• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.354-363
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• 2018

We examined the levels of brominated flame-retardants (BFRs) including polybrominateddiphenyl ethers (PBDEs), tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), and phthalates in indoor dusts in residential houses in Korea, and their distribution patterns depending on building characteristics. Mean concentrations of phthalate esters ($1,825{\mu}g\;g^{-1}$) were significantly higher than that of BFRs (PBDE: $1,332ng\;g^{-1}$, HBCDs: $459ng\;g^{-1}$, and TBBPA: $213ng\;g^{-1}$), indicating more frequent use of phthalate-containing products such as PVC flooring in the Korean houses. PVC flooring house was associated with higher concentrations of DEHP (p = 0.001) and BBP (p = 0.012), indicating that exposure to phthalate was higher in the PVC flooring house. Building age was significantly related with levels of PBDEs especially BDE-47 (p = 0.062), BDE-203 (p = 0.007), DEHP (p = 0.004), and BBP (p = 0.070), respectively, indicating that older buildings can produce higher amounts of PBDEs and phthalates. Our study can provide important information on the sources of BFRs and phthalates in residential houses in Korea.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.39-47
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• 2012

In this study, it was analyzed that, the way of securing publicity and privacy in family and type of public space of the Japanese contemporary detached house, by the composition type of family from one person home to four generation family home. Mostly the living room is made as open plan of LDK type. Mostly, the entrance hall is separate with living room. Even if the case of the entrance hall is connected with living room, it is planned to be recognized as entrance hall, by making entrance poach or connecting it with stair hall. In many case, the public space is designed as traditional Japanese style, such as wellhole style space (吹拔け), courtyard, and Japanese style room (和室). The Japanese style room is adjacent to living room, and used as the space of receiving guests. The wellhole style space and courtyard are recognized as the center of the house, and used as buffer space for ensuring privacy of each generation. The most different point between bachelor house and multi generation family house is another LDK space, living room or kitchen for parents' generation is made separately. Particularly there are many case of making separate small kitchen space, therefore it can be known that, the separation of kitchen space is recognized more importantly than that of living room. And there are many case of making separate entrance hall, two houses under one roof. The spatial composition like this can said as rational method of ensuring the privacy of each generation, and using the public space together as necessary.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.63-71
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• 2014

Recently, many researches on the supply of public rental-housings that utilize modular houses have been conducted for the expanded supply of public rental house and consumer-customized supply. For this reason, a research on recognition and satisfaction of residents who live in modular houses was conducted based on their evaluations on public rental houses utilizing actual modular houses. Consequently planning guidelines that would increase residency satisfaction was drawn. Surveys and interviews of 'The Gongneung Hee-mang Housing' were conducted, and analyses of descriptive statistics, multiple regression analysis and importance-satisfaction analysis were conducted. The post occupancy evaluations inform that to gain extra recognition by promoting advantages of modular houses and engaging in educational activities are needed. Dealing with issues such as external noises and vibrations, proper common facility, interior space plan, taking account of facility plan is also needed. This study would contribute to establish modular house planning, reflecting the residents' practical demands.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.51-60
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• 1996

This study was conducted to provide basic knowledges of effective environmental control of patients with allergic rhinitis. From July to October 1995, 58 dust samples Were drawn from the bedrooms of patients with allergic rhinitis who were registerd at an allergy clinic of a hospital. Those samples were examined for the amount of house mite allergens & dusts. The data were analysed by using ANOVA and Pearson correiation coefficients. The results were as follows : 1. As for the amount of house mite allergens in terms of environmental factors, the amount of house mite allergens of using washing water temperature of bedding above than $55^{\circ}C$ was significantly lower than that of below $54^{\circ}C$. Other environmental factors such as type of house, area of bed room floor, bed in bedroom, bedroom cleaning by vacuum cleaner, days after bedding washing, relative humidity of bedroom were relate to the amount of house mite allergens. 2. As for the amount of dusts in terms of environmental factors, the amount of dusts of days of days after bedding washing more than 15 days was significantly lower than thant of less than 15days. Other environmental factors such as type of house, area of bedroom floor, bed in bedroom, bedroom cleaning by vacuum cleaner, was hing water taemperature of bedding, relative humidity of bedroom were not relate to the amount of dusts. 3. There was a significant positive correlation between the amount of house mite allergens and the amount of dusts. It may be conclusively said. the amount of dusts and house mite allergens were closely associated with the washing temperature and days after washing of bedding. Hence. intensive instruction for the methods of bedding washing was needs of the patients with allergic rhinitis.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.204-212
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• 2012

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine house dust mite concentrations in living rooms and bedding materials in atopic case-control groups. Methods: Fifty four homes with children suffering atopic diseases as cases and fifty one homes without atopic diseases as controls were selected after diagnosis at three elementary schools in Ulsan City. Dust samples were collected from the living rooms and bedding materials in each home during summer and winter with a vacuum cleaner and analyzed for house dust mites using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Environmental factors and family history were surveyed during sampling. Results: Both species of house dust mite Dermatophagoides farina (Der f 1) and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p 1) were found in all homes. Derf1 concentrations were much higher than Der P1 concentrations, both in atopic homes (1518.9 vs. 27.0 ng/g. dust, respectively) and non-atopic homes (810.8 vs. 44.3 ng/g. dust, respectively). Der f 1 concentrations were significantly higher in the atopic group than in the non-atopic group (atopic: 1518.9 ng/g.dust, non-atopic: 810.8 ng/g.dust, p = 0.035). However, total house dust mite Der p 1 concentrations were significantly higher in the non-atopic group than in the atopic group (atopic: 27.0 ng/g.dust, non-atopic: 44.3 ng/g.dust, p = 0.035). Multiple regression implied that mothers with family history of atopic diseases (OR = 4.79, 95% CI = 1.81-12.69), Der f 1 concentrations (OR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.07-2.81), and air freshener use (OR = 4.60, 95% CI = 1.72-12.34) had significant associations with atopic children. Conclusion: House dust mite Der f 1 concentrations were associated with atopic children. This study suggests that parents should reduce house dust mite Der f 1 concentrations through environmental controls.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.13-33
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• 1999

충청남도 청양군의 2개면 14개리에 거주하는 비닐하우스 재배자 177명과 일반 농민 213명을 대상으로 1998년 2월 24일부터 3월 15일까지 피로도, 주관적 건강상태, 농부증과 이의 위험요인을 파악하기 위하여 설문조사를 실시한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 피로도는 비닐하우스 재배자와 일반 농민간에 차이가 없었으며, 성별로는 여자가 남자보다(p<0.01), 교육수준이 낮을수록(p<0.01), 8시간 미만의 수면시간 (p<0.05), 비흡연자, 비음주자에서 피로도가 높았고, 연령, 식생활습관, 체질량지수는 관계가 없었다. 작업환경은 비닐하우스 재배자에서 총농사기간(r=0.159, p<0.05), 일반 농민은 총경작면적(r=-0.143, p<0.05)과 농작업동반가족수(r=-0.136, p<05)에서 약한 상관관계를 보였다. 2. 주관적 건강상태는 비닐하우스 재배자와 일반 농민간에 차이가 없었으며, 성별로는 여자가 남자보다(p<0.01), 교육수준이 낮을수록 (p<0.01), 8시간 미만의 수면시간(p<0.05), 비흡연자에서 주관적 건강상태가 좋지 않았으며, 연령, 음주, 식생활습관, 체질량지수, 작업환경은 관련성이 없었다. 3. '농부증 있음'은 비닐하우스 재배자 49.2%, 일반 농민 52.1%로 비슷하였으며, 성별로 비닐하우스 재배자와 일반 농민 모두 여자에서 57.0%, 58.8%로 남자 37.1%, 40.3%보다 높았다(p<0.01). 교육수준은 비닐하우스 재배자의 경우 무학 58.1%, 초등학교 50.0%, 중졸 이상 36.1%로 학력이 낮을수록 높았고(p<0.01), 일반 농민도 각각 56.3%, 51.0%, 33.3%로 같은 경향이었다(p<0.01). 흡연과 음주여부는 비닐하우스 재배자의 경우 비흡연군과 비음주군에서 높았으나, 일반 농민에서는 차이가 없었고, 체질량지수도 비닐하우스 재배자의 경우 세장형 57.1%, 비만형 63.9%로 정상형 42.5%보다 높았으나(p<0.05), 일반 농민은 차이가 없었다. 4. 농부증의 위험요인에 대한 다변량 로지스틱 회귀분석에서 성별, 수면시간이 중요한 요인이었으며, 남자를 기준하였을 때 여자의 교차비는 2.53(p<0.01), 수면시간 8시간 미만을 기준하였을 때 8시간 이상은 0.74로(p<0.01), 여자에서 발생위험이 높았고, 수면시간이 8시간 이상일수록 발생위험은 낮아졌다. 5. 비닐하우스 재배지와 일반 농민에서 많이 호소하는 주관적 신체증상은 '등이 결리거나 허리가 아파서 일하기가 어렵다.' '팔과 다리가 몹시 쑤시고 아픈 일이 있다', '손발이 저리거나 찌릿찌릿 하다'. '팔과 다리에 통증이 있어서 불편하다' '손의 힘이 전에 비해 약해졌다'에서 과반수 이상이 있다고 응답하였으며, 비닐하우스 재배자에서 일반 농민보다 많은 증상은 '피부의 일부분이 검게 변하였다'. '습진이나 무좀 등이 피부질환이 있다', '치질로 고생한 일이 있다'였다. 6. 대응분석 결과 비닐하우스 재배자는 피부계 질환이 높게 관찰되었으며, 남자는 소화기계 장애나 기타 질환, 여성에서는 내분비질환, 근육계통의 질환이 많은 것으로 나타났고, 농부증도 일반 농민과 여자에서 상대적으로 높은 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 피로도, 주관적 건강상태, 농부증도 비닐하우스 재배자와 일반 농민간에 차이가 없었으며, 주로 농사와 노동일을 병행하는 여성에서 많고, 연령이 증가함에 따라 유병률도 증가하는 경향을 감안하면 추후 농촌의 노령환된 여성들에 대한 중점적인 관리가 필요하다. 또한 작업환경의 차이에 의하여 비닐하우스 재배자에서만 나타나는 미약하지만 특징적인 증상이 있으므로 이에 대한 지속적인 조사와 관리의 필요성이 있다.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.53-62
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• 2002

This study aims at the development on the wood-frame house construction method in hilly areas. To obey the trend of public opinion to prohibit the troublesome development on a large scale in preparing housing sites, the small housing site development in hilly areas is on the rise and consequently wood-frame house which harmonized natural topography, geographical feature and environment in hilly areas is needed. The main contents are how to make housing sites, how to make roads, how to make pedestrian ways and surroundings of water to run downhill, how to locate house, how to make between road and house, how to view inner and outer and how to make retaining wall on the wood-frame house construction method in hilly areas.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.60-67
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• 2014

고층 공공주택의 화장실과 주방에 적용되는 배기 시스템은 기본적으로 두 종류의 환기팬이 적용된다. 가지 기본 유형의 지붕 팬이다. 그 하나가 자연 통풍력을 활용하는 무동력 팬이고 다른 하나는 자연 통풍력이 없을 때, 모터를 활용하여 강제로 구동하는 팬을 적용하는 방식이다. 자연/강제 겸용으로 지붕에 적용되는 환기팬은 회전축에 모터가 있습니다. 대한민국에는 많은 고층건물이 있다. 그러나 고층건물의 환기가 굴뚝효과에 의존된다고 판단하였기 때문에 이러한 건물의 실내에서 발생하는 오염물질의 제거에 대한 관심을 크게 갖지 않고 있다. 본 연구는 외기압력과 초고층아파트에 사용되는 배기연돌에 적용되는 차압에 의해 결정되는 연돌압력을 조사하기 위함이다. 본 논문은 화장실 배기풍량과 대기의 자연풍속을 변수로 하여 루프팬에 설치된 모타의 전력공급시간을 판단함으로써 기존 배기팬보다 향상된 배기효율을 예측하기 위해, 수행되었다.

• Asian Journal for Public Opinion Research
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.8-14
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• 2014

The Chinese economic growth rate has been much higher than many countries of the world for many years now. Nowadays, China is experiencing significant economic transformation and structural adjustment. Its speed of development is slowing, and housing and commodity prices are slowly rising. Consequently, a series of economic and social problems have come into being. Under these circumstances, how satisfied are Chinese people on the seven aspects of daily living such as Housing Situation, Household Income, Health, Family Life, Food, Human Relations and Job? The Media and Public Opinion Research Center of Fudan University (FMORC) conducted a phone survey of 606 people living in Beijing, the capital and political and cultural center of China, and Shanghai, the Chinese economic center. The survey results show that the overall satisfaction of Chinese people with their daily life is high. The levels of Family Life and Human Relations are on the top, those of Food, Health and Jobs are listed from the third to the fifth, and satisfaction levels of their Housing Situation and Household Income are on the bottom. The satisfaction levels of males with their Family Life and Health are higher than those of females. Age has a significantly negative correlation with satisfaction with personal health. Monthly income has positive relationships with four aspects of daily life - house income, job, house situation, and family life. Owning a house in cities is another important factor that influences satisfaction with the house situation, house income, food, and family life. Shanghai residents also show higher satisfaction with their health than Beijing residents.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제42권11호
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• pp.205-222
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• 2004

The purposes of this study were to examine urban household's monthly expenses for public pension and to analyze the contributing factors. Data for this study were from the 2002 Urban Household Survey and consisted of a sample of 21,093 urban households. Statistics used for the analysis were frequencies, means, ANOVA and multiple regression analysis. The major findings were as follows ; First, the average urban household monthly payment for the public pension was 104,036 won, consisting of 102,757 won for single earner households and 106,014 won for dual earner households. Second, the highest expenses for monthly public pension was urban households, followed by male household head(HH), HH's age from 41-50 years, HH's educational level was college, HH's job was public servant, family didn't live in Seoul, family w3s an extended family and family owned the house. Third, the significant factors affecting the urban household's monthly public pension were HH's gender, age, educational level, type of job, region, type of family, number of children, type of earner, monthly total income, increase of asset in a month and house ownership.