• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.651-661
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• 2022

Plants social network analysis, which combines plants society and social network analyses, is a new research method for understanding plants society. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between species, using plant social network analysis targeting Taejongdae in Busan, and build basic data for management. Taejongdae, located in the warm temperate forest in Korea, is a representative coastal forest of Busan Metropolitan City, and the Pinus thunbergii-Eurya japonicacommunity is widely distributed. This study set up 100 quadrats (size of 100m²each) in Taejongdae to investigate the species that emerged and analyzed the interspecies association focusing on major species. Based on the results, a sociogram was created using the Gephi 0.9.2, and the network centrality and structure were analyzed. The results showed that the frequency of appearance was high in the order of P. thunbergii, E. japonica, Quercus serrata, Sorbus alnifolia, Ligustrum japonicum, and Styrax japonicusand that many evergreen broad-leaved trees appeared due to the environmental characteristics of the site. The plants social network of Taejongdae was composed of a small-scale network with 50 nodes and 172 links and was divided into 4 groups through modularization. The succession sere identified through a sociogram confirmed that the group that include P. thunbergiiand E. japonicawould progress to a deciduous broadleaf community dominated by Q. serrataand Carpinus tschonoskii, using hub nodes such as Prunus serrulataf. spontaneaand Toxicodendron trichocarpum. Another succession sere was highly likely to progress to an evergreen broad-leaved community dominated by Machilus thunbergiiand Neolitsea sericea, using M. thunbergiias a medium. In some areas, a transition to a deciduous broad-leaved community dominated by Celtis sinensis, Q. variabilisand Zelkova serratausing Lindera obtusilobaand C. sinensisas hub nodes was expected.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.126-135
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• 2015

This study was conducted to evaluate the ecological characteristics of forest cover types which were classified by cluster analysis in the natural forest of Sobaeksan on the basis of the vegetation data from the point-quarter sampling method. Recognized forest cover types were 1) Mixed mesophytic forest, 2) Taxus cuspidata forest, 3) Fraxinus rhynchophylla-Quercus mongolica forest, 4) Betula ermanii forest, 5) Pinus densiflora forest, 6) Quercus mongolica mixed forest, and 7) Quercus mongolica pure forest. For those of classified types, the species composition was expressed by importance value (IV) to describe the community floristically. The species diversity was quantified using the Shannon's diversity index. The results showed that the forest cover types were characteristically different from one another in growing species and compositional rates, depending upon the type which was formed by a number of similar vegetational sample points. Species diversity indices (H') of total and overstory both were the highest in the mixed mesophytic forest (3.530 and 2.880, respectively), and lowest in the Q. mongolica pure forest (2.122 and 0.000, respectively) with only one canopy species. The highest species diversity in the mixed mesophytic forest may due to the relatively high species richness and evenness in the forest cover types. The description on ecological characteristics were suggested to understand the formation and development of forest cover types in this study area.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2006.10b
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• pp.164-168
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• 2006

최근 컴퓨터 게임에 등장하는 NPC(Non-player Character)에 각종 인공지능 기법을 적용하는 연구들이 이루어지고 있다. 하지만 대부분의 연구가 플레이어를 상대하는 적대적 입장의NPC들의 움직임 조절에 초점을 맞추고 있고 아직까지 게임 상에서 등장하는 모든 NPC는 항상 같은 말과 비슷한 행동을 되풀이하는 모습만을 보여주고 있다. 이는 플레이어가 게임을 비현실적으로 느끼게 만들고 결과적으로 게임의 재미를 저하시키는 요소로 작용한다. 플레이어에게 보다 현실적인 게임 환경을 제공하기 위해서는NPC가 단순히 게임의 배경을 구성하는 오브젝트가 아니라 다양한 대화를 통해 플레이어에게 많은 영향을 주게 하여 게임의 기여도를 높여주어야 한다. 본 논문에서는 이를 위해 게임 속에서 주어지는 퀘스트를 구성하는 NPC, 몬스터, 보상 등의 속성 정보를 온톨로지화 하고, 인터넷에 존재하는 게임 커뮤니티에서 퀘스트 질의/응답 게시판의 글을 추출하여, 플레이어의 관련 질의에 응답하는 NPC를 구현하고자 한다. 이를 위해 온톨로지 정보를 이용한 검색 알고리즘을 구현하였고,시뮬레이션을 통해 NPC가 커뮤니티 게시글 정보를 이용하여 유저에게 고정되지 않은 다양한 메시지를 전달하면서 동시에 유저의 게임 진행을 도와주는 모습을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.77 no.3
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• pp.315-321
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• 1988

To investigate and analyze the change in the forest community structure between non-attacked time(in 1980) and severly damaged time(in 1987) by pine gall midge, Thecodoplosis japonensis, four plots with five subplots were sampled at Cheongwon-gun of Chungcheungbuk-do. The total number of woody species per 0.2ha changed 32 in 1980 to 53 in 1987. According to the damage increasing, the importance value of the genus Quercus as a substituting species has sprung up. Especially the importance value of Quercus serrata and Q. aliena singnificantly increased in the heavily insect infested forest. As to changes of forest community structure during 7 years, diversity of investigation structure has increased. The similarity indices between 1980 and 1987 were 52.9% and 49.7% in the understory and shrub stratum, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.114-121
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• 2006

To investigate the vegetation structure of mountain ridge from Miwangjae to Cheonwhangbong, 11 plots($2000m^2$) set up with random sampling method were surveyed. Three groups of Quercus mongolica community, Quercus mongolica-Styrax japonica community, Q. mongolica-Pinus densiflora community were classified by cluster analysis. Quercus mongolica was a major woody plant species in the ridge area from Miwangjae to Cheonwhangbong, and Styrax japonica and Pinus densiflora was partly occupied. High positive correlations was proved between Prunus sargentii and Euonymus alatus for. ciliato-dentatus; Quercus serrata and Euonymus alatus; Sorbus alnifolia and Euonymus alatus, Magnolia sieboldii; Acer pseudo-sieboldianum and Euonymus alatus for. ciliato-dentatus; Rhododendron schlippenbachii and Euonymus alatus for. ciliato-dentatandus; Euonymus alatus and Lindera obtusiloba, Castanea crenata, Lindera erythrocarpa; Lespedeza bicolor and Rhododendron schlippenbachii; Castanea crenata and Magnolia sieboldii; Magnolia sieboldii and Lindera erythrocarpa, and relatively high negative correlations was proved between Rhododendron schlippenbachii and Euonymus alatus; Lespedeza bicolor and Castanea crenata; Stephanandra incisa and Magnolia sieboldii; Rhododendron yedoense var. poukhanense and Lindera erythrocarpa; Euonymus alatus for. ciliato-dentatus and Magnolia sieboldii; Fraxinus sieboldiana and Sapium japonicum; Prunus sargentii and Lespedeza maximowiczii; Lespedeza maximowiczii and Lindera erythrocarpa. Species diversity(H') of investigated groups was ranged $2.3225{\sim}2.7721$, and it was relatively low value compared to that of mountain ridge area of other national parks.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2004.04a
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• pp.12-27
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• 2004

Thanks to spectacular advances in the techniques for identifying proteins separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis and in methods for large-scale analysis of proteome variations, proteomics is becoming an essential methodology in various fields of plant sciences. Plant proteomics would be most useful when combined with other functional genomics tools and approaches. A combination of microarray and proteomics analysis will indicate whether gene regulation is controlled at the level of transcription or translation and protein accumulation. In this review, we described the catalogues of the rice proteome which were constructed in our program, and functional characterization of some of these proteins was discussed. Mass-spectrometry is a most prevalent technique to identify rapidly a large of proteins in proteome analysis. However, the conventional Western blotting/sequencing technique us still used in many laboratories. As a first step to efficiently construct protein data-file in proteome analysis of major cereals, we have analyzed the N-terminal sequences of 100 rice embryo proteins and 70 wheat spike proteins separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Edman degradation revealed the N-terminal peptide sequences of only 31 rice proteins and 47 wheat proteins, suggesting that the rest of separated protein spots are N-terminally blocked. To efficiently determine the internal sequence of blocked proteins, we have developed a modified Cleveland peptide mapping method. Using this above method, the internal sequences of all blocked rice proteins (i. e., 69 proteins) were determined. Among these 100 rice proteins, thirty were proteins for which homologous sequence in the rice genome database could be identified. However, the rest of the proteins lacked homologous proteins. This appears to be consistent with the fact that about 30% of total rice cDNA have been deposited in the database. Also, the major proteins involved in the growth and development of rice can be identified using the proteome approach. Some of these proteins, including a calcium-binding protein that fumed out to be calreticulin, gibberellin-binding protein, which is ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activate in rice, and leginsulin-binding protein in soybean have functions in the signal transduction pathway. Proteomics is well suited not only to determine interaction between pairs of proteins, but also to identify multisubunit complexes. Currently, a protein-protein interaction database for plant proteins (http://genome .c .kanazawa-u.ac.jp/Y2H)could be a very useful tool for the plant research community. Recently, we are separated proteins from grain filling and seed maturation in rice to perform ESI-Q-TOF/MS and MALDI-TOF/MS. This experiment shows a possibility to easily and rapidly identify a number of 2-DE separated proteins of rice by ESI-Q-TOF/MS and MALDI-TOF/MS. Therefore, the Information thus obtained from the plant proteome would be helpful in predicting the function of the unknown proteins and would be useful in the plant molecular breeding. Also, information from our study could provide a venue to plant breeder and molecular biologist to design their research strategies precisely.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.5
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• pp.618-629
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate ecological niche of Quercus acuta communities in Bogildo-island from July to October, 1998. This island is occupied by a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests. The study on community ecology of Q. acuta, mostly dominant species of subtropical forests, is very important for successful forest management. Sampling areas were selected in 16 quadrats, dominated by Q. acuta to examine the vegetation characteristics(plant identification, D.B.H.) and environmental elements (microtopography, altitude, slope degree, aspect, illumination and soil physicochemical properties). On the basis of data from field surveys, importance values were calculated for the dominance of Q. acuta and volume growth was analyzed by tree ring widths. The results obtained were as follows ; 1. The lists of vascular plants in the investigations were identified as 54 families, 91 genera, 113 species, 9 varieties, 1 formae. It appeared that 45 kinds were evergreen, 6 kinds(Camellia japonica, Ligustrum japonicum, Eurya japonica, Smilax china, Trachelospermum asiaticum var. intermedium, Carex lanceolata) were commonly observed in all plots and 5 species(Cinnamomum japonicum, Ardisia japonica, Cymbidium goeringii, Dryopteris bissetiana, Viburnum erosum) were most highly observed in all plots(over 80%). 2. The dominating species per strata were, Quercus acuta, Castanopsis cuspidata sp. Quercus salicina, Pinus thunbergii, Prunus sargentii in tree layer, Camellia Japonica, Ligustrum japonicum, Quercus acuta, Eurya japonica, Castanopsis cuspidata sp. in subtree layer, Camellia japonica, Ligustrum japonicum, Smilax china, Cinnamomum japonicum, Viburnum erosum in shrub layer and Trachelospermum asiaticum var. intermedium, Ardisia japonica, Carex lanceolata, Camellia japonica(seedlings), Quercus acuta(seedlings) in herb layer, all in descending orders. 3. Quercus acuta could be suggested as shade intolerant tree, considering the distribution in southern, western, nothern and eastern slopes in the descending orders. 4. Mean relative illumination in the forest is 0.89 % and it is relatively low in brightness. 5. Sustainment of Quercus acuta community couldn't be confirmed by judging from their reverse J curve in even-aged forest, as shown in D.B.H. distribution analysis. 6. The result of annual ring width analysis(mean ; 2.44 mm) showed three stages, such as a gentle increasing(1~12 year ; 2.04 mm), a relatively steep increasing(13~22 year ; 2.95 mm) and decreasing or stagnating(23 year after ; 2.41 mm).

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.341-350
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• 2004

We examined estuarine macrobenthos in Namdaecheon estuary, Gangneung, Korea, September 22, 1997. A total of 56 species were found together with an abundance of 378 individuals $m^{-2}$/ and a biomass of 20.79 gWWt $m^{-2}$. The major dominant species were unidentified oligochaete followed by different species of polychaetes Hediste japonica, Rhynchospio glutaea, Poecilochaetus trilobatus, Scoloplos armiger, Spiophanes bombyx and a talitrid amphipod Platorchestia crassicornis. The study area was divided into two different groups of stations and species, based on the q -mode and r-mode clustering analysis. In case of q-mode, there are two groups: one is a marine station group and the other is estuarine group. The r-mode clustering analysis showed the two main communities as follows; 1) Marine species group occurred only at station 7, 8 and 9 and 2) Estuarine species group composed of the species present at station 1 to 6 and 10 to 15. In the number of species, the estuarine station group includes 13 species, whereas 43 species were presented in the marine station group. Total macrofaunal abundance and total biomass were higher in the marine station group than those in the estuarine group. The species diversity index was also high in the marine group (> 2), whereas it was less than ca. 1 in the estuarine group.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.488-498
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• 2015

Form the observation that the successful management and operation of university websites brings about university branding effects, this paper attempts to identify the problems in relation to evaluation elements of university homepages and establish a new evaluation model that allows us to grasp the importance and priority of phased evaluation elements. In particular, we tried to secure the objectivity of the importance of department homepage evaluation elements by using AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process). Our analysis shows that among 29 evaluation elements of department homepage, mobile service, curriculum, description of department's characteristics, guide to homepage usage/accessibility to site map and differentiated educational method were considered to be relatively important whereas the relative importance of department's slogan, differentiated image and identity, linkage to SNS, Q&A bulletin board, operation of department community, and FAQ was low. Based on the findings from our analysis, we present the basic foundation for successful management and operation of university department homepages along with a few suggestions for vitalizing those hompages.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.405-416
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• 2007

This study was to examine the needs among elementary school dietitians (n = 115) for developing a nutrition information internet site for children. A survey questionnaire included general characteristics, internet use regarding health and nutrition information, and needs for developing a nutrition information site. The mean age of the subjects was 36.2 years. The higher working experience group (> 10 years of working as dieticians) had higher mean age (p < 0.001), had a larger number of enrolled students at school (p < 0.01) and the number of those receiving school lunch (p < 0.01) than the counterparts (${\le}10$ years group). Sources of health and nutrition information were mainly PC/internet (60.4%) and seminar (14.4%). About 95% used health or nutrition information using the internet, however, the majority of users (71.6%) used internet information only when they needed it. Major reasons for using internet information was 'to get nutrition education materials' (63.8%) and 'to obtain general nutrition information' (21%). One third of the subjects were satisfied with nutrition information internet sites; major problems with internet sites were 'lack of content' (38.9%) and 'lack of practical information' (33%). These characteristics regarding internet use were not different between work experience groups. Major problems with nutrition education were 'lack of nutrition educational materials' (41.1 %) and 'lack of nutrition education skills' (32.1%). These were significantly different between the work experience groups (p < 0.01). Subjects preferred CD/internet to leaflet/booklet as nutrition educational materials. In developing nutrition sites for children, subjects wanted topics such as obesity assessment, dietary assessment, and obesity. Subjects responded that contents of nutrition information should be 'suitable to the children's knowledge levels' (31.1%), 'interesting enough by including quizzes, games and songs' (27.8%), 'inserting many illustrations/icons' (16.3%). In terms of designing internet sites for children, they wanted that internet sites should 'be easy enough to find the sites' (29.2%), 'use illustrations and characters' (24.8%), 'use communication channels such as Q&A' (18.7%). Needs for developing internet sites for children were not different by the work experience group. This study suggests that web sites for children should be carefully developed considering the contents and design, have less information with more illustrations, designed to induce the interest of children, as well as including sections such as eating habit assessment and games.