• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
• /
• v.28 no.12
• /
• pp.1293-1303
• /
• 2006

This paper represents a comparison the difference between existence and nonexistence of soundproof trees for road traffic noise. Also we suggested that the simple equation has been derived using a single regression analysis for predicting levels of $Leq_{th}$ at a given distance from a road in terms of the flow rate, the mean speed of the traffic, and the percentage of the type vehicles in the existence and nonexistence of soundproof trees. We classified a vehicle into four and analyzed contribution rate to traffic volume. As a result, the order showed as followed: light vehicle>medium vehicle>heavy vehicle>motorcycle. However, the results of analyzing contribution rate with between traffic volume and traffic noise by the each type showed as followed; Motorcycle>Light vehicle>Medium vehicle>Heavy vehicle. This study showed that the most a lof of traffic volumes of the three vehicles(light vehicle, medium vehicle and motorcycle) and heavy vehicle were existed in 67 km/h and 61 km/h of car speed, respectively. The total traffic noise to the mean car speed decreased because of the inflow a lot of traffic volumes between 2016 and 2388 in the range of 67 km/h of light vehicle speed, in traffic composition of 4.75% heavy vehicles, and 1.11% motorcycle. the final result for this study showed that statistical paired t-test for between existence and nonexistence of soundproof trees was significant(p<0.05) and the difference between daytime and night in the location of the nonexistence of plant communities with the independent sample T-test was significant(p<0.05). However, the independent sample T-test for analyzing the variance of traffic noise between daytime and night was not significant(p>0.05).

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
• /
• v.35 no.3
• /
• pp.427-436
• /
• 2008

Purpose. The objective of this study was to evaluate the behavioral response and assess the effectiveness of additional intranasal (IN) and submucosal (SM) administration of midazolam during pediatric sedation for dental procedure. Material and methods. Thirty-three cases of healthy (ASAⅠ), uncooperative children aged from 24 to 72 month old at pediatric dental clinic of Ewha Womans University Hospital were selected for this study. Children received oral chloral hydrate 50 mg/kg with hydroxyzine 1.0 mg/kg. After waiting for 45 minutes, midazolam 0.2 mg/kg was administrated via IN route and via SM route randomly maintaining 50% of $N_2O$. A pulse oximeter and a capnograph were used for measuring vital signs ($SpO_2$, PR, RR, $EtCO_2$) throughout the sedation. Behavioral response was evaluated as Quiet (Q), Crying (C), Movement (M) or Struggling (S) in every 2 minutes for 40 minutes. Results. There were also no statistically significant differences in vital signs of the two groups. The behavioral response for the first ten minutes during sedation was a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) between the two groups. After the first ten minutes, it was revealed that there was no significant difference. Conclusion. This study demonstrated that the addition of IN midazolam to the combination of oral chloral hydrate with hydroxyzine and nitrous oxide/oxygen inhalation is as safe and effective as that of SM midazolam in pediatric sedation for dental procedure.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.107 no.1
• /
• pp.1-15
• /
• 2018

In order to determine the effects of thinning on mushroom fruiting, microclimate and air temperature in Quercus mongolica forests, this study investigated changes in crown density, soil temperature, air temperature and throughfall in the natural Q. mongolica forest which was thinned by approximately 45% four years ago. The results showed that crown density was smaller than control by 6% from April to October, The soil temperature and air temperature in the thinned stands were significantly higher than those of the control by $1{\sim}2^{\circ}C$ until August and differences in air and soil temperature. The average daily temperature difference was higher than control by $0.2{\sim}0.7^{\circ}C$ until October. Throughfall from July to September in the thinned was approximately 135 mm higher than in the control. The maximum difference in throughfall per unit time was 3.5 mm/h. Soil moisture in the thinned site increased by approximately 5% compared with the control and reduced to the normal moisture after 4 days in both sites. 55 mushroom species were found in the thinned area between July and September. The thinned site contained 10 mycorrhizal mushrooms more than the control and 1 saprophytic mushroom species more than the control. Shannon-Wiener Index was 3.2, approximately 0.5 higher than the control. Tylopilus neofelleus, etc., occurred in the thinned site more quickly, but Aaricus subrutilescens, Clitocybe sp, occurred later. In the thinned site, the dominance of Tylopilus neofellelus and Armillaria sp. increased approximately 6% and 30% and yield about 1.5 times and 20 times, respectively. In conclusion, thinning in the Q. mongolica forest increased the soil and air temperature, soil moisture, throughfall and the diversity of mushroom species, and advanced the period of occurrence, and increased dominance and yield of some mycorrhizal mushrooms and Amillaria sp.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.49-57
• /
• 2002

This study was conducted to find out buffer capacities of forest soils by the treatment of simulated acid rain(SAR) of four forests(Q. spp., P. rigida, P. koraiensis, L. leptolepis) in Kyunghee university's practice forest. All soils of each forest stand were treated by simulated acid rain at the level of pH 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 respectively. The result obtained from this study can be summarized as follows: Soil pH was measured by soil depth of each forest stand. The deeper soil depth was, the higher soil pH was. Also it was appeared that base saturation of sample soils was the highest as 17.42% in P. rigida stand and cation exchange capacity(C.E.C) was the highest as 29.87 me/100 g in Q. spp. stand. for responses of soil leachates to acidification treatment with pH 3.0 simulated acid rain(SAR), as simulated acid rain(SAR)-input was increased, pH value of soil leachates appeared high temporarily, but soon pH value of soil leachates had been low gradually. At the rest of pH 4.0, pH 5.0 treatment, pH value of soil leachates was high proportionably. The amounts of TBC of primary stage had a difference as pH level of simulated acid rain and forest stands. But as simulated acid rain(SAR)-input was increased. Amount of TBC was diminished. Also the amounts of TBC of primary stage in acidification treatment with pH 3.0, 4.0 simulated acid rain(SAR) was higher that of acidification treatment with pH 5.0 simulated acid rain(SAR). These trend showed obvious difference at low soil acidity and high TBC. The amounts of activity Al of primary stage appeared high as increasing the input acidity of simulated acid rain(SAR). Also, by soil depth, the amounts of Activity Al was different between A layer(0-15 cm) and AB layer(0-30 cm). There was considerable the correlation between simulated acid rain-input and activity Al change. But this was oppositional trend in soil leachates of pH 4.0, 5.0 treatment and total base cations(TBC).

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.91-98
• /
• 2007

The aim of this study was to examine the difference of the depth of sedation using the Bispectral index assessment with and without the added submucosal Midazolam to oral Chloral hydrate and Hydroxyzine for pediatric patients. Twenty seven sedation cases were performed in this study Selection criteria included good health(ASA I), 2 to 6 years of age, the need for sedation to receive dental treatment including anesthesia, and restorative procedure over at least two teeth. Patients were randomly classified into one group taking oral Chloral hydrate(60 mg/kg) and Hydroxyzine(1 mg/kg) and the other group recieving Chloral hydrate(60 mg/kg), Hydroxyzine(1 mg/kg) and submucosal Midazolam(0.1 mg/kg). Nitrous Oxide(50%) was used for both group during sedation. Patients were monitored using a pulse oximeter and a Bispectral monitor. A behavior scale was rated as quiet(Q), crying(C), movement(M), or struggling(S) every 2 minutes watching a recorded videotape. Analysis showed a significant difference in mean Bispectral index and SD during sedation across two groups(P<0.001). The group of patients injected with submucosal Midazolam in addition to oral Chloral hydrate and Hydroxyzine showed a lower mean Bispectral index and a narrower SD. PR and SpO2 for both groups remained within the normal values. Submucosal Midazolam improved the sedation quality by deepening sedation depth without compromising safety and enabled the sedation pattern to be kept more stable.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.88-97
• /
• 2000

Objectives : This study was aimed to investigate the emotional state and personality factors of patients with vitiligo, and the impacts of clinical characteristics. Methods : Twenty one patients with vitiligo and 20 normal controls were studied. Beck Depression Inventory(BDI), Spielberg's State and Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI) and Cattell's 16 Personality Factors Questionnaire(16-PF) were used for assessment. Statistically, t-test, Oneway ANOVA, Mann-Whitney U test and Pearson's correlation test were used. Results : The Results were as follows. 1) The comparison of total score of BDI, state anxiety and trait anxiety between the patients with vitiligo and normal controls were not significantly different. 2) In first-stratum source traits of 16-PF, normal control group was significantly higher than the patients with vitiligo in H-factor(Boldness) and I-factor(Tender-mindedness). In second-stratum source traits of 16-PF, there was no significant difference between the patients with vitiligo and normal control in all factors. 3) According to sex, the comparison of total scores of BDI, STAI between male and female patients with vitiligo were not significantly different. In the comparison of 16-PF, female patients were higher than male patients in I-factor only. 4) As according to age(under and over 30 years of age), the comparison of total scores of BDI, STAI between patients over 30 years of age and under 30 years of age were not significantly different. In the comparison of 16-PF, patients over 30 years of age were higher than patients under 30 years of age in E-, G-, L-, M-, Q2-, Q3-, IND-, SUP-, and CRE-factor. 5) As according to the presence of progression of vitiligo and the presence of visible lesion, the comparison of total scores of BDI, STAI and 16-PF were not significantly different. 6) There were no significant correlation between the duration of the vitiligo and BDI, STAI-S, STAI-T, and 16-PF. Conclusions : There were no significant difference between patients with vitiligo and normal controls on the emotional state and personality characteristics. But patients with vitiligo were more bolder and tender-minded than normal controls on 16-PF. The author propose that methods of treatment to resolve problems of the interpersonal relations will be helpful.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.12 no.3
• /
• pp.240-252
• /
• 1999

Floristic composition and phytosociological studies of Mt. Chongok and Mt. Tuta were investigated, and that was compared with the previously published report in 1993. Vascular plants were composed of 100 families, 358 genera, 573 species, 95 varieties, and 18 formae, totaling 686 taxa. The vegetation was relatively well conserved based on Pteridophyta calculation (Pte-Q), 1.13. Compared with the vascular plants of the southern and northern slope area, the vascular plants of the southern slope area were composed of 87 families, 287 genera, 419 species, 73 varieties, and 11 formae, totaling 503 taxa, and those of the northern slope area consisted of 94 families, 293 genera, 427 species, 73 varieties, and 12 formae, totaling 512 taxa, respectively. Also, compared with the taxa in each side, both sides were composed of 332 species in common, southern sides, 172 species and northern sides, 182 species, respectively. The number of species of 11 families belonged to the higher level among total families taxa was composed of 328 species(47.8%). Among them, Compositae and Rosaceae were included much more species than remnant families. Korean endemic species were composed 16 families, 24 genera, 20 species, 8 varieties and 2 formae, totaling 30 species(4.4%). Compared with the Korean endemic taxa in each side, both sides were composed of 14 species in common, southern sides, 11 species and northern sides, 5 species, respectively. A naturalized plants were 20 species, correspond to 9.2% of totaling 218 species appeared in South Korea. Among them,12 species were appeared commonly in both sides, southern sides, 16 species and northern sides, 16 species, respectively. Life form spectra was H-D1-R5-e type and, useful resources plants are as follows; edible source(42.4%), medicinal source(31.5%), ornamental source(15.6%) and pasture source (13.3%) in the total region. The forest vegetation of the southern slope was classified into 1 order, 1 alliances and 5 communities; Rhododendro-Quercetalia mongolicae, Lindero-Quercion mongolicae, Quercus mongolica Typical community, Populus davidiana-Quercus mongolica community, Pinus koraiensis-Taxus cuspidata community, Pinus densiflora-Carex humilis var. nana community, Betula costata-Betula ermanii community. It is considered that the slight difference of the flora and vegetation in the northern and southern slope is mostly due to the topographical and climatic difference. Even closer investigation is required for the more accurate comparison in this area.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.209-224
• /
• 1999

I have practiced this reserch for the purpose of proposition of basic data for amendment and addition of computer system after I surveyed the degree of abilities and satisfaction on the computerization in nursing\ practice. Subjects were collected from September 1 to September 30, 1998. Study subjects are 151 clinical nurses who are working at university hospital in Chonbuk area. Study instrument consists of 116 questionnaire which was developed by Kim H. K(1998). The data were analized number, mean ,t-test, ANOVA by using SPSS. The study results are as follows: 1. Most of the nurses who answered the questions were educated computerizing(96%). The abilities of computer program utilities were the most in inputting data(74%). The program nurses wanted computerizing education was wordprocess, dealing internet and statistics. 2. As for applying parts of computer system in nursing, the most nurses were Dr's order check (96%), treatment activity(91.4%), medication(89.4%), lab. test(87 .4%), transfering department(85.4%), transfering room(79.5%), diet(71.8%), discharge (70.2%), Barcord Sticker(70.2%) , reservation(62.2%) in order that were all conected order system mutually to other part. It showed that computer system was not applied for treating the original nursing work such as nursing record (13%), duty scheduling(6.0%) , nursing process(4.6%) , Q.I(1.3%), nursing research(1.3%), education(1.3%), 3. As for the benefit when computer system is applied for, the most respondence was promptness of work and convenience(90.6%) , exactness of work (82.8%), offering information exactily and efficiently(36.3%), offering good quality of nursing (6.0%) in order. 4. The degree of contentment on computerizing in nursing practice showed average 3.24%. The best marking item is that they are eager to participate in the computer education. Next, the automatic output of label and giving the number automatically is to prevent loss and mentioned items of patient registration from being changed(3.95) and to prevent mistakes possibly happening because of doctor's difficult order(3.85). 5. The problems which may happen to in nurses' utilization of computerization for the nursing practice showed average 3.18. The most problem is that the practice may stop because of the problem of computer itself(3.67), and the next, the indication of act can be imperfect(3.66) , manual training may overlap because of incomplete computerization (3.60), practical education for the computerizing is lack(3.41), and the computer literate nurses are lack(3.40) . 6. Study subject's contentment by age was significant difference(F=3.10,P=0.0119). Study subject's contentment by job posision was significant difference(F=6.001P=0.0034) I will propose the following according to the above results. The domain of original nursing practice is urgernt. Manual and indication of act should be made before long in computer obstacle. Nursing department should support the nurses so that they could receive the education needed for the nurses themselves.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.18 no.6
• /
• pp.645-654
• /
• 2009

Lab-scale Electrodialysis(ED) system with different membranes combined with before or after pyroma process were carried out to remove nitrate from two pickling acid wastewater containing high concentrations of $NO_3\;^-$(${\approx}$150,000 mg/L) and F($({\approx}$ 160,000 mg/L) and some heavy metals(Fe, Ti, and Cr). The ED system before Pyroma process(Sample A) was not successful in $NO_3\;^-$ removal due to cation membrane fouling by the heavy metals, whereas, in the ED system after Pyroma process(Sample B), about 98% of nitrate was removed because of relatively low $NO_3\;^-$ concentration (about 30,000 mg/L) and no heavy metals. Mono-selective membranes(CIMS/ACS) in ED system have no selectivity for nitrate compared to divalent-selective membranes(CMX/AMX). The operation time for nitrate removal time decreased with increasing the applied voltage from 10V to 15V with no difference in the nitrate removal rate between both voltages. Nitrate adsorption of a strong-base anion exchange resin of $Cl\;^-$ type was also conducted. The Freundlich model($R^2$ > 0.996) was fitted better than Langmuir mode($R^2$ > 0.984) to the adsorption data. The maximum adsorption capacity ($Q^0$) was 492 mg/g for Sample A and 111 mg/g for Sample B due to the difference in initial nitrate concentrations between the two wastewater samples. In the regeneration of ion exchange resins, the nitrate removal rate in the pickling acid wastewater decreased as the adsorption step was repeated because certain amount of adsorbed $NO_3\;^-$ remained in the resins in spite of several desorption steps for regeneration. In conclusion, the optimum system configuration to treat pickling acid wastewater from stainless-steel industry is the multi-processes of the Pyroma-Electrodialysis-Ion exchange.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.174-179
• /
• 2000

Objectives : Cognitive psychological models propose that auditory hallucinations arise from a problem with monitoring one's auditory verbal imagery. Most auditory hallucinations are derogatory in content and accompany negative emotions. If auditory verbal imagery plays an critical role in the pathogenesis of auditory hallucination, it must be influenced by negative emotions. This study was aimed at understanding the influence of negative emotions on the development of hallucinations by investigating the way by which negative emotions have influence on cortical activity induced by auditory verbal imagery. Methods : For both normal subjects and patients with schizophrenia, quantitative electroencephalography(Q-EEG) was applied during the auditory verbal imagery tasks using a two word list. The one word list accompanied negative emotion and the other accompanied neutral emotions. The difference of EEG activity between two tasks was compared by paired t-test. We also compare the difference of the influence of negative emotions between normal subjects and patients with schizophrenia Results : In normal subjects, amplitude of beta wave was increased in temporal area such as TCP1, and, the amplitude of theta frequency wave was decreased in right hemisphere such as FP2, F4, C4, CP2, P4. But, in the schizophrenia group, there were no significant differences. Conclusion : These results may suggest that auditory verbal imagery with negative emotion requires more activation in left temporal area, but, appropriate activation may not achieved in schizophrenia patients. So, the possibility that the resultant disturbance of verbal self monitoring may be related to auditory hallucination is suggested in this study.