• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.115-121
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• 2017

This study estimated potential natural vegetation in Gayasan National Park through the occurrence probability distribution by using geographic information system (GIS). in Gayasan National Park. Correlation and factor analysis were analyzed to estimate probability distribution. The presence of the Gaya National Park Vegetation survey results showed that 128 communities were distributed. The analyzed relationship between actual vegetation and distribution factors such as elevation, aspect, slope, topographic index, annual mean temperature, warmth index and potential evapotranspiration in Gayasan national park. The probability distribution of potential natural vegetation communities at least 0.3 odds were the advent of Pinus densiflora communities with the highest 55.80%, Quercus mongolica community is 44.05%, 0.09% is Quercus acutissima communities, Quercus variabilis communities are found to be 0.06%. If you want to limit the factors that affect the distribution of vegetation by factors presented in this study, the potential natural vegetation of the Gaya National Park was expected to appear in Quercus mongolica community (43.1%) and Pinus densiflora communities (56.9%).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.106-127
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• 2010

Although multi-layer planting methods are more widely used as a method for clustered planting and environmental programs such as plant remediation, difficulties have been faced in applying those to planting design. This study develops a basic planting model that can be applied to multi-layer planting in basis on an analysis of forest structures in the Seoul area. An optimal number of clusters was determined through the ISA (Indicator Species Analysis), and 7 basic clusters were found through a cluster analysis by using PC ORD 4.0 software specifically developed for ecological analysis. The 7 basic clusters include the following communities: the Quercus acutissima Community, Sorbus alnifolia-Quercus mongolica Community, Pinus rigida-Pinus densifiora Community, Rododendron mucronulatum var. mucronulatum-Quercus mongolica Community, Juniperus rigida-Quercus mongolica Community, Rododendron mucronulatum var. mucronulatum-Pinus densiflora Community, and Rododendron sclippenbachii-Quercus mongolica Community. The study also selected 57 species with at least a 10% frequency among the plant species existing in the Seoul area and suggested both a companion species and available similar alternative species by conducting an additional interspecific association analysis. This study may help to enhance usefulness of the model in architectural planting design. In addition, the two results named above were synthesized to develop a multi-layer planting model that can be utilized in landscape planting design by selecting similar alternative species through the interspecific association analysis, which includes 7 clusters of natural plants. The multi-layer planting model can be widely applied to design planting because the model has an average target cover range based on the average value of a transformed likelihood.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.356-365
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• 2007

This study was conducted to evaluate the changed vegetational community structure according to vegetational succession in Chiaksan National Park of Korea by applying ordination and classification method of floristic composition along with the actual vegetation by correlation. As for the ratio of actual vegetation, Mongolian oak forest(33.1%) was the highest, followed by mixed forest(16.2%), Japanese larch forest(15.6%), deciduous broad-leaved forest(14.7%), red pine forest(11.1%), Korean pine forest(2.3%) and Pitch pine forest(0.1%), respectively. The vegetation was classified into Acer pseudosieboidianum-Quercus mongolica community, Cornus controversa-Carpinus cordata community, Quercus sonata community, Pinus densiflora community and afforestation. The Acer pseudosieboldianum-Quercus mongolica community-a subordinately ranked community-was divided into Carpinus laxiflora-Sassa borealis community, Fraxinus rhynchophylla community and Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa-Carex siderosticta community. The results of community classification using by ordination and classification method of floristic composition were similar to each other. The vegetational succession, with the combination of Quercus mongolica, Acer pseudosieboldianum and Rhododendron schlippenbachii, was predicted to form a climax forest from above the hillside.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.168-177
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• 2007

By using DEM and digital actual vegetation map with MGE GIS software program, topographic features (altitude, slope, latitude, etc.) quantitatively were analysed and their data integrated as the index of climatic conditions (WI, CI, air temperature, etc.) in South Korea. Warmth Index (WI) decreases $5.27^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$ with latitudinal $1^{\circ} degree, and $3.41^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$ with attitudinal 100 m increase. The relationship between CI and WI values is expressed as a linear regression, $WI=116.01+0.96{\times}CI,\;R^2=0.996$. The distributional peaks of different plant communities along Warmth Index gradient showed the sequence of Abies nephrolepis, Taxus cuspidata, Abies koreana, Quercus mongolica, Carpinus laxiflora, Q. dentata, C. tschonoskii, Q. serrate, Pinus densiflora, Q. aliena, Q. variabilis, Q. acutissima, P. thunbergii, Q. acute, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii, Camellia japonica, Machilus thunbergii community from lower to higher values. The Quercus mongolica forest occurred frequently on E-NW and SE slope aspect within WI $70{\sim}80^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$ optimal range at mesic sites, NW and SE slope than xeric sites S and SW slope. The Q. serrata forest showed the most distributional frequency in NW and W slope aspect within WI $90{\sim}100^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$ range, Q. variabilis and Q. acutissima forest showed the high frequency of distribution in SE slope in WI $95{\sim}100^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$ range. By the slope gradient analysis, five groups were found: 1. Abies nephrolepis, Machilus thunbergii, 2. Taxus cuspidata, Abies koreana, Quercus mongolica, Q. dentata, Q. serrata, Q. variabilis, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii 3. Pinus densiflora, Q. aliena, Q. acutissima, P. thunbergii, Q. acuta 4. Carpinus laxiflora, Camellia japonica 5. C. tschonoskii from steep slope to gentle slope sequence.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.15-29
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• 1995

To investigate plant community structure of Uiryung valley, Harujae valley, Kugi valley, Songchu valley, Tobongsan valley in Bukhansan National Park, each thirty eight, forty, twenty six. twenty eight, thirty six plots (plot size 100$m^2$) were set up and surveyed. The surveyed data were integrated and classification by TWINSPAN and DCA ordination techniques were applied to the study area. The plant community were divided into nine groups in seventy nine plots by TWINBPAN and the dividing groups were Carpinus laxiflora community(I), Quercus mongolica community(II), Pinus densiflora community(III), Q. mongolica-P. densiflora community(IV) Q. mongolica-Q. serrata- Prunus sargentii community(V), Q. mongolica Q. variabilis community(Ⅵ), Robinia pseudoacacia-Q. serrata community(Ⅶ). P. rigida-Q. serrata community(Ⅷ), Q. mongolica- Q. variabilis- Styrax obassia community(Ⅸ). So the successional trends of tree species at the natural forest seem to be from P. densiflora to Q. mongolica and at the artificial forest seem to be from R. pseudoacacia, P. rigida to Q. acutissima, Fraxinus rhynchophylla in canopy layer And in the subtree and shrub layer, it wag supposed that from Deotzia prunifolia, Rhus trichocarpa. Rhododendron yedoense var. poukhasleilse, Euonymus oxyphyllous to Magnolia sieboldii, Acer psuedo-sieboldianum, Lindera obtusiloba. In comparing successional trends with past study, it was postulated that successtion is not progressed by human disturbance and soil acidification by the air pollution.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-23
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• 1987

To investigate the forest structure of Mt. Bukhan. ranging from Seoul to Kyongkido, twenty plots were set up by the vegetation physiognomy and vegetation analysis was carried out. According to the leading dominant tree species in canopy stratum, forest communities were classified into three large groups of natural forest communities, semi-natural forest communities and artificial forest communities, and each of them covered 82.64, 7.03, and 5.71% of Mt. Bukhan area, respectively. Pure or mixed natural forest communities of Pinus densiflora and Quercus mongolica were major forest communities and covered 70.8% of Mt. Bukhan area. The important planted tree species were Robinia pseudoacacia, Pinus rigida, and Alnus birsuta and they were mainly planted at the southern slope and roadside. The degree of human disturbance of vegetation of 8, 7, and 6 area covered 82.64, 0, and 12.74%, respectively. According to forest dimensions, most of forest communities were young aged forests of which mean DBH was 20cm and canopy height below 10m. However, a few mature forest communities of Pinus densiflora or Quercus mongolica were found in the small area. The range of Shannon's species diversity of major natural forest communities, pure or mixed forest communities of Pinus densiflora and Quercus mongolica was 1.085~1.242. According to stand dynamic analysis by DBH class distribution, the present Quercus mongolica communities arid Robinia pseudoacacia communities may last long their present forest structure and most of other communities may be succeeded to Quercus mongolica communities, however, a few communities invaded by Robinia pseudoacacia and Quercus aliena-Quercus acutissima communities may be succeeded to Robinia pseudoacacia communities and Quercus aliena communities, respectively. DCA was the most effective method of this study. DCA ordination were showed that successional trends of tree species seem to be from Pinus densiflora through Quercus serrata. Prunus sargrntii. Sorbus alnifolia to Q. mongolica. Fraxinus mandsburica, F. rhynchophylla in the upper layer and from Zanthoxylum schinifolium, Lespedeza crytobotrya trough Rhus trichocarpa. Rh. verniciflua. Rhododendron mucronulatum. Rh. schlippenbachii to Acer pseudo-sieboldianus. Magnolia sieboldii, Euonymus sieboldianus.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.471-484
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• 1994

The forest vegetation types and their structural characteristics in Mt. $Mud\v{u}ng$ were investigated by classification method and ordination method. The forest was classified into 7 communities by ristic composition table: Quercus monogolica community, Q. serrata community, Q.acutissima community, Q.variabilis community, Q.dentata community, Pinus densiflora community and Frainus mandshurica community. Considering the moisture gradient, two kinds of distributuin pattern were shown as follows; F. mandshurica, Q. acturissima, Platycarya strobilacea and Staphylea bumalda were distribute at moist habitats, while Q. monogolica, P. densiflora and Q.variabilis at dry habitats. In continuum analysis, each population occupied different distribution area but it was continuously overlapped. On the successional trends of tree species, it is postulated that Q. mongolica species might dominate the altitudinal zone over 700m.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.105 no.4
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• pp.391-400
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• 2016

This study was conducted to set up ecological database for effective forest management and conservation of KNU Research Forest in Mt. Myeonbong with the characteristic analysis of stand structures. Following the results of clustering analysis, they were classified under 6 communities (Quercus mongolica-Pinus densiflora, Pinus densiflora, Carpinus cordata, Fraxinus rhynchophylla-Acer pseudosieboldianum-Acer pictum subsp. Mono, Quercus mongolica-Quercus variabilis, Quercus mongolica). Importance value tests were estimated that on ridge; Pinus densiflora, valley; Carpinus cordata, Fraxinus rhynchophylla-Acer pseudosieboldianum-Acer pictum subsp. Mono were recorded dominant species. Carpinus cordata and Fraxinus rhynchophylla-Acer pseudosieboldianum-Acer pictum subsp. Mono community, north aspect and valley were investigated high species richness value. It was showed decreasing tendency as altitude and degree of slope were high. Results of NMS, upper & middle layers and shrub & herbal layers were influenced by species richness and the case of species association.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.41-53
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• 2013

The study for the estimation potential natural vegetation was estimated the occurrence probability distribution using geographic information system(GIS) in Bukhansan National Park. Correlation and factor analysis were analyzed to estimate probability distribution. Coefficients were calculated by logistic regression analysis. Correlation coefficients were significantly at the 0.01 level. Commonality of elevation, annual mean temperature, warmth index and potential evapotranspiration were high value, but topographic index was low value. Communities of over the 0.3 points distribution probability, Quercus mogolica communities were the largest area, 76,940,900 $m^2$, Pinus densiflora communities area was 860,800 $m^2$, Quercus acutissima communities area was 500,100 $m^2$ and Quercus variabilis communities area was 1,000 $m^2$, but Q. aliena, Q. serrata, Carpinus laxiflora and Zelcova serrata communities was not appeared. Therefore, potential national vegetation of Bukhansan national park was likely to be Q. mongolica community, P. densiflora community, Q. acutissima community and Q. variabilis community.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.1-16
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to understand the vegetation structure of the Corylopsis coreana habitats in South Korea and their correlation with environmental factors, in order to provide basic data for preparing conservation. A total of 40 vegetation survey plots were established in around Southern region, Gangwon-do and Gyeonggi-do Province. The cluster analysis revealed four distinct clusters: Quercus mongolica-Pinus densiflora (QmPd), Castanea crenata (Cc), Quercus mongolica (Qm), and Pinus koraiensis (Pk). Among them, the QmPd cluster was selected as the representative community. Soil texture analysis that most areas consisted of loamy soil and were distributed on the northern aspects. The plantation, represented by Pk, exhibited a high content of exchangeable aluminum (5.227±0.342 mg/kg), suggesting the need for soil improvement and monitoring in these habitats. The canopy openness (forest gap) ranged from 11% to 21%, indicating a relatively closed canopy in many survey plots. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis indicated heterogeneous species composition between the QmPd cluster and the Pk cluster (total R² = 0.608).