• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.207-213
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• 1997

A field effect transistor(FET) type dissolved carbon dioxide($pCO_{2}$) sensor with a double layer structure of hydrogel membrane and $CO_{2}$ gas permeable membrane was fabricated by utilizing a $H^{+}$ ion selective field effect transistor(pH-ISFET) with Ag/AgCl reference electrode as a base chip. Formation of hydrogel membrane with photo-crosslinkable PVA-SbQ or PVP-PVAc/photosensitizer system was not suitable with the photolithographic process. Furthermore, hydrogel membrane on pH-ISFET base chip could be fabricated by photolithographic method with the aid of N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl othylenediarnine(TED) as $O_{2}$ quencher without using polyester film as a $O_{2}$ blanket during UV irradiation process. Photosensitive urethane acrylate type oligomer was used as gas permeable membrane on top of hydrogel layer. The FET type $pCO_{2}$ sensor fabricated by photolithographic method showed good linearity (linear calibration curve) in the range of $10^{-3}{\sim}10^{0}\;mol/{\ell}$ of dissolved $CO_{2}$ in aqueous solution with high sensitivity.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.123-145
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• 1993

UBVRi photometry of Algol was carried out from December of 1988 to March of 1991 at Chungbuk National University Observatory and a total of 3465 observations in U, B, V, R, I were obtained. Three times of primary minimum light of JDH el 2447898.0938, JEH el 2448265.1205 and JDH el 2448288.0598, and two secondary minimum light of JDH el 2447808.1014 and JDH el 2448275.146 were determined from our observations. We analyzed simultaneously the UBVRI light curves of the Algol system with the Wilson-Devinney method for the determination of the photometric parameters. Indivisual masses for the 3 components of Algol are derived as $m_1$=3.36, $m_2$=0.76, $m_3$=1.6 in solar mass and radii as $R_1$=2.97, $R_2$=0.76 in solar radinus using i=$82.{\circ}47$, q=0.227, $r_1$=0.2102, $r_2$=0.2512 of our solution and some parameters of the spectroscopic solution of Hill et al. (1971). Our results is simiar to those reported by Kim (1989). The temperature of Algol C, $T_3$=8800 was obtained by means of fitting $l_1$, $l_2$, and $l_3$ of five colors to Planckian curve, and $R_3$=$1.6R_\odot$ is derived from its result. It is believed that its semidetached configuration of Algol A and B is the consequence of case B mass transfer. According to its location in a mass-radius diagram. Algol b may have evolved significantly in its Hburnning phase.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.179-188
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• 2008

An important issue in multiagent reinforcement learning is how an agent should team its optimal policy through trial-and-error interactions in a dynamic environment where there exist other agents able to influence its own performance. Most previous works for multiagent reinforcement teaming tend to apply single-agent reinforcement learning techniques without any extensions or are based upon some unrealistic assumptions even though they build and use explicit models of other agents. In this paper, basic concepts that constitute the common foundation of multiagent reinforcement learning techniques are first formulated, and then, based on these concepts, previous works are compared in terms of characteristics and limitations. After that, a policy model of the opponent agent and a new multiagent reinforcement learning method using this model are introduced. Unlike previous works, the proposed multiagent reinforcement learning method utilize a policy model instead of the Q function model of the opponent agent. Moreover, this learning method can improve learning efficiency by using a simpler one than other richer but time-consuming policy models such as Finite State Machines(FSM) and Markov chains. In this paper. the Cat and Mouse game is introduced as an adversarial multiagent environment. And effectiveness of the proposed multiagent reinforcement learning method is analyzed through experiments using this game as testbed.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.847-858
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• 2015

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens GR4-5 was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Korean ginseng and displayed broad-spectrum suppression of ginseng root rot pathogens. The survivability of B. amyloliquefaciens GR4-5 in soil was investigated under three different conditions; indoor, outdoor - of which soil was put in 14 mL tube after treatment - and field environments. Soil samples were collected over a four-week period from three experimental designs, and assessed for 16S rRNA gene copy number by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). In outdoor condition, the 16S rRNA gene copy number of Bacillus spp. was 8.35 log copies g $soil^{-1}$ immediately after the GR4-5 treatment. Two weeks later, the 16S rRNA gene copy number of Bacillus spp. (6.70 log copies g $soil^{-1}$) was similar to that of the control (6.38 log copies g $soil^{-1}$). In indoor condition, the 16S rRNA gene copy number of Bacillus spp. maintained in a certain level for a longer period than those in outdoor and field. The 16S rRNA gene copy number of Bacillus spp. in field experiment was reduced faster than that of outdoor condition. Our results show that B. amyloliquefaciens GR4-5 can survive in bulk soil for 1 week, indicating its potential use as a biocontrol agent following 7 day application intervals. This study presents that outdoor microcosm system design could be a useful method to assess easily the survivability of beneficial microorganisms.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.11
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• pp.1824-1836
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• 2020

Objective: On the hypothesis that grazing of cattle prompts organs to secrete or internalize circulating microRNAs (c-miRNAs) in parallel with changes in energy metabolism, we aimed to clarify biological events in adipose, skeletal muscle, and liver tissues in grazing Japanese Shorthorn (JSH) steers by a transcriptomic approach. Methods: The subcutaneous fat (SCF), biceps femoris muscle (BFM), and liver in JSH steers after three months of grazing or housing were analyzed using microarray and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), followed by gene ontology (GO) and functional annotation analyses. Results: The results of transcriptomics indicated that SCF was highly responsive to grazing compared to BFM and liver tissues. The 'Exosome', 'Carbohydrate metabolism' and 'Lipid metabolism' were extracted as the relevant GO terms in SCF and BFM, and/or liver from the >1.5-fold-altered mRNAs in grazing steers. The qPCR analyses showed a trend of upregulated gene expression related to exosome secretion and internalization (charged multivesicular body protein 4A, vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 4B, vesicle associated membrane protein 7, caveolin 1) in the BFM and SCF, as well as upregulation of lipolysis-associated mRNAs (carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A, hormone-sensitive lipase, perilipin 1, adipose triglyceride lipase, fatty acid binding protein 4) and most of the microRNAs (miRNAs) in SCF. Moreover, gene expression related to fatty acid uptake and inter-organ signaling (solute carrier family 27 member 4 and angiopoietin-like 4) was upregulated in BFM, suggesting activation of SCF-BFM organ crosstalk for energy metabolism. Meanwhile, expression of plasma exosomal miR-16a, miR-19b, miR-21-5p, and miR-142-5p was reduced. According to bioinformatic analyses, the c-miRNA target genes are associated with the terms 'Endosome', 'Caveola', 'Endocytosis', 'Carbohydrate metabolism', and with pathways related to environmental information processing and the endocrine system. Conclusion: Exosome and fatty acid metabolism-related gene expression was altered in SCF of grazing cattle, which could be regulated by miRNA such as miR-142-5p. These changes occurred coordinately in both the SCF and BFM, suggesting involvement of exosome in the SCF-BFM organ crosstalk to modulate energy metabolism.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2003

The present study was carried out to establish the standard karyotype of the Korean Native Chicken and to find their chromosomal band markers using high-resolution banding technique. Chromosome analysis was performed on early chick embryos following in vitro culture of fertilized eggs of the yellow-brown and the red-brown lines of the Korean Native Chicken which had been established at National Livestock Research Institute. The high-resolution banding of the chromosome was achieved by treating the embryos with ethidium bromide and colchicine during culture. On GTG-banding, the Korean Native Chicken exhibited a typical chick banding pattern in all the macrochromosomes. Overall chromosomal morphology and positions of typical landmarks of the Korean Native Chicken were virtually identical to those of White Leghorn and International System for Standardized Avian Karyotypes(ISSAK). However, the lengths and G-band numbers of the Korean Native Chicken macrochromosomes were greater than those of White Leghorn and ISSAK. Especially in chromosomes 1 and Z, the Korean Native Chicken exhibited more separated bands in compared with ISSAK. In C-banding patterns, although a lot of observed cells had C-band polymorphic patterns, almost the Korean Native Chicken macrochromosomes had heterochromatic C-band on centromeres and/or near terminal part. However, the heterochromatic C-band was constantly observed at the end of q-arm of Z chromosomes and on the whole W chromosome. In addition, the Korean Native Chicken exhibited distinctive heteromorphic patterns of C-bands on the centromere of chromosome 3 and at the end of q-arm of Z chromosome between homologous chromosomes.

• Journal of Marine Life Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2022

Glioblastoma is one of the highly aggressive central nervous system tumors and it is difficult to treat owing its anatomical location. Peptides are novel class of drugs which has the potential to cross the blood brain barrier and exerts its anti-tumor activity. Here, we discovered a novel peptide from abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) next generation sequencing (NGS) data and tested its anticancer effect on glioblastoma cell line SNU-489. The anticancer activity was measured using a cytotoxicity assay in a time and dose-dependent manner. A concentration and time dependent increase in the cytotoxicity was seen in cells treated with the novel peptide. The highest cytotoxicity rate of about 67% was observed in SNU-489 cells treated with 200 µM peptide for 48 hrs. However, the cytotoxic effect was not or less observed in a normal skin cell line HaCaT at similar concentration, thus, evident of peptide's cell specific anticancer activity. In addition, the gene expression level of necroptosis-related genes was analyzed by qRT-PCR to elucidate the anticancer mechanism of the novel peptide. RIPK3 expression was significantly increased by 9.6-fold in 200 µM of novel peptide treatment group, and MLKL expression level was significantly elevated by 2-fold in 100 µM treated group compared to the control group. Therefore, this study confirmed that the novel abalone-derived peptide has anticancer potency, and it causes cancer cell death through the necroptosis mechanism. Collectively, these results suggest that the novel peptide could be candidate anticancer agent for the treatment of glioblastoma in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 2007

The effects of $B_2O_3-SiO_2-R(R;CaO,\;BaO,\;ZnO,\;Bi_2O_3)$ borosilicate glass system on the sintering behavior and microwave dielectric properties of ceramic/glass composites were investigated as functions of modifier, glass addition ($30{\sim}50\;vol%$) and sintering temperature ($500{\sim}900^{\circ}C$ for 2 hrs). The addition of 50 and 45 vol% glass ensured successful sintering below $900^{\circ}C$. Sintering characteristics of the composites were well described in terms of modifier. Borosilicate glass enhanced the reaction with $Al_{2}O_{3}$ to form pores, second phases and liquid phases, which was responsible to component of modifier. Dielectric constant (${\varepsilon}_{r},\;Q{\times}f_{o}$) and temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (${\tau}_{f}$) of the composite with 50 and 45 vol% glass contents($B_{2}O_{3}:SiO_{2}:R=25:10:65$) demonstrated A-CaBS(7.8, 2,560 GHz, -81ppm/$^{\circ}C$), A-BaBs(5.8, 3.130 GHz, -64 ppm/$^{\circ}C$), A-ZnBS(5.7, 17,800 GHz, -21 ppm/$^{\circ}C$), A-BiBs(45 vol% glass in total)(8.3, 2,700 GHz, -45 ppm/$^{\circ}C$) which is applicable to substrate requiring an low dielectric properties.

• Solar Energy
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• v.13 no.2_3
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• pp.45-52
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• 1993

The benefits of thermal stratification in sensible heat storage were investigated for residential solar applications. The effect of increased thermal useful efficiency of hot water stored in an actual storage tank due to stratification has been discussed and illustrated through experimental data and computer simulation, which were taken by changing dynamic and geometric parameters. When the flow rate was 8 liter/min and ${\Delta}T=40^{\circ}C$ was $40^{\circ}C$, the useful efficiency(${\eta}_u$) was about 90% in case of using a distributor, but not using a distributor the useful efficiency(${\eta}_u$) was about 82%. So these kinds of distributor would be recommendable for a hot water storage system and residential solar energy application to increase useful efficiency(${\eta}_u$). In the case of the uniform circular distributor, when the flow rate was 8 liter/min partial mixing was decreased and a stable stratification was obtained. Furthermore, if the distrbutor was manufactured so that the flow is to be the same from all perforations in order to enhance stratification, it might be predicted that further stable stratification and higher useful efficiency(${\eta}_u$) are obtainable.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.766-775
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• 2016

In the era of globalization and unlimited competition, Korean universities need a breakthrough in their education system according to the changing education landscape, such as lower graduation requirements to cultivate more multi-talented convergence leaders. While each student has different learning capabilities, which results in different performance and achievements in the same class, the uniform education that most universities are currently offering fails to accommodate such differences. Blended learning, synergically combining offline and online classes, enlarges learning space and enriches learning experiences through diversified tools and materials, including multimedia. Recently, universities are increasingly adopting video contents and on-offline convergence learning strategy. Thus, this study suggests a teaching method based on blended learning to more effectively teach existing pattern CAD and virtual CAD in the Apparel Pattern CAD class. To this end, this researcher developed a teaching-learning method and curriculum according to the blended learning phase and video-based contents. The curriculum consisted of 2D CAD (SuperAlpha: Plus) and 3D CAD (CLO) software learning for 15 weeks. Then, it was loaded to the Learning Management System (LMS) and operated for 15 weeks both online and offline. The performance analysis of LMS usage found that class materials, among online postings, were viewed the most. The discussion menu most accurately depicted students' participation, and students who did not participate in discussions were estimated to check postings less than participating students. A survey on the blended learning found that students prefer digital or more digitized classes, while preferring face to face for Q&As.