• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.18-24
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• 2019

Background: Although a growing number of guidelines and clinical researches are available for immunosuppressive treatment of post-transplantation, there is no clinical practice guideline for the care of kidney transplant recipients in Korea. Selection of a researchable question is the most important step in conducting qualified guideline development. Thus, we aimed to formulate key questions for Korean guideline to aid clinical decision-making for immunosuppressive treatment. Methods: Based on previous published guidelines review, a first survey was constructed with 29 questions in the range of immunosuppressive treatments. The experts were asked to rate the clinical importance of the question using a 5-point Likert scale. The questions reached 60% or more from the first survey and additional new questions were included in the second survey. In analyzing the responses to items rated on the 9-point scale, consensus agreement on each question was defined as 75% or more of experts rating 7 to 9. Results: In the first survey, 50 experts were included. Among the 29 questions, 27 were derived to get 60% or more importance and 3 new questions were additionally identified. Through the second survey, 9 questions were selected that experts reached consensus on 75% and over of the options. Finally, we developed key questions using PICO (patient, intervention, comparison, and outcome) methodology. Conclusion: The experts reached a high level of consensus on many of key questions in the survey. Final key questions provide direction for developing clinical practice guideline in the immunosuppressive treatment of transplantation.

• The Journal of Korean Association of Computer Education
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 2003

In existing the learner testing system, it has a weak point to determine differently the difficulty of each question which has been estimated by teacher's view and the subjective stand point. In this paper, we develops the learner testing system which supports the estimation of the individual ability of learner, provides the questions for suitable to the individual learner level, and able to estimate the question of individual that used by three parameters such as the difficulty parameter, discrimination parameter, and guessing parameter. Also, it is applied to three-parameters logistic model of IRT(Item Response Theory) for using CAT(Computer Adaptive Testing) technique.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.5-16
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• 1990

'What is nursing' this question could always be arised and such a question could bring forth the new possibility to definete the nursing concept more clearly. At the middle of 19th Centry, Mrs. Nightingale defined the concept of nursing as follows; 'Nursing is a kind of treatment act to aid the patient so that the health of patients may be recovered naturally, as keeping the most comfortable circumstances.' But after then, the role and function of nurses about purpose and method of nursing has continuously been studied, as the social circumstance has been changed. The fact that care provider and client have the same concept about nursing is very important at the first step of assessment. But at the present time, the care provider and client have not same concept yet, so the difference of unrsing concept between care provider and client is analyzed in this study. This study would be belived to be helpful for the advance of nursing in the future. In this study, 20 questionare from nursing objectives developed by Abdellah(basic care needs, sustenal care needs, remedial care needs and restorative care needs) are used for adult. The data of this study by the 6 point rating scale are analyzed by SAS as follows; 1. Respondent's view is that nursing is necessary in case of group(school or company) rather than private and in case of abnormal conditions rather than normal conditions. 2. Every questionares of nursing objectives are divided into 4 points of view such as basic care needs, sustenal care needs, remedial care needs and restorative care needs are examined. The evaluation by 6 point rating scale revealed that $5.08\pm0.65$ point in basic care needs $4.93\pm0.68$ point in sustenal care needs $4.91\pm0.80$ point in remedial care needs and $4.61\pm0.91$ point in restorative care needs. While basic care needs and substenal care needs that need more physical care show high points, remedial care needs and restorative care needs that need more psychological, social and spiritual care show low points. 3. It was checked whether there is any significant difference between above 4 point of views in nursing objectives and qeneral characteristics or not. As a result, there is significant difference between 4 point of view and ages, educational level, marriage, composition of children. And also there is significant difference between religion and basic care needs, remedial care needs and restorative care needs. But there is no significant difference between any point of view and sex, occupation, experience of admission and experience of family admission. As this study is based on the data gethered from a restricted area, the result can not represent the opinion of all the clients. Therefore the same kind of study should be carried out on many areas repeatedly and also it should be tried to extract objective concept. And also periodical study is needed to observe the changing process of nursing concept.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2003.11c
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• pp.769-772
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• 2003

Middleware enables different networking devices and protocols to inter-operate in ubiquitous home network environments. The UPnP(Universal Plug and Play) middleware, which runs on a PC and is based on the IPv4 protocol, has attracted much interest in the field of home network research since it has versatility. The UPnP, however, cannot be easily accessed via the public Internet since the UPnP devices that provide services and the Control Points that control the devices are configured with non-routable local private or Auto IP networks. The critical question is how to access UPnP network via the public Internet. The purpose of this study is to deal with the non-routability problem in local private and Auto IP networks by improving the conventional Control Point used in UPnP middleware-based home networks. For this purpose, this paper proposes an improved Control Point for accessing and controlling the home network from remote sites via the public Internet, by adding a web server to the conventional Control Point. The improved Control Point is implemented in an embedded GNU/Linux system running on an ARM9 platform.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.1-4
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• 2015

Learning can be defined as its objects, main question for the objects, and its unique way to organize all the knowledge acquired as the results of the question. From the point of view like this, Traditional Korean Medicine(TKM) can be defined as learning for human body and its functions, health and diseases based on the theory of the Yin and Yang and of the five elements. Nowaday Many papers based on laboratory work publish for the name of scientization of TKM, but from the viewpoint of definition of learning, they have a problem that there is no basic theory. If TKM could be communicated with western natural science, it has to be solved. And oriental physiology has a same object and same questions with western physiology, so oriental physiology can be useful to make a bridge between TKM and western natural science.

• Education of Primary School Mathematics
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.151-163
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• 2000

This research is the object to investigate these thing; how do teachers undertaking at the spot classrooms to recognize performance assessment and how do they decide to question and how go the present practiced state and what is the problem points in the present performance assessment. Additonal things of problem point like a research object are following; Lets look over recognition, actual situations and various problems for mathematics performance assessment of elementary school teachers. Concerning question papers, the problem largely lie in 4 regions, that is to say the recognition of performance assessment, the current state of affairs in practice, deciding questions and problems of putting theory into practices, of the 480 teachers-the object of our studies-about 380 returned our questionaire. However, as there were too many in the age range 30 to 40 are excluded 80, choosing 300 to us as data in our analysis.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.12
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• pp.327-348
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• 1999

Insurance lawyers have been curiously uninterested in the legal aspects of the use of insurance in export sales. It is an area which shows several doubtful points and some difficulties. According to the law of international sales and commercial credits, the primary question is whether the insurance contracts and documents that are produced satisfy the requirements of the sales and the credit contracts. From the point of view of insurance law, the question is how the insurance arrangements can be made to fit those requirements. The purpose of this study is to review problems that may occur in insuring cargoes in export sales.

• Survey Research
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.21-43
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• 2000

Although telephone surveys are an attractive alternative to household interviews it is important to determine whether the data collected by the two methods are comparable. To answer this question, findings from the telephone survey literatures are examined in the view point of i) direct effect which means expressions of preference of the interview detail of answers on open questions and item missing data rates ii) statistical estimates and iii) differences of interviewers and data collection modes. Differences are explained by social desirability effects on the telephone, cognitive ability of the survey question, and mode effects and interviewer effects.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 2020

Main research question of this study is about whether gated community (GC) as private urban governance gets along with local public goods by locating near to them. We examine this question through testing the Tiebout hypothesis from case study of Seoul, capital city of South Korea, in which GCs are so common to test the assumption empirically. For this, we examine the meaning of GC in 3 Es viewpoints; conceptualize the framework of Tieboutian co-evolution of GC and local public goods by hedonic price modeling. As a result, possibilities are found that GCs are to be seen from different point of view, viz. co-evolutionary mechanism between private and public governance; GCs effectively capture and represent the demand of residents for local public goods through voting by their collective locational choice. It allows us different kind of approach to investigate APTs as a co-evolutionary form of private and public urban order rather than seeing them only as a tool of speculative investment, particularly in rapidly urbanizing countries like Korea.

• Journal of Public Diplomacy
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.75-116
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• 2021

This study argues that scholars lack an adequate conceptualization of the strategic use of social media framing by Ministries of Foreign Affairs (MFAs) during crises. As a theoretical starting point, this article employs the concept of soft disempowerment to suggest that MFAs may use online framing to limit an adversary's range of possible actions during a crisis by depicting that adversary as violating norms and values deemed desirable by the international community. Next, the article introduces the concept of mutually assured delegitimization (MAD), which suggests that actors may call into question one another's adherence with certain norms and values during crises, which results in the mutual depletion of soft power resources. Importantly, this article proposes a novel, methodological approach for the analysis of individual tweets during crises. To illustrate its methodological and conceptual innovations, the study analyzes tweets published by the MFAs of the United States (US) and Russia during the Crimea crisis and demonstrates that both MFAs used Twitter to negatively frame each other by calling their morals into question, which resulted in MAD.