• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.149-155
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• 2000

Background: Pulsed radiofrequency (RF) lesioning is a painless procedure and causes no neurodestruction and neuritis-like reaction are common following conventional RF lesioning. There is little data about the effect of pulsed RF especially with regard to its suitability for the treatment of acute pain. The possibility of a placebo effect cannot be ruled out because a double-blind study was not performed in previous studies. There is also no neuropathologic study about pulsed RF. Methods: The rats were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (40 mg/kg, i.p.; supplemented as necessary). The common sciatic nerve was exposed by blunt dissection through biceps femoris. Pulsed RF was administered to the common sciatic nerve using a 30 ms/s pulse with for 120 seconds. The temperature reached was no more than $42^{\circ}C$. Analgesia was determined using hot-plate assay shortly and, 3 days and 1 week before, and 2 weeks after operation. Lesions were examined with LM (light microscope) and EM (electron microscope) 2 weeks later. Results: There were no differences in response latencies between the control and experimental group. There were many vacuoles with hyaline bodies in the Schwann cell cytoplasm rather than axon in LM and larger electron dense bodies. No changes were found in the axon or unmyelinated fibers. Only small changes were found in the sheaths of myelinated fibers and Schwann cells. Conclusions: We therefore do think that any analgesic effect of pulsed RF is not a result of block of neural conduction. But rather than it can be attributed to others factors. It was also ineffective as a treatment for acute pain such as that caused by the hot-plate test.

• 한국응급구조학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.71-81
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• 2010

Purpose: To minimize an interruption in chest compression, reduce the hands-off time, the American Heart Association has recommended the ratio of chest compression to ventilation ratio to 30:2 from 2005 CPR guideline to 2010 CPR guideline. However, current studies have shown that the hands-off time was > 10 seconds with that method. For this reason, we devised new CPR method that a ventilation to chest compression ratio of 2:30 to reduce pt assessment time and skipped the assessment step of carotid artery pulse would be a more effective way to reduce the hands-off time & the time to set the CPR. According to the more detailed purpose are listed below. 1) We would like to confirm efficiency of a ventilation to chest compression ratio of 2:30 than a chest compression to ventilation ratio of 30:2 to reduce the hands-off time & the time to set the CPR. 2) We would like to evaluate possibility of increasing for chest compression accuracy of a ventilation to chest compression ratio of 2:30 than a chest compression to ventilation ratio of 30:2 3) We would like to evaluate possibility of increasing for ventilation accuracy of a ventilation to chest compression ratio of 2:30 than a chest compression to ventilation ratio of 30:2 Methods: According to 2005 American Heart Association Guidelines, 60 paramedic students(20 students X freshmen, sophomore, junior) performed 5 cycles of 3~ chest compressions : 2 ventilations after A, B, C evaluation with Laerdal Resusci R Anne SkillReporters. After 5 minutes rest, the 60 students performed 5 cycles of 2 ventilations : 30 chest compressions after A, B evaluation with the manikins between 13 and 17 September 2010. The short reports including speed & accuracy of chest compression, respiratory, CPR cycle were gained from the manikins. Hands-off times were measured by assistants. Results: Recently, the importance of high quality CPR was emphasized in order to perform the CPR faster and more accurate. To find out improving the conventional CPR method, we switch the procedure of the compression and the ventilation. By switching the procedure back and forth, we are able to compare the effectiveness of CPR between two type of CPR method which are 2:30 and 30:2 methods. 2:30 is that the breaths is delivered twice, first and perform 30 compressions while 30:2 perform 30 compressions first and give 2 breaths followed by the ABC method. Also, we verify the effectiveness of the hands off time, compression accuracy of the compression through the comparison of the two procedure as mentioned earlier. Consequently research verified that 2:30 is the efficient by providing faster set up delivering more accurate chest compression. Conclusion: 2:30 can minimize a time delay from cardiac standstill until starting the chest compression. In addition, hands-off time which is an interruption in chest compression can be shortened by 2:30 method, which result to effective oxygenation of coronary artery & maintenance of the bloodstream. Once again, performing the 2:30 method provide lessen hands off time and increase the accuracy of the chest compression.

• 한국도로학회논문집
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.45-55
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• 2005

시멘트 콘크리트 포장은 시공초기의 품질관리가 포장의 장기공용성에 큰 영향을 주는 것으로 알려져 있다. 따라서 시공초기에 발생되는 문제점을 최소화하기 위한 다양한 연구가 국내외에서 활발하게 진행되고 있다. 일반적으로 시멘트 콘크리트의 품질관리에서 양생은 중요한 사항이며, 포장용 시멘트 콘크리트에서도 양생시에 양생제를 사용하여 슬래브 표면에 불투수 막을 형성하여 수분증발을 방지하는 피막양생 (membrane curing)을 많이 사용하고 있다. 양생제의 역할은 콘크리트 표면의 수분증발억제에 있다. 국내에서 사용되고 있는 양생제는 시공품질관리 측면에서 살포량이 적정한지에 대한의문이 계속 제기되어 왔다. 본 연구에서는 시멘트 콘크리트 포장 시공시 살포되는 양생제의 양을 조정하여 다양한 살포량에 따른 증발량 관측을 통해 양생제 살포량과 수분증발량 변화와의 상관관계를 제시하였다. 이를 위해 2002년과 2003년 여름철에 고속도로 시공현장에서 4회에 걸쳐 다양한 양생제 살포량$(0에 따른 증발량 콘크리트 포장의 온도변화, 콘크리트 표면의 강도발현속도(초음파 전달속도) 등을 측정하였다. 본 연구에서 얻은 결론은 현재 국내 시공현장에서의 양생제 살포량은 약 $160ml/m^2$으로 나타났고, 수분증발은 억제하고 적정한 보습효과를 얻기 위한 최적 양생제 살포량은 약 $400ml/m^2$인 것으로 분석되었다. 강도발현속도 시험결과 양생제의 살포량의 변화가 장기강도에 큰 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 판단되었다.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.142-147
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• 1997

목적: 호흡정지 간 자기공영상에서 국소 간 병변을 발견함에 있어 동위상(inphase) 방식과 역위상(opposed-phase) 방식의 fast multiplanar spoiled gradient recalled(FMPSPGR) 영상간의 효율성을 비교하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 다른 검사를 통해 국소 간 병변이 발견되었거나 의심되었던 45명의 환자의 78개의 병변에 대한 고속경사에코대열의 동위상과 역위상 영상을 비교하였다. 병변 발견률을 평가하기 위해 세 명의 사전 정보 없는 판독의가 독립적으로 영상을 검토하였다. 간의 신호대잡음비, 병변과 간의 대조대잡음비 및 간과 비장 간 대조대잡음비를 비교하였다. 세 명의 동의에 의해 어느 대열에서 영상의 질이 더 나은지 결정하였다. 결과: 역위상 영상에서 판독의 1, 2, 3이 각각 61(78%), 61(78%), 및 63(89%)개의 병변을 정확히 발견하였다. 동위상 영상에서 각 판독의가 66(85%), 65(83%) 및 65(93%)개의 병변을 발견하였다. 두 영상을 조합하였을 때, 71(91%), 69(88%) 및 76(97%)개의 병변이 각각 발견되었다. 간세포암이 증례에서 간-병변간 대조대잡음비는 역위상 영상에서 더 컸으나(p<0.05), 다른 병변에서의 의미 있는 차이는 보이지 않았다. 간-비장간 대조잡음비는 역위상 영상에서 높았으나(p<0.1), 간의 신호대잡음비는 동위상 영상에서 더 높았다. 결론: 국소적 간 병변을 놓치지 않고 발견 하기 위새서는 동위상 영상과 역위상 영상을 모두 이용하는 것이 바람직하다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.387-391
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• 2007

An oxygenator is a very important artificial organ and widely used for patients with lung failure or during open heart surgery. Although an oxygenator has been widely studied worldwide to enhance its efficiency, studies on oxygenators, in particular when using a pulsatile blood flow, are domestically limited. Therefore, a new oxygenator was developed in the lab and animal experimental results are described in the paper. The oxygenator is composed of polycarbonate housing and polypropylene hollow fibers. It has a total length of 400 mm and a surface area of $1.7 m^2$. The animal experiment lasted for 4 hours. The blood flow rate was set to 2 L/min and a pulsatile blood pump, T-PLS (Twin-Pulse Life Support), was used. Samples were drawn at the oxygenator's inlet and outlet. The total hemoglobin (Hb), saturation oxygen ($sO_2$), and partial oxygen pressure ($pO_2$), partial $CO_2$ pressure ($pCO_2$), and plasma bicarbonate ion concentration ($HCO_3^-$) were measured. The oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer rates were also calculated based on the experimental data in order to estimate the oxygenator's gas transfer efficiency. The oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer rates were $16.4{\pm}1.58$ and $165.7{\pm}10.96 mL/min$, respectively. The results showed a higher carbon dioxide transfer rate was achieved with the oxygenator. Also, the mean inlet and outlet blood pressures were 162.79 and 137.92 mmHg, respectively. The oxygenator has a low pressure drop between its inlet and outlet. The aim of own preliminary study was to make a new oxygenator and review its performance when applying a pulsatile blood pump thus, confirming the possibility of a new oxygenator suitable for pulsatile flow.

• 감성과학
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.503-512
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• 2011

최근 HCI 분야에서 정서 인식은 정서 지능을 구현하기 위한 핵심적인 단계 중의 하나이다. 생체신호를 이용하여 정서 인식을 시도하는 연구들이 시도되고 있으나, 기본 정서 이외의 다른 정서에 대한 연구는 거의 이루어지지 않았다. 본 연구의 목적은 무료함, 통증, 그리고 놀람의 세 가지 정서 간 자율신경계 반응의 차이를 확인하는 것이다. 실험자는 217명의 실험참여자(남 96명)들을 대상으로 시/청각 자극을 조합하여 무료함과 놀람 정서를 유발하였고, 혈압기를 이용하여 통증 정서를 유발하였다. 정서 자극이 제시되는 동안 피부전기활동, 피부온도, 심전도와 광혈량도를 측정하였고, 실험참여자들이 경험한 정서 범주와 강도를 정서평가척도 상에 평정하게 하였다. 정서 자극에 대한 평가 결과, 사용된 정서 자극은 평균 92.5%의 적합성과 5.43의 효과성을 보였는데, 이는 각 정서 자극이 해당 정서를 효과적으로 유발한 것을 의미한다. 자율신경계 측정 결과, 피부전기활동, 피부온도, 심박률, 심박률의 저주파수 성분과 평균 혈류량은 안정 상태와 정서 상태 간의 유의한 차이를 보였다. 또한 각 정서에 의해 유발된 자율신경계 반응은 정서 간에도 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 정서이론의 확장과 자율신경계 반응 측정 지표를 활용하여 정서를 인식하는 알고리즘 및 인간 정서를 변별하는 컴퓨터 시스템 개발에 응용 가능할 것이다.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.107-107
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• 2000

1. Ounyukki(五運六氣) theory was first developed from observation of astronomical phenomena. Natural phenomena were explained and incorporated into the concepts of Yukki(六氣), and Ohaeng(五行, the concept that all matter in the world are comprised of five fundamental elements), during Chon-guk(戰國) and Han(漢) periods. In that period. Kanji(干支, the method to present time with ten and twelve different kinds of symbol's combinations) was used to record Ounyukki(五運六氣). Theoretical study of Un-gi(運氣, the abbreviation of Ounyukki) was almost completed in Un-gichilpyon(運氣七篇) of Naekyong(內經). Un-gi(運氣) theory was further studied and considered to be very important socially, as well as medically, in Tang(唐), Song(宋), Kum(金), and Won(元) periods. Hagan(河間) published various studies based on Un-gi(運氣) theory in Kum won(金元) periods. 2. Hagan(河間) realized the limitation of a remedy method, of Sanghan(傷寒) theory. Therefore, he made an assumption that the prevalence of diseases in his period are closely related to Hwayol(火熱, a fire and a super-heat; two things out of Yukki(六氣)). His new theory was a result of the study on Kyongjon(經典, bibles of the oriental medicine) and the phenomena of nature. 3. Hagan(河間) used a combination of two basic theories of Pimuripsang(比物立象) and Hanhaesungjeron(亢害承制論) to make understood Hwayol(火熱) theory, Pimuripsang(比物立象) theory explains a method to appreciate the essence of things by comparing Sang(象, an expression of how something appears on the outside) and then making another Sang(象) from the comparison. Hanhaesungjeron(亢害承制論) is a theory to emphasize the importance of a balance of Yukki(六氣). It is that, if one of the elements is exceeded, other thing in the other five elements dominate the exceeded thing to control it for the balance between Yukki(六氣). In addition, he articulated P'yobon(標本. inside and outside of a thing) theory to differentiate the disease symptoms. These theories will help to distinguish real and fake symptoms of diseases, on which Hagan(河間) emphasized its importance. 4. Hagan(河間) published a new theory to explain Ounyukki(五運六氣) theory based on the observation of the nature and the experience from medical practice. And he added Chobyonggi(燥病機, course and rule causing disease in dry conditions) to Pyonggishipkujo(病機十九條, nineteen course and rule causing disease), it strengthened Pyonggi(病機, course and rule causing disease) theories. Moreover. he utilized Un-gi (運氣) theory in a real life situation by applying Un-giron(運氣論) to diagnosis like Maekchin(脈診, a method to diagnose by taking the pulse) and to prescription. 5. Modern society is an era in which it is hard to appreciate the principles of the changes due to the various unusual weather. Therefore, it is necessary to make a new paradigm using Un-gi(運氣) theory, like Hagan(河間) did in Kumwon(金元) period. 6. Unusual weather changes and the geriatric diseases such as cancer and diabetes, may have Sang(象) of Hwayol(火熱) theory at the other side. These diseases have been and will create more serious problems in modern society. As a method to solve these problems. it seems to be very important to understand and apply Hagan's(河間) Hawyol(火熱) theory to modern society.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.108-145
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• 2000

1. Ounyukki(五運六氣) theory was first developed from observation of astronomical phenomena. Natural phenomena were explained and incorporated into the concepts of Yukki(六氣), and Ohaeng(五行, the concept that all matter in the world are comprised of five fundamental elements), during Chon-guk(戰國) and Han(漢) periods. In that period. Kanji(干支, the method to present time with ten and twelve different kinds of symbol's combinations) was used to record Ounyukki(五運六氣). Theoretical study of Un-gi(運氣, the abbreviation of Ounyukki) was almost completed in Un-gichilpyon(運氣七篇) of Naekyong(內經). Un-gi(運氣) theory was further studied and considered to be very important socially, as well as medically, in Tang(唐), Song(宋), Kum(金), and Won(元) periods. Hagan(河間) published various studies based on Un-gi(運氣) theory in Kum won(金元) periods. 2. Hagan(河間) realized the limitation of a remedy method, of Sanghan(傷寒) theory. Therefore, he made an assumption that the prevalence of diseases in his period are closely related to Hwayol(火熱, a fire and a super-heat; two things out of Yukki(六氣)). His new theory was a result of the study on Kyongjon(經典, bibles of the oriental medicine) and the phenomena of nature. 3. Hagan(河間) used a combination of two basic theories of Pimuripsang(比物立象) and Hanhaesungjeron(亢害承制論) to make understood Hwayol(火熱) theory, Pimuripsang(比物立象) theory explains a method to appreciate the essence of things by comparing Sang(象, an expression of how something appears on the outside) and then making another Sang(象) from the comparison. Hanhaesungjeron(亢害承制論) is a theory to emphasize the importance of a balance of Yukki(六氣). It is that, if one of the elements is exceeded, other thing in the other five elements dominate the exceeded thing to control it for the balance between Yukki(六氣). In addition, he articulated P'yobon(標本. inside and outside of a thing) theory to differentiate the disease symptoms. These theories will help to distinguish real and fake symptoms of diseases, on which Hagan(河間) emphasized its importance. 4. Hagan(河間) published a new theory to explain Ounyukki(五運六氣) theory based on the observation of the nature and the experience from medical practice. And he added Chobyonggi(燥病機, course and rule causing disease in dry conditions) to Pyonggishipkujo(病機十九條, nineteen course and rule causing disease), it strengthened Pyonggi(病機, course and rule causing disease) theories. Moreover. he utilized Un-gi (運氣) theory in a real life situation by applying Un-giron(運氣論) to diagnosis like Maekchin(脈診, a method to diagnose by taking the pulse) and to prescription. 5. Modern society is an era in which it is hard to appreciate the principles of the changes due to the various unusual weather. Therefore, it is necessary to make a new paradigm using Un-gi(運氣) theory, like Hagan(河間) did in Kumwon(金元) period. 6. Unusual weather changes and the geriatric diseases such as cancer and diabetes, may have Sang(象) of Hwayol(火熱) theory at the other side. These diseases have been and will create more serious problems in modern society. As a method to solve these problems. it seems to be very important to understand and apply Hagan's(河間) Hawyol(火熱) theory to modern society.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.187-193
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• 2009

목 적 : Adiponectin은 대사 증후군에서 중요한 역할을 하는 물질이며, 비만, 2형 당뇨, 관동맥 질환 등에서 그 수치가 감소하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 고혈압과 혈청 adiponectin치의 관계는 여러 저자에 의하여 발표되었으나 아직 논란의 여지가 남아있는 상태이다. 우리는 낮은 adiponectin치가 청소년 고혈압과 어떤 관계가 있는지, 또 영향을 끼치는 기전이 유전적인지 혹은 생물학적인 것인지 알고자 유전자 다형성 분석을 하였다. 방 법 : 16에서 17세 사이의 40명의 고혈압 청소년과 20명의 대조군 청소년을 대상으로 각 군의 혈청 adiponectin, insulin, renin, aldosterone, ACE를 측정하여 비교하였다. cIMT와 PWV도 측정하였다. PCR법으로 adiponectin I164T 유전자 다형성을 조사하였다. 결 과 : 고혈압 청소년군에서 cIMT와 PWV가 의미있게 높았다. 혈청 insulin, renin, aldosterone치도 고혈압군에서 의미있게 높았다. 두 군간에 adiponectin치는 의미있는 차이를 보이지 않았다. 본 연구에 참여한 청소년에서는 TC genotype은 발견되지 않았고 모두 TT genotype을 보였다. 결 론 : 결론적으로 adiponectin치는 고혈압 청소년 군에서나 정상군에서나 차이가 없었다. 두 군에서 유전적인 다형성도 보이지 않았다. 더 큰 규모의 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제38권8호
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• pp.444-451
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• 2016

기존에는 lab-scale 연구에서 이론식을 기초로 막오염 모델식을 구성하였지만, 이러한 모델식은 여과, 역세, 배출이 연속적으로 이루어지는 실규모 현장에 적용하기에는 적합하지 않았다. 본 연구는 실제로 인천시 G-정수사업소에서 발생되는 배출수 처리를 위해 연속자동 운전되고 있는 침지막 공정을 대상으로 진행되었다. 정유량 조건에서 막오염 관리지표를 막간차압(Trans-Membrane Pressure, TMP)으로 결정하고 침지막 공정의 주요 운전변수인 총 투과유량과 조 내 SS농도를 독립변수로 하여 TMP의 시계열 예측을 시도하고 예측 가능성 및 적용성을 평가하였다. 유전자알고리즘을 이용한 시계열 예측모형을 구성한 결과, TMP 예측값이 펄스주기 형태와 경시적인 증가 추세 두 가지를 모두 반영하고 있어서 만족할 만한 결과가 나왔다. 두 번의 검증 결과, 선형회귀 방식으로 TMP 실측치와 예측치의 상관성(유의성)을 나타내면 각각 $r^2=0.721$, $r^2=0.928$ 수준이다. 본 연구에서는 하절기 자료를 활용하여 모델링 작업을 수행하였지만 추후에 연속자료가 더 쌓이면 같은 절차로 모델링 작업을 반복해서 더 높은 신뢰도의 예측모형을 구성할 수 있고 이를 실제 현장에 적용하여 2~3일 정도의 단기예측을 수행한다면 실제로 막공정을 에너지 효율적으로 운영하는데 도움이 될 것으로 사료된다.