• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.85-100
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• 2011

Vegetation structure of Sungheung fortress in Buyeo was investigated to suggest a desirable management proposal. Forset communities by phytosociological method were classified into Pinus densiflora community, Quercus serrata community and Quercus aliena community. The importance value of Pinus densiflora, Quercus aliena, Quercus serrata, Quercus variabilis, Castanea crenata, Styrax japonica, Quercus acutissima and Prunus sargentii were 34.81, 13.57, 12.63, 6.73, 6.40, 4.70, 4.54 and 3.65. According to breast diameter analysis results, it is expected that the importance value of Pinus densiflora and Quercus spec. will be continuosly increased. It should be prepared that vegetation management plan over the castle wall should be considered before the repair or restoration of castle wall. Vegetation management around castle wall should be carried out according to the mid or long-term plan and it would be needed to consider the gradual changes from planted Pinus rigida to the historical vegetation of Pinus densiflora.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2002

Objectives of this study are to make clear the vegetation structure of Hovenia dulcis community in the Korean Peninsula over ten mountains including 17 plots. The results were summarized as follows. Habitat of the community indicated that elevation ranged from 115 meter to 720 meter at the sea level, slope aspect in nearly all directions, bare rock from 0 to 90 percent, slope degree from 10$^{\circ}$ to 40$^{\circ}$, topography from valley to middle slope, the height of tree layer from 8m to 22m, the diameter at breast height from 12cm to 59cm and coverage from 65% to 95$\%$$\%$

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.45-54
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• 1993

This study examines the differences in structures, physical and mechanical properties between domestic(Quercus variabilis Blume) and foreign(Quercus suber L.) corks. The results obtained are as follows: 1. The cork tissue consists of cork cells, lenticels, sclereids and dark-brown zone. There was a significant difference in ratio of cork cells between foreign cork(93 %) and domestic cork(87 %). The ring width and width of late cork of the foreign cork were wider than those of domestic cork. But the percentage of late cork of domestic cork was richer than that of foreign cork. The size of cork cell of foreign cork was larger by about two times than that of domestic cork. 2. The density was slightly higher in domestic cork(0.22 g/$cm^3$) than in foreign cork(0.19 g/$cm^3$). During first 24 hours, the amount of water absorption of the foreign cork was greater than that of domestic cork. However, after 24 hours, the tendency was reversed. The level of EMC was higher in domestic cork than in foreign cork. Total shrinkage in the radial and tangential directions was larger in domestic cork than tn foreign cork. In the longitudinal direction, the tendency was reversed. There was no difference in total swelling in three woody directions between the two corks. 3. The modulus of elasticity in compression in the logitudinal and tangential direction was higher in domestic cork than in foreign cork, but the tendency was reversed in the radial direction. Both corks showed 95% of recovery rate after 24 hours when they were compressed by 0.5. There were no differences in tension strength and Brinell,s hardness bet ween domestic and foreign corks.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2008

The Bulyeongsa Valley in Uljin-gun(Gyeungbuk) has a unique beautiful landscape and plentiful ecosystem, and Pinus densiflora for. erecta is distributed widely. Recently as the widening of national road in Bulyeongsa Valley, comprehensive survey is needed. So to investigate the forest distribution and structure, ninety-nine plots were installed and surveyed. Each plot size is $100m^2$. Important percentage analysis of the summarize results, vegatation of Bulyeung valley is found out that dominant species is Pinus densiflora mainly and Quercus variabilis and Quercus serrata are compatitive relation with Pinus densiflora partially. The analysis results of the actual vegetation and degree of green naturality(DGN) showed that Pinus densiflora community is 47.75%, and DGN 8 is 69.14% in total. From the above results, vegatation of Bulyeungsa valley is found out that dominant species is Pinus densiflora mainly, and Quercus variabilis and Quercus serrata are competitive relation with Pinus densiflora partially.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.183-189
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• 2000

This study was carried out to analyze ecophysiological responses for seedling of Quercus serrata, Quercus mongolica and Quercus variabilis that are the typical species of deciduous broadleaved forests in Korea. And executed experiments in the climatic control room to provide necessary information to ecological forest management and methods of natural regeneration through the analysis of seedling responses. The details of experimental analysis were growth processes of 4 months after seeding that vary with the condition of three light intensity[relative light intensity(RLI) 8%, 20%, 52%] and three soil moisture[water suction(WS) Ψ=100 hPa, Ψ=280 hPa, Ψ=330 hPa] gradient, growth factors after harvesting and the nutrition condition of leaves. The results of this study are followings: 1) Early growth was prosperous after germination for the species which have more weight of acorn. 2) The formation of lammas shoot was favourable with Q. variabilis and Q. mongolica. And the rate of the occurrence was the highest in the RLI 20%, and it was remarkably reduced in the RLI 8%. 3) As the height growth of seedling of all 3 species were greater in the RLI 20% and 8% than that of the RLI 52%, they showed strong shade tolerance. 4) The increase of light intensity promoted the diameter at root collar growth, and development of main and lateral roots with all 3 species. 5) It showed that the increase of light intensity in the experimental radiation condition raised special leaf area weight(mg/cm$^2$) and leaf area productivity(mg/cm$^2$). Consequently, these resulted in the increase of leaf thickness and total dry biomass per the unit area of leaf. 6) As the increase of light intensity, the minerals contents of leaves such as N, P and K were lowered, and the increase of soil moisture resulted in the increase of P, K, Ca and Mg.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.85 no.1
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• pp.76-83
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• 1996

Four natural Quercus stands in Kwangju, Kyonggi-Do, of which ages ranging from 32 to 38 years old, were studied to compare their growth, biomass and net production. Ten $10m{\times}10m$ quadrats were set up and ten sample trees were harvested for dimension analysis in each stand. The largest mean DBH and height were shown by Q. acutissima stand, and followed by Q. variabilis stand, Q. mongolica stand, and Q. dentata stand in descending order. Tree density was the highest at Q. variabilis stand, and followed by Q. dentata stand, Q. mongolica stand, and Q. acutissima stand in descending order. Biomass was the largest at Q. acutissima stand(122.73t/ha), and followed by Q. variabilis stand(87.03t/ha), Q. mongolica stand(72.14t/ha), and Q. dentata stand(38.56t/ha) in descending order. Net production was the greatest at Q. mongolica stand(7.49t/ha/yr.), and followed by Q. variabilis stand(6.47t/ha/yr.), Q. acutissima stand(6.06t/ha/yr.), and Q. dentata stand(3.52t/ha/yr.) in descending order. The highest net assimilation ratio was exhibited by Q. acutissima stand (3.275), and followed by Q. variabilis stand(2.898), Q. mongolica stand(2.888), and Q. dentata stand (1.840) in descending order. The difference in net assimilation ratio and net production among four stands was caused by differences in their leaf biomass. The difference in net production and biomass among four stands was due to that in the distribution of net production among stems, branches and leaves.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.216-223
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• 2002

This study was carried out to classify forest vegetation community of Dodeokbong and Baekwunbong in Gyeryongsan. Employing the releve method of Dierssen, 89 plots were sampled. Forest community was classified into Quercus mongolica community, Quercus serrata community, Quercus variabitis community, Pinus densiflora community, Carpinus laxiflora community, and Pinus rigida-Pinus thunbergii community. Quereus mongolica community was found in high altitude and steep area, Quercus serrata community in relatively low altitude and steep slope area, and Quercus variabilis in southern arid and low area compared with Quercus mongolica community. Pinus densiflora community is present in relatively high altitude and narrow arid ridge area. And, Carpinus laxiflora community is mainly distributed in southern valley area. Pinus rigida-Pinus thunbergii community is planted community.

• Proceedings of the Zoological Society Korea Conference
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• 1996.10a
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• pp.102.2-102
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• 1996

No Abstract, See Full Text

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.459-467
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• 2015

Understanding of a carbon storage in a regional scale ecosystem is a very important data for predicting change of global carbon cycle. Therefore, the real data collected in the various ecosystems are a very useful for enhancing accuracy of model prediction. We tried to estimate total accumulated ecosystem carbon in Deogyusan National Park (DNP) with naturally well preserved ecosystem. In DNP, vegetations were classified to four main communities with Quercus mongolica community (12,636.9 ha, 54.8%), Quercus variabilis community (2,987.0 ha, 13.0%), Pinus densiflora community (5,758.0 ha, 25.0%), and Quercus serrata community (402.9 ha,1.7%). Biomass and soil carbons were estimated by the biomass allometric equations based on the DBH and carbon contents of litter and soil (0~30 cm) layers collected in 3 plots ($30cm{\times}30cm$) in each community. The biomass and soil carbons were shown as high value as 1,759,000 tC and 7,776,000 tC, respectively, in Quercus mongolia community in DNP area. In Quercus mongolica, Quercus variabilis, Quercus serrata, Pinus densiflora communities, the accumulated ecosystem carbon were shown 9,536,000 tC, 1,405,000 tC, 147,000 tC, 346,000 tC, respectively. Also, the total ecosystem carbon was estimated with 11,434,000 tC in DNP.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.27-41
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to survey vegetation characteristics of Jeopdo (island) for the construction of a database. We installed and analyzed 52 plots with 100㎡ quadrat to investigate the vegetation characteristics. The community classification based on TWINSPAN found seven categories of vegetation communities in the surveyed region: Pinus thunbergii-Pinus densiflora community, Pinus densiflora-Quercus serrata community, Carpinus turczaninowii-Quercus variabilis community, Carpinus turczaninowii-Quercus acutissima community, Quercus variabilis-Carpinus turczaninowii community, Castanopsis sieboldii community, and Actinodaphne lancifolia-Camellia japonica community. The vegetation in Jeopdo is largely composed of evergreen conifer trees community (communities I and II), Carpinus turczaninowii-deciduous broad-leaved trees such as Quercus spp. community (communities III, IV, and V), and evergreen broad-leaved trees community (communities VI and VII). The evergreen conifer tree (Quercus serrata) community is currently competing with Pinus densiflora and Pinus thunbergii. The current state is expected to continue due to the lack of forces, such as Castanopsis sieboldii and Actinodaphne lancifolia, in the succession middle stage and climax stage. The current state of Carpinus turczaninowii-deciduous broad-leaved trees such as Quercus spp. community is expected to last for a long time due to slow vegetation development because of soil conditions. The evergreen broad-leaved trees community is transforming from the initial stage of Pinus densiflora and Pinus thunbergii through the stage in Quercus serrata to Castanopsis sieboldii and Actinodaphne lancifolia. The overall ages of the specimens were similar, and the oldest tree was the 59-year old Castanopsis sieboldii. The correlation analysis of major species showed a high positive correlation between Pinus thunbergii and Eurya japonica, Pinus densiflora and Fraxinus sieboldiana, and Actinodaphne lancifolia and Camellia japonica and a high negative correlation between Pinus densiflora and Carpinus turczaninowii and Carpinus turczaninowii and Eurya japonica.