• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.462-468
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• 1998

Vegetational data from 25 quadrats of Quercus mongolica communities at Hangyeryong and Paekdamsa area in Soraksan National Park were analysed by applying two multivariate methods: two-way indicator species analysis(TWINSPAN) for classification and canonical correspondence analysis(CCA) for ordination. The forest vegetation of Quercus mongolica community was classified into Quercus mongolica-Tilia amurensis, Quercus mongolica-Abies holophylla, Quercus mongolica-Styrax obassis, and Quercus mongolica-Quercus serrata groups according to the TWINSPAN. The relationships between the distribution of dominant groups according ot the TWINSPAN. The relationships between the distribution of dominant groups for forest vegetation and soil condition in Quercus mongolica communities were investigated by analysing elevation and soil nutrition gradients. Quercus mongolica-Tilia amurensis group was distributed in the high elevation and poor nutrition area of total nitrogen and C.E.C., Quercus monholica-Abies holophylla group was distributed in the high elevation and good nutrition area of total nitrogen and C.E.C., Quercus mongolica-Styrax obassia group was distributed in the medium elevation and poor nutrition area of total nitrogen and C.E.C., while Quercus mongolica-Quercus serrata group was distributed in the low elevation and poor nutrition area of total nitrogen and C.E.C.. The dominant factors influencing community distribution were elevation, total nitrogen and C.E.C..

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.439-444
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• 2000

Forest vegetation in Mt. Jangan County Park, Jeonlabuk-Do, Korea, was investigated by classification and ordination methods. By the cluster analysis (classification) method, nine groups were recognized as follows : Quercus serrata community, Quercus serrata- Carpinus laxiflora community, Cornus controversa community, Fraxinus mandshurica community, Carpinus laxiflora community, Quereus variabilis community, Quercus mongolica - Sasa borealis community. Quercus mongolica - Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa community and Quercus mongolica - Rhododendron schlippenbachii community. These groups showed differences in species composition and environmental characteristics, but Quercus mongolica - Sasa borealis community, Quercus mongolica - Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa community and Quercus mongolica - Rhododendron schlippenbachii community among them showed very similar floristic composition to each other. The interrelationship between the floristic composition of the vegetation and environmental factors was analysed by principal component analysis (PCA). Quercus mongolica community was distributed at a high altitude (900～1200 m above sea level). Fraxinus mandshurica community and Cornus controversa community were differentiated from the other communities with high contents of soil moisture and pH. On the other hand, Carpinus laxiflora community and Quercus variabilis community were distributed at places with adequate levels of soil moisture, soil organic matter. and at low altitude. In this study, the altitude and soil moisture were the main factors determining the forest vegetation. They were strongly correlated with the dominant compositional gradient at the localities examined.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.15-25
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• 2011

This paper is to contribute for management and restoration as a basic study of vegetation structure in Aemirang Hill, Nakdongjeongmaek. To verify the characteristics of vegetation structure, we set up 25 plots($100m^2$). The result of community analysis was used by TWINSPAN classification. The communities were classified 7 types i.e. Quercus variabilis community, Quercus mongolica community, Pinus densiflora community, Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica community, Q. mongolica-Quercus variabilis community, Quercus mongolica-Betula davurica community, Larix leptolepis community. Pinus densiflora community and Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica community are progressively transforming a Quercus mongolica community that is called Pinus densiflora next succession stage. Whereas the communities that has dominant Quercus variabilis and Quercus mongolica did not appear a next generation succession tree such as Carpinus laxiflora, Carpinus cordata in the under story and shrub layer. Therefore, Aemirang Hill's ecological succession was to maintain the status condition. Aemirang Hill's diversity index is 0.5738 to 0.8906. It were analyzed that diversity index was lower than other places.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.62-67
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• 2004

Forest community structure analysis in the Seooreung area, Goyang-si was carried out to supply basic data for reasonable management and conservation. The forest vegetation of the Seooreung area was classified into Alnus japonica community, Quercus mongolica - Carpinus laxiflora community, Quercus serrata community, and Pinus densiflora community. The dominant species in the area were in the order of Quercus mongolica, Quercus serrata, Robinia pseudoacacia, Quercus variabilis, Quercus aliena, Styrax japonica, Pinus rigida, and Alnus hirsuta. According to the DBH analysis result, Pinus densiflora was dominance species in Tomb area. Pinus rigida had a density of normal distribution style in the entire forests, therefore, their dominance are expected to continue for now. However, Quercus serrata is expected to extend their influence in the future in competition with Pinus rigida. Quercus mongolica had a density of normal distribution style in the Quercus mongolica - Carpinus laxiflora community, therefore, their dominance are expected to continue for now. Carpinus laxiflora is expected to extend their influence in the future in competition with Quercus mongolica. The relationship between the distribution of dominant species of forest vegetation and soil condition in Seooreung area was investigated by analyzing soil nutrition and moisture gradient. Alnus hirsuta community was distributed in the mesic and medium nutrition area and Quercus mongolica - Carpinus laxiflora community in the serix and relative good nutrition area. Pinus densiflora community was distributed in the serix and poor nutrition area and Quercus serrata community in the subserix and medium nutrition area.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 1972

As part of the study of the structure and the successional trends of our temperate forests, a quantitative survey was made of the relatively well conserved forest stands on Mt. Kwanak, Seoul. Three community types were observed; the Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica community, the Pinus densiflora community, and the Quercus mongolica community. Evidence suggests that the dominance of Pinus densiflora and quercus mongolica will continue in the Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica community, however, in the Pinus densiflora community the dominant species, Pinus densiflora, is now being replaced by Quercus mongolica. The trend toward an increased in Acer pseudo-sieboldianum var. koreanum, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Carpinus cordita, and Acer mono is observed in the Quercus mongolica community. An analysis of the overall composition of the forest reveals that the upper story is mostly occupied by Quercus mongolica and Pinus densiflora, the shrub layer by Rhododendron schlippenbachii and Lespedeza maximowiczii, and the herb layer by Spodiopogon cotulifer and Artemisia keiskeana. Quercus mongolica may cover most part of the forest, gradually excluding Pinus densiflora. Acer pseudo-sieboldianum var. koreanum, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Carpinus coradata, and Acer mono are increasing in importance with the potentiality of developing into major canopy components. With the diversification of the physical habitat Cephalotaxus koreana and Magnolia sieboldii, the species which had almost completely been eliminated form the forest through the severe interferences, have reappeared.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.1-7
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• 1999

Community classification with TWINSP AN and analysis of forest community structure in Y${\breve{o}}$nkiam and Img${\breve{o}}$lry${\breve{o}}$ng areas were carried out to research forest vegetation. The forest communities in Yonkiam area were classified as Carpinus laxiflora - Quercus serrata community, Pinus densiflora - Styrax japonica community, Quercus aliena - Carpinus laxiflora community, Quercus aliena - Quercus serrata community. The forest communities in Img${\breve{o}}$lry${\breve{o}}$ng area were classified as Quercus mongolica - Carpinus laxiflora community, Quercus mongolica - Acer pseudosieboldianum community, Quercus mongolica - Abies koreana community, Quercus mongolica - Rhododendron schlippenbachii community. The dominant species in Y${\breve{o}}$nkiam area were Pinus densiflora, Carpinus laxiflora, Quercus serrata. Quercus aliena and Quercus variabilis. The dominant species in Img${\breve{o}}$lry${\breve{o}}$ng area were Quercus mongolica, Abies koreana, Acer pseudosieboldianum, Rhododendron schlippenbachii and Tilia amurensis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.52-61
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• 2004

This study has been carried out to classify forest vegetation in south and north slopes of Donghaksa valley for supplying basic data for conservation and restoration of the valley. With the phytosociological method, the forest of the south and north slopes of Donghaksa valley was classified as four groups; Quercus variabilis community, Quercus mongolica community, Pinus densiflora community and Carpinus laxiflora community. The dominant species were found in the order of Pinus densiflora, Quercus variabilis, Carpinus laxiflora, and Quercus mongolica. Comparing the north and south slopes, Quercus variabilis were the highest dominant species in the south and Carpinus laxiflora in the north. Pinus densiflora were the next dominant species in both south and north slopes. According to the DBH analysis result, Pinus densiflora and Quercus variabilis had density of normal distribution style among the entire community. Therefore, their dominance are expected to continue for now. But, Quercus mongolica and Carpinus laxiflora are expected to extend their influence in the future in terms of competition with Pinus densiflora. The correlation between each community and the environment according to DCCA ordination was examined in this study. The result told us that Quercus variabilis is distributed mainly on the south slope in a mid-steep and mid-altitude area. Quercus mongolica community appeared on the north slope in the steep high-altitude area that has high percentage in total nitrogen and CEC. Pinus densiflora community is distributed on both south and north slopes in a gentle slope and low-altitude area. Carpinus laxiflora is distributed on the north slope in a mid-steep and mid-altitude area.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.367-383
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• 1995

The relationship between floristic composition and soil environmental factors was investigated in the forest vegetation of Mt. Mohu.The forest vegetation unit of the Mt. Mohu could be divided into three communities, Quercus mongolica community, Pinus densiflora community and Quercus variabilis community. There were two subcommunities in Quercus mongolica community, which were Rhododendron schlippcubachii subcommunity and Stephanandra incisa subcommunity. The Quercus mongolica community was distributed at the altitude of 600~900 m, Pinus densiflora and Quercus variabilis communities were distributed on south-west slope at the altitudes of 430~520 m and 400~500 m, respectively.The DBH class of dominant species in each community showed that Quercus mongolica had 9 individuals/a at 11~15 cm class, Quercus variabilis 5.6 individuals/a at 11~15 cm class, and Pinus densiflora 8 individuals/a at 16~20 cm class. Quercus mongolica. Quercus variabilis and Pinus densiflora communities showed a bell-shape distribution.The contents of organic matter and soil water, and cation exchange capacity of the soil increased and the pH decreased in proportion to increased altitude. The soil environmental conditions of Quercus mongolica community were more favorable than those of Pinus densiflora and Quercus variabilis communities.The supposed successional sere of the forest vegetation of Mt. Mohu was as follows: Pinus densiflora community.Quercus variabilis community.Quercus mongolica community

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.85-95
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• 2008

This study was carried out to analyze Sungkyunkwan University Forest vegetation at Pocheon. Employing the releve method of Braun-Blanquet, 20 plots were sampled. The communities were classified into Larix leptolepis community, Quercus mongolica community, Pinus koraiensis community and Pinus densiflora community. Average coverage rate was 91% in tree layer, 39% in subtree layer, 44% in shrub layer, 43% in herb layer, respectively. The importance values were 61.79% in Larix leptolepis, 52.08% in Quercus mongolica, 44.6% in Pinus koraiensis, 30.35% in Pinus densiflora, 17.78% in Styrax obassia, 10.9% in Fraxinus rhynchophyllia. DBH range of most Quercus mongolica was between 6cm and 15cm. Therefore, Quercus mongolica will be dominant species in the study area for several more decades.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.84 no.3
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• pp.299-305
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• 1995

Vegetational data from 81 quadrats of Quercus mongolica communities in Mt. Odae and Mt. Jumbong were analysed by applying two multivariate methods : two - way indicator species analysis(TWNSPAN) for classification and detrended canonical correspondence analysis(DCCA) for ordination. The dominant tree species of Quercus mongolica communities were found in the order of Quercus mongolica, Acer pseudosieboldianum. Tilia amurensis, Carpinus cordata, Acer mono, and Fraxinus rhynchophylla. The forest vegetation of Quercus mongolica community was classified into Quercus mongolica, Quercus mongolica - Carpinus cordata, and Quercus mongolica - Abies nephrolepis groups according to the TWNSPAN. The relationships between the distribution of dominant groups for forest vegetation and soil condition in Quercus mongolica communities were investigated by analysing elevation and soil nutrition gradients. Quercus mongolica group was distributed in the low elevation and poor nutrition area of total nitrogen, Quercus mongolica - Carpinus cordata group was distributed in the low elevation and good nutrition area of $Mg^{{+}{+}}$ and $Ca^{{+}{+}}$, while Quercus mongolica Abies nephrolepis group was distributed in the high elevation and poor nutrition area of $Mg^{{+}{+}}$ and $Ca^{{+}{+}}$. The two dominant factors influencing community distribution were elevation and total nitrogen.