang was applied from 6.0% to 30.0% on cucumber leaves and they showed injury symptoms on cucumber leaves in more than 15% of them. However, more than 6.0% diluted cheonggukjang solutions showed more than 77.8% control effect of cucumber powdery mildew at 15 days after treatment. The fermented bacteria of Chenggukjang were well established in the cucumber leaf area at 15 days after treatment. The antifungal activity of 10% diluted cheonggukjang solutions was excellent for four species of plant fungal pathogens, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Sclerotinia cepivorum, Rhizoctonia sloani and Phytophthora capsici in the dual culture test. Results indicated that foliar application of Cheonggukjang solution could be used for the control of powdery mildews occurring on organically cultivated cucumber.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.111-118
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• 2016

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by molds, such as Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium, that have adverse effects on animals and humans. Aflatoxin, ochratoxin, zearalenone, fumonisin and deoxynivalenol are the mycotoxins of greatest agro-economic importance and cause acute disease called mycotoxicoses. Mycotoxicosis in poultry birds results in decreased meat/egg production, immunosuppressant, and hepatotoxicosis. Some of toxins or their metabolites may be retained in animal or human tissues and induce health problems. This study was designed to develop a sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous detection and quantification of mycotoxins, such as aflatoxin $B_1$, aflatoxin $M_1$, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, fumonisin B and deoxynivalenol, in chicken liver and kidney tissues. The mycotoxins were extracted and purified using modified QUECHERS methods, separated by LC and detected by an electrospray ionisation interface (ESI) and tandem MS. Good precision and linearity were observed for most of six mycotoxins. The recovery test for each mycotoxin in liver and kidney tissues mostly indicated good average recovery rates between 80.94% and 98.10% and the coefficient of variation mostly under 13.78%, except for aflatoxin $M_1$ and fumonisin $B_1$. The limit of detection (LOD) for six mycotoxins was $7.6{\sim}145.79{\mu}g/kg$ in liver tissues and $6.07{\sim}197.20{\mu}g/kg$ in kidney tissues. The quantification limits (LOQ) for 6 mycotoxins were in the range $23.04{\sim}441.78{\mu}g/kg$ in liver tissues and $18.40{\sim}597.59{\mu}g/kg$ in kidney tissues, respectively. The developed multi-mycotoxin method in this study permits simultaneous, simple, and rapid determination of several co-existing mycotoxins in chicken liver and kidney tissues.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.264-273
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• 2002

Purpose : Three-dimensional radiation dosimetry using magnetic resonance imaging of polymer gel was recently introduced. This dosimetry system is based on radiation induced chain polymerization of acrylic monomers in a muscle equivalent gel and provide accurate 3 dimensional dose distribution. We planned this study to evaluate the clinical value of this 3-dimensional dosimetry. Materials and Methods: The polymer gel poured into a cylindrical glass flask and a spherical glass flask. The cylindrical test tubes were for dose response evaluation and the spherical flasks, which is comparable to the human head, were for isodose curves. T2 maps from MR images were calculated using software, IDL. Dose distributions have been displayed for dosimetry. The same spherical flask of gel and the same irradiation technique was used for film and TLD dosimetry and compared with each other. Results : The R2 of the gel respond linearly with radiation doses in the range of 2 to 15 Gy. The repeated dosimetry of spherical gel showed the same isodose curves. These isodose curves were identical to dose distributions from treatment planning system especially high dose range. In addition, the gel dosimetry system showed comparable or superior results with the film and TLD dosimetry. Conclusion : The 3-dimensional dosimetry for conformal radiation therapy using MRI of polymer gal showed stable and accurate results. Although more studies are needed for convenient clinical application, it appears to be a useful tool for conformal radiation therapy.